Difference between revisions of "Saint Ignatius of Loyola" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Saint | {{Infobox Saint | ||
|name=Saint Ignatius of Loyola | |name=Saint Ignatius of Loyola | ||
| − | |birth_date= | + | |birth_date=24 December 1491 |
| − | |death_date= | + | |death_date=31 July 1556 |
| − | |feast_day= | + | |feast_day=31 July |
|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]] | |venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]] | ||
|image=Ignatius Loyola.jpg | |image=Ignatius Loyola.jpg | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|death_place=[[ Rome]] | |death_place=[[ Rome]] | ||
|titles= | |titles= | ||
| − | |beatified_date= | + | |beatified_date=27 July 1609 |
|beatified_place= | |beatified_place= | ||
|beatified_by=[[Paul V]] | |beatified_by=[[Paul V]] | ||
| − | |canonized_date= | + | |canonized_date=22 May 1622 |
|canonized_place= | |canonized_place= | ||
|canonized_by=[[Gregory XV]] | |canonized_by=[[Gregory XV]] | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
|prayer_attrib=St. Ignatius of Loyola | |prayer_attrib=St. Ignatius of Loyola | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Saint Ignatius of Loyola''', also known as '''Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola''' ( | + | '''Saint Ignatius of Loyola''', also known as '''Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola''' (December 24, 1491 – July 31 1556), was the principal founder and first [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Superior General]] of the [[Society of Jesus]], a [[religious order]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] professing direct service to the [[Pope]] in terms of mission. Members of the order are called [[Jesuits]]. |
| − | The compiler of the ''[[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|Spiritual Exercises]]'' and a gifted spiritual director, Ignatius has been described by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] as being "above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God...a man of profound prayer." He was very active in fighting the [[Protestant Reformation]] and promoting the subsequent [[Counter-Reformation]]. He was [[beatified]] and then [[canonized]] to receive the title of [[Saint]] on | + | The compiler of the ''[[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|Spiritual Exercises]]'' and a gifted spiritual director, Ignatius has been described by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] as being "above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God...a man of profound prayer." He was very active in fighting the [[Protestant Reformation]] and promoting the subsequent [[Counter-Reformation]]. He was [[beatified]] and then [[canonized]] to receive the title of [[Saint]] on March 12, 1622. His [[feast day]] is July 31, celebrated annually. He is the [[patron saint]] of [[Guipúzcoa]] as well as of the [[Society of Jesus]]. |
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| − | Íñigo was born at the castle of [[Loyola]], in the municipality of [[Azpeitia]], 16 miles southwest of [[Donostia]]/[[San Sebastian]] in the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque province]] of Guipúzcoa, [[Spain]]. The youngest of 13 children, Ignatius was only seven years old when his mother died. In | + | Íñigo was born at the castle of [[Loyola]], in the municipality of [[Azpeitia]], 16 miles southwest of [[Donostia]]/[[San Sebastian]] in the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque province]] of Guipúzcoa, [[Spain]]. The youngest of 13 children, Ignatius was only seven years old when his mother died. In 1506, Íñigo became a [[Page (servant)|page]] in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (''contador mayor'') of the kingdom of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. |
| − | In 1517, Íñigo took service in the army, defending the small town of [[Pamplona]] against the recently expelled ( | + | In 1517, Íñigo took service in the army, defending the small town of [[Pamplona]] against the recently expelled (1512) [[Navarre]]se monarchy, who took refuge in [[Basse-Navarre]], a part of Navarre that did not surrender to the Spanish army and is an actual part of France. Highly outnumbered, the Spaniards wanted to surrender, but Ignatius persuaded them to fight on. One leg wounded, the other broken by a [[round shot|cannonball]], Ignatius was returned to his castle by the Navarrese. |
== Religious aspiration == | == Religious aspiration == | ||
{{jesuit}} | {{jesuit}} | ||
| − | During the time he was recovering, Ignatius read a number of religious texts on the life of [[Jesus]] and the [[saint]]s and became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labor and emulate the heroic deeds of [[Francis of Assisi]] and other great monastic leaders. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the [[Holy Land]]. Upon recovery, he visited the Benedictine [[monastery of Montserrat]] ( | + | During the time he was recovering, Ignatius read a number of religious texts on the life of [[Jesus]] and the [[saint]]s and became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labor and emulate the heroic deeds of [[Francis of Assisi]] and other great monastic leaders. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the [[Holy Land]]. Upon recovery, he visited the Benedictine [[monastery of Montserrat]] (March 25, 1522), where he hung his military vestments before an image of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|the Virgin]]. He then went and spent several months in a cave near the town of [[Manresa]], [[Catalonia]] where he practiced the most rigorous [[asceticism]], at the ascetic [[Collège de Montaigu]], where he remained over seven years. Although Íñigo is actually Basque for Ennecus or Innicus. In later life, he was often called "Master Ignatius" in recognition of his final academic credential. |
