Difference between revisions of "Princeton University" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Universities and Colleges]]
 
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|type = [[Private university|Private]]
 
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
 
|calendar=  Semester
 
|calendar=  Semester
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|endowment = [[United States Dollar|US$]]15.8 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2007/10/18/news/19047.shtml</ref>
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|endowment = [[United States Dollar|US$]]15.8 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]
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|president = [[Shirley Tilghman|Shirley M. Tilghman]]  
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|undergrad = 4,923
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|undergrad = 4,923<ref>US News[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_2627_brief.php]. ''America's Best Colleges''. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.</ref>
 
 
|postgrad = 1,975  
 
|postgrad = 1,975  
 
|staff = 1,103  
 
|staff = 1,103  
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|website = [http://www.princeton.edu www.princeton.edu]  
 
|website = [http://www.princeton.edu www.princeton.edu]  
 
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'''Princeton University''' is a [[private university|private]] [[coeducational]] [[research university]] located in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. It is one of eight universities that belong to the [[Ivy League]].  
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'''Princeton University''' is a [[private university|private]] [[coeducation]]al [[research university]] located in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. It is one of eight universities that belong to the [[Ivy League]]. Originally founded at [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]], in 1746 as the [[College of New Jersey]], it relocated to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed “Princeton University” in 1896. Princeton was the fourth institution of [[higher education]] in the U.S. to conduct classes. Princeton originally had close ties to [[Presbyterianism|the Presbyterian Church]], but today it is [[nonsectarian]] and makes no religious demands on its students.
  
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Originally founded at [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]], in 1746 as the [[College of New Jersey]], it relocated to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed “Princeton University” in 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/ph/05/03.htm|title="Princeton's History"—Parent's Handbook, 2005–06|publisher=Princeton University|date=August 2005|accessdate=2006-09-20}}</ref> Princeton was the [[Colonial colleges|fourth]] institution of [[higher education]] in the U.S. to conduct classes.<ref>Princeton's own phrasing is that it was "the fourth college to be established in British North America."{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html|title=Princeton in the American Revolution|author=Princeton University, Office of Communications|accessdate=2007-05-07}}</ref><ref name=founding>Princeton appears to be the fourth institution to ''conduct classes'', based on dates that do not seem to be in dispute. Princeton and the University of Pennsylvania both claim the fourth oldest founding date; the University of Pennsylvania once used 1749 as its founding date, making it fifth, but in 1899, its trustees adopted a resolution that asserted 1740 as the founding date. For the details of Penn's claim, see [[University of Pennsylvania]]; and [http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html “Building Penn's Brand”] for background, and [http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml “Princeton vs. Penn: Which is the Older Institution?”] for Princeton's view. A [[Log College]] was operated by [[William Tennent|William]] and [[Gilbert Tennent]], the Presbyterian ministers, in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], from 1726 until 1746; it was once common to assert a connection between it and the College of New Jersey, which would justify Princeton pushing its founding date back to 1726. Princeton, however, has never done so and a Princeton historian says that the facts “do not warrant” such an interpretation. [http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html]. [[Columbia University]] and [[Rutgers]] began classes in 1754 and 1766; their continuity was severely shaken during the [[American Revolution]]. </ref> Princeton has never had any official religious affiliation, rare among American universities of its age. At one time, it had close ties to [[Presbyterianism|the Presbyterian Church]], but today it is [[nonsectarian]] and makes no religious demands on its students.<ref>Compulsory chapel attendance was reduced from twice a day in 1882 and abolished in 1964: http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/05/Companion/university_chapel.html?15#mfs</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html|title=Princeton in the American Revolution|author=Princeton University, Office of Communications|accessdate=2007-05-07}}: "The charter was issued to a self-perpetuating board of trustees who were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, "any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding." The announced purpose of the founders was to train men who would become "ornaments of the State as well as the Church."</ref> The university has ties with the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] and the [[Westminster Choir College]] of [[Rider University]].<ref>Both Princeton Theological Seminary and Westminster Choir College maintain [[cross-registration]] programs with Princeton.</ref>
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The university has ties with the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] and the [[Westminster Choir College]] of [[Rider University]]. Both Princeton Theological Seminary and Westminster Choir College maintain [[cross-registration]] programs with Princeton. Princeton has traditionally focused on [[undergraduate education]] and academic research, though in recent decades it has increased its focus on [[graduate education]] and offers a large number of professional Master's degrees and Ph.D. programs in a range of subjects. Among many others, areas of research include [[anthropology]], [[geophysics]], [[entomology]], and [[robotics]], while the Forrestal Campus has special facilities for the study of [[plasma physics]] and [[meteorology]].
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Princeton maintains an emphasis on providing students with ample opportunity to explore and then deepen their academic interests. "Finding their passion" is a theme for Princeton students, a passion that later informs their choices of what to do after graduation. Princeton alumni and professors include many people of note—heads of state, academics, business figures, scientists, and others.
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{{toc}}
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As a member of the [[Ivy League]], a Princeton education has connotations of academic excellence. However, in the rapidly developing world of the twenty-first century, the Ivy League schools are challenged to retain such a reputation. This challenge goes to the very heart of the purpose of [[education]]. For Princeton to truly serve the nation and all nations through its outstanding undergraduate education and excellent research programs, attention must be paid not only to the mastery of knowledge and skills, but also understanding of the heart and spirit of humankind.  
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==Mission and reputation==
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The history of Princeton University goes back to its establishment by "[[First Great Awakening|New Light]]" [[Presbyterian]]s—Princeton was originally intended to train Presbyterian ministers. The announced purpose of the founders was to train men who would become "ornaments of the State as well as the Church." The [[charter]] was issued to a self-perpetuating board of trustees who were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, "any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding." Compulsory chapel attendance was reduced from twice a day in 1882 and abolished in 1964.<ref>Office of Communications, Princeton in the American Revolution Princeton University.</ref>
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Today, Princeton is one of the most respected universities in the United States. It consistently ranks as the best undergraduate institution in the country and is seen as a leader in many fields including [[politics]], [[philosophy]], [[sociology]], and [[economics]]. As President Shirley M. Tilghman noted in a Commencement address:
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<blockquote>The specific components of a Princeton education have evolved over time, but our central aim has remained the same: to instill in each graduate those qualities of mind and character necessary for good citizenship and wise leadership. They include a broad intellectual curiosity that embraces open-mindedness coupled with critical thinking; respect for our moral and cultural inheritance coupled with a capacity for innovation and change; an appreciation of the shared destiny and common humanity of all peoples; and core principles of responsibility, integrity and courage.<ref> Princeton Today.</ref></blockquote>
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Through providing students with academic, extracurricular and other resources that help them achieve at the highest scholarly levels and prepare them for positions of leadership and lives of service in many fields of human endeavor, Princeton seeks to fulfill its informal motto: “Princeton in the Nation’s Service and in the Service of All Nations."<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/main/about/ About Princeton: Overview] Retrieved December 30, 2007.</ref>
  
