Sarcopterygii

Sarcopterygii Fossil range: Late Silurian – Recent
Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Sarcopterygii
Subclasses
Coelacanthimorpha — Coelacanths Dipnoi — Lungfishes Tetrapodomorpha — Tetrapods and their extinct relatives.

Sarcopterygii traditionally is a class of vertebrates known as lobe-finned fishes, consisting of living and fossil lungfishes and coelacanths, and any related extinct fishes. Members of this group are characterized by lobed paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone (Clark 2002) and two dorsal fins with separate bases.

Among the coelacanths, the first living species, Latimeria chalumnae, was found in 1938, although diverse fossil specimens (now placed in several families) were well known at the time (Nelson 2006). The dipnoans (lungfishes) also are well known from the fossil record, but there are only six extant species, with the first living lungfish formally described in 1837 (Nelson 2006).

In order to make the taxon monophyletic, the tetrapods are sometimes included as part of class Sarcopterygii; that is, fishes in this group are considered more closely related to mammals and other tetrapods than to other fishes (Nelson 2006).

Overview of classification

Sarcopterygii ((from Greek sarx, flesh, and pteryx, fin) is traditionally viewed as a class of fishes. Historically, it has been considered, along with Actinopterygii, one of two extant (living) classes of fishes in the taxon Osteichthyes, although Nelson, in his authoritative Fishes of the World (Nelson 2006) discontinues Osteichthyes for formal taxonomic use and instead places Actinopterygii and Sacropterygii (along with the extinct Acanthodii) in grade Teleostomi.

Teleostomi (Nelson 2006).

Characteristics

Sarcopterygians are bony fish with lobed paired fins, which are joined to the body by a single bone . These fins evolved into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes). The braincase of sarcoptergygians primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early sarcopts have a symmetrical tail.

Most taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping Tetrapoda within this group, which in turns consists of all species of four-limbed vertebrates. The fin-limbs of sarcopterygiians show such a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs that they have been universally considered the direct ancestors of tetrapods in the scientific literature.

Evolution of Sarcopterygii

In Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish — like Eusthenopteron — exhibited a sequence of adaptations:

• Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows;
• Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
• Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as:
  • Acanthostega, which had feet with eight digits,
  • Ichthyostega with limbs.

Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as coelacanth species.

Sarcopterygians are generally accepted to belong to the Osteichthyes group, or bony fishes, characterized by their bony skeleton instead of cartilage. However, due to the vast differences between Sarcopterygii and Osteichthyes in fin structure, respitory structure, and circulatory structure, some taxonomists are now beginning to consider Sarcopterygii a sister superclass to Osteichthyes, instead of a class below them. The oldest Sarcopterygians were found in the Uppermost Silurian. The first Sarcopterygian closely resembled Acanthodians. The Sarcopterygians closest relatives were the Actinopterygians — ray-finned fishes. Sarcopterygians probably evolved in the oceans, but they later came into freshwater habitats to avoid the predatory placoderms — which were dominant in the Early–Middle Devonian seas.

As Sarcopterygians evolve in the Early Devonian, the line splits into two main lineages — the Coelacanths, and the Rhipidistia. The Coelacanths appeared in the Early Devonian, and stayed in the oceans; the coelacanths' heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Coelacanths still live today in the oceans. Rhipidistians appeared about the same time as the Coelacanths, but unlike them, Rhipidistians left the ocean world and migrated into the freshwater habitats, their ancestors probably lived in the oceans near the river mouths (estuaries). The Rhipidistians in turn split into two major groups — the lungfishes, and the tetrapodomorphs. The lungfishes' greatest diversity was in the Triassic Period, but today, there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfishes evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs. The lungfishes, ancient and modern, used their stubby fins (proto-limbs) to walk on land and find new water if their waterhole was depleted, and used their lungs to breathe air and get sufficient oxygen.

The tetrapodomorphs have the same identical anatomy as the lungfishes, who were their closest kin, but the tetrapodomorphs appear to have stayed in water a little longer until the Late Devonian. Tetrapods — four legged vertebrates were the terapodomorphs' descendants. Tetrapods appeared in the Late Devonian epoch.

Non-tetrapod sarcopterygians continued to towards the end of Paleozoic Era. They suffered heavy losses during the Permian-Triassic extinction event.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Other than aquatic tetrapods, such as turtles or whales, Coelacanths are the only sarcopterygians that still live in the ocean.

• Class SARCOPTERYGII
  • Actinistia
    • Eoactinistia
    • Subclass Coelacanthimorpha
      • Order Coelacanthiformes
        • Family Latimeriidae
          • Macropoma
          • Latimeria
  • Rhipidistia
    • Subclass Dipnoi
      • Order Ceratodontiformes
      • Order Lepidosireniformes
    • Subclass Tetrapodomorpha
      • Order Rhizodontida
      • Superorder Osteolepidida
        • Family Tristichopteridae
          • Eusthenopteron
          • Hyneria
        • Order Osteolepiformes
      • Order Panderichthyida
      • Tiktaalik
      • Tetrapoda

See also

• Actinopterygii — ray-finned fishes

References

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