By 1534 he had six key companions, all of whom he met as students at the University—[[Francis Xavier]], [[Alfonso Salmerons]], [[Diego Laynez]], and [[Nicholas Bobadilla]], all Spanish; [[Peter Faber]], a Frenchman; and [[Simão Rodrigues]] of Portugal. | By 1534 he had six key companions, all of whom he met as students at the University—[[Francis Xavier]], [[Alfonso Salmerons]], [[Diego Laynez]], and [[Nicholas Bobadilla]], all Spanish; [[Peter Faber]], a Frenchman; and [[Simão Rodrigues]] of Portugal. | ||
== Foundation of the Society of Jesus == | == Foundation of the Society of Jesus == | ||
| − | On | + | On August 15, 1534, he and the other six in St. Mary's Church, [[Montmartre]], founded the Society of Jesus - "to enter upon hospital and missionary work in [[Jerusalem]], or to go without questioning wherever the pope might direct." In 1537 they traveled to [[Italy]] to seek papal approval for their order. [[Pope Paul III]] confirmed the order through the [[Papal bull|bull]] ''[[Regimini militantis]]'' (September 27, 1540), but limited the number of its members to sixty. This limitation was removed through the bull ''Injunctum nobis'' on March 14, 1543. |
== Father General of the Jesuits == | == Father General of the Jesuits == | ||
| − | Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his religious order, invested with the title of [[Father General]] by the Jesuits. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. [[Juan de Vega]], the ambassador of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] at Rome had met Ignatius there. Esteeming him and the Jesuits, when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily he brought Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at [[Messina]]; success was marked, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14086a.htm] In | + | Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his religious order, invested with the title of [[Father General]] by the Jesuits. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. [[Juan de Vega]], the ambassador of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] at Rome had met Ignatius there. Esteeming him and the Jesuits, when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily he brought Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at [[Messina]]; success was marked, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14086a.htm] In 1548 [[Spiritual Exercises]] was finally printed, and he was briefly brought before the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Roman Inquisition]], but was released. |
| − | Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in | + | Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in 1554, which created a monarchical organization and stressed absolute self-abnegation and obedience to Pope and superiors (''perinde ac cadaver'', "well-disciplined like a corpse" as Ignatius put it). His main principle became the Jesuit motto: ''[[Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam]]'' ("for the greater glory of God"). The Jesuits were a major factor in the [[Counter-Reformation]]. |
| − | During | + | During 1553-1555 Ignatius dictated his life's story to his secretary, Father Gonçalves da Câmara. This autobiography is a valuable key for the understanding of his ''Spiritual Exercises''. It was kept in the archives for about 150 years, until the [[Bollandist]]s published the text in [[Acta Sanctorum]]. A critical edition exists in Vol. I (1943) of the ''Fontes Narrativi'' of the series ''Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu''. He died in Rome on July 31, 1556 after a long struggle with chronic stomach ailments. |
==Canonization and legacy== | ==Canonization and legacy== | ||
| − | Ignatius was beatified by [[Paul V]] on July 27, | + | Ignatius was beatified by [[Paul V]] on July 27, 1609, and [[canonized]] by [[Gregory XV]] on May 22, 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on July 31, the day he died. Saint Ignatius is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the ordinariate of the Philippine military, the Basque country, and various towns and cities in his native region. |
On April 22, 2006, Feast of Our Lady, Mother of the Society of Jesus, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] said that "St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, to his greater glory and his greater service. He was a man of profound prayer, which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration. In this way he left his followers a precious spiritual inheritance that must not be lost or forgotten. As a man of God, St Ignatius was a faithful servant of the Church, in which he saw and found the spouse of the Lord and the mother of Christians. And from the desire to serve the Church in a more useful and effective way was born the vow of special obedience to the Pope, who he classified as "our first and principal foundation" (Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, I,162)."<ref>[http://www.sjweb.info/BenedictApril22.cfm Address of Benedict XVI to the Jesuits, April 22, 2006].</ref> | On April 22, 2006, Feast of Our Lady, Mother of the Society of Jesus, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] said that "St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, to his greater glory and his greater service. He was a man of profound prayer, which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration. In this way he left his followers a precious spiritual inheritance that must not be lost or forgotten. As a man of God, St Ignatius was a faithful servant of the Church, in which he saw and found the spouse of the Lord and the mother of Christians. And from the desire to serve the Church in a more useful and effective way was born the vow of special obedience to the Pope, who he classified as "our first and principal foundation" (Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, I,162)."<ref>[http://www.sjweb.info/BenedictApril22.cfm Address of Benedict XVI to the Jesuits, April 22, 2006].</ref> | ||
==Portrayals== | ==Portrayals== | ||
| − | *[[John Donne]]'s anti-Catholic work ''[[Ignatius His Conclave]]'' ( | + | *[[John Donne]]'s anti-Catholic work ''[[Ignatius His Conclave]]'' (1611) [[satire|satirizes]] the [[Jesuits]]. In the story, [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]] is an inhabitant of [[Hell]]: |
<blockquote>But Ignatius Layola which was got neere his chaire, a subtile fellow, and so indued with the Divell, that he was able to tempt, and not onely that, but (as they say) even to possesse the Divell, apprehended this perplexity in Lucifer.<ref>http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/donne/ignatius.htm</ref> </blockquote> | <blockquote>But Ignatius Layola which was got neere his chaire, a subtile fellow, and so indued with the Divell, that he was able to tempt, and not onely that, but (as they say) even to possesse the Divell, apprehended this perplexity in Lucifer.<ref>http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/donne/ignatius.htm</ref> </blockquote> | ||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
'''Primary''' | '''Primary''' | ||
| − | * Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). [http://www.archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft ''The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola''], translated by Joseph O'Conner. Illustrated. From [[Internet Archive]].<ref>For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi3EXeX5bnYC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22the+autobiography+of+st+ignatius+loyola%22&source=web&ots=atcXnLuAlp&sig= | + | * Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). [http://www.archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft ''The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola''], translated by Joseph O'Conner. Illustrated. From [[Internet Archive]].<ref>For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi3EXeX5bnYC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22the+autobiography+of+st+ignatius+loyola%22&source=web&ots=atcXnLuAlp&sig=h6B.C.E.-gwCXLH8WvXRrC4Bi4W2aWs#PPA11,M1 Page 11-12].</ref> |
* Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). ''The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents'' (J. F. O'Callaghan, Trans). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1480-X. | * Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). ''The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents'' (J. F. O'Callaghan, Trans). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1480-X. | ||
'''Secondary''' | '''Secondary''' | ||
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Revision as of 15:19, 9 July 2007
| Saint Ignatius of Loyola | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 24 December 1491 in Loyola (Azpeitia) |
| Died | 31 July 1556 in Rome |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 27 July 1609
by Paul V |
| Canonized | 22 May 1622
by Gregory XV |
| Feast | 31 July |
| Attributes | Eucharist, chasuble, book, cross |
| Patronage | Spiritual Exercises , Basque country , Diocese of Bilbao, Spain , Jesuits , Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , Society of Jesus , soldiers , Biscay |
Saint Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola (December 24, 1491 – July 31 1556), was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of mission. Members of the order are called Jesuits.
The compiler of the Spiritual Exercises and a gifted spiritual director, Ignatius has been described by Pope Benedict XVI as being "above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God...a man of profound prayer." He was very active in fighting the Protestant Reformation and promoting the subsequent Counter-Reformation. He was beatified and then canonized to receive the title of Saint on March 12, 1622. His feast day is July 31, celebrated annually. He is the patron saint of Guipúzcoa as well as of the Society of Jesus.
Early life
Íñigo was born at the castle of Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, 16 miles southwest of Donostia/San Sebastian in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, Spain. The youngest of 13 children, Ignatius was only seven years old when his mother died. In 1506, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile.
In 1517, Íñigo took service in the army, defending the small town of Pamplona against the recently expelled (1512) Navarrese monarchy, who took refuge in Basse-Navarre, a part of Navarre that did not surrender to the Spanish army and is an actual part of France. Highly outnumbered, the Spaniards wanted to surrender, but Ignatius persuaded them to fight on. One leg wounded, the other broken by a cannonball, Ignatius was returned to his castle by the Navarrese.
Religious aspiration
Template:Jesuit During the time he was recovering, Ignatius read a number of religious texts on the life of Jesus and the saints and became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labor and emulate the heroic deeds of Francis of Assisi and other great monastic leaders. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the Holy Land. Upon recovery, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Montserrat (March 25, 1522), where he hung his military vestments before an image of the Virgin. He then went and spent several months in a cave near the town of Manresa, Catalonia where he practiced the most rigorous asceticism, at the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, where he remained over seven years. Although Íñigo is actually Basque for Ennecus or Innicus. In later life, he was often called "Master Ignatius" in recognition of his final academic credential.
By 1534 he had six key companions, all of whom he met as students at the University—Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerons, Diego Laynez, and Nicholas Bobadilla, all Spanish; Peter Faber, a Frenchman; and Simão Rodrigues of Portugal.
Foundation of the Society of Jesus
On August 15, 1534, he and the other six in St. Mary's Church, Montmartre, founded the Society of Jesus - "to enter upon hospital and missionary work in Jerusalem, or to go without questioning wherever the pope might direct." In 1537 they traveled to Italy to seek papal approval for their order. Pope Paul III confirmed the order through the bull Regimini militantis (September 27, 1540), but limited the number of its members to sixty. This limitation was removed through the bull Injunctum nobis on March 14, 1543.
Father General of the Jesuits
Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his religious order, invested with the title of Father General by the Jesuits. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, the ambassador of Charles V at Rome had met Ignatius there. Esteeming him and the Jesuits, when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily he brought Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at Messina; success was marked, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges.[1] In 1548 Spiritual Exercises was finally printed, and he was briefly brought before the Roman Inquisition, but was released.
Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in 1554, which created a monarchical organization and stressed absolute self-abnegation and obedience to Pope and superiors (perinde ac cadaver, "well-disciplined like a corpse" as Ignatius put it). His main principle became the Jesuit motto: Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam ("for the greater glory of God"). The Jesuits were a major factor in the Counter-Reformation.
During 1553-1555 Ignatius dictated his life's story to his secretary, Father Gonçalves da Câmara. This autobiography is a valuable key for the understanding of his Spiritual Exercises. It was kept in the archives for about 150 years, until the Bollandists published the text in Acta Sanctorum. A critical edition exists in Vol. I (1943) of the Fontes Narrativi of the series Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu. He died in Rome on July 31, 1556 after a long struggle with chronic stomach ailments.
Canonization and legacy
Ignatius was beatified by Paul V on July 27, 1609, and canonized by Gregory XV on May 22, 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on July 31, the day he died. Saint Ignatius is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the ordinariate of the Philippine military, the Basque country, and various towns and cities in his native region.
On April 22, 2006, Feast of Our Lady, Mother of the Society of Jesus, Pope Benedict XVI said that "St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, to his greater glory and his greater service. He was a man of profound prayer, which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration. In this way he left his followers a precious spiritual inheritance that must not be lost or forgotten. As a man of God, St Ignatius was a faithful servant of the Church, in which he saw and found the spouse of the Lord and the mother of Christians. And from the desire to serve the Church in a more useful and effective way was born the vow of special obedience to the Pope, who he classified as "our first and principal foundation" (Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, I,162)."[1]
Portrayals
- John Donne's anti-Catholic work Ignatius His Conclave (1611) satirizes the Jesuits. In the story, St. Ignatius of Loyola is an inhabitant of Hell:
But Ignatius Layola which was got neere his chaire, a subtile fellow, and so indued with the Divell, that he was able to tempt, and not onely that, but (as they say) even to possesse the Divell, apprehended this perplexity in Lucifer.[2]
Ignatius is subsequently ejected from Hell and ordered to colonize the moon where he will do less harm.
- St Ignatius is a principal character of the opera Four Saints in Three Acts by composer Virgil Thomson and librettist Gertrude Stein.
See also
- List of Christian mystics
- Christian mysticism
- Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
| Saints Portal |
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Primary
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, translated by Joseph O'Conner. Illustrated. From Internet Archive.[1]
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents (J. F. O'Callaghan, Trans). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1480-X.
Secondary
- Caraman, Philip (1990). Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-250130-5.
- O'Malley, John W (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-30312-1.
- Meissner, William W (1992). Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06079-3.
External links
- Biography of Ignatius of Loyola
- The world of Ignatius of Loyola
- Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola
- Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- St. Ignatius Loyola and Opus Dei
- Contemplation to Attain Love of Ignatius of Loyola
- The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus
be-x-old:Ігнацы Лаёла
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- ↑ For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola Page 11-12.