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Princeton has traditionally focused on [[undergraduate education]] and academic research, though in recent decades it has increased its focus on [[graduate education]] and offers a large number of professional Master's degrees and PhD programs in a range of subjects. The Princeton University Library holds over six million books. Among many others, areas of research include anthropology, geophysics, entomology, and robotics, while the Forrestal Campus has special facilities for the study of plasma physics and meteorology.
 
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
 
[[Image:JMR3.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sculpture by [[J. Massey Rhind]] (1892), Alexander Hall, Princeton University]]
 
[[Image:JMR3.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sculpture by [[J. Massey Rhind]] (1892), Alexander Hall, Princeton University]]
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The [[History of Princeton University]] goes back to its establishment by "[[First Great Awakening|New Light]]" [[Presbyterians]], Princeton was originally intended to train Presbyterian ministers. It opened at Elizabeth, New Jersey, under the presidency of [[Jonathan Dickinson (of New Jersey)|Jonathan Dickinson]] as the College of New Jersey. (A proposal was made to name it for the colonial Governor, [[Jonathan Belcher]], but he declined.) Its second president was [[Aaron Burr, Sr.]]; the third was [[Jonathan Edwards]]. In 1756, the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey.  
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Princeton opened at Elizabeth, New Jersey, under the presidency of [[Jonathan Dickinson (of New Jersey)|Jonathan Dickinson]] as the College of New Jersey. (A proposal was made to name it for the colonial Governor, [[Jonathan Belcher]], but he declined.) Its second president was [[Aaron Burr, Sr.]]; the third was [[Jonathan Edwards]]. In 1756, the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey.  
  
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Between the time of the move to Princeton in 1756 and the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, the college's sole building was [[Nassau Hall]], named for [[William III of England]] of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]]. The college also got one of its colors, orange, from William III. During the American Revolution, Princeton was occupied by both sides, and the college's buildings were heavily damaged. The [[Battle of Princeton]], fought in a nearby field in January of 1777, proved to be a decisive victory for General [[George Washington]] and his troops. Two of Princeton's leading citizens signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence]],{{Fact|date=July 2007}} and during the summer of 1783, the [[Continental Congress]] met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. The much-abused landmark survived bombardment with [[Round shot|cannonball]]s in the [[Revolutionary War]] when General Washington struggled to wrest the building from British control, as well as later fires that left only its walls standing in 1802 and 1855. Rebuilt by [[Joseph Henry Latrobe]], [[John Notman]], and [[John Witherspoon]], the modern Nassau Hall has been much revised and expanded from the original designed by [[Robert Smith (architect)|Robert Smith]]. Over the centuries, its role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, [[dormitory]], [[library]], and classroom space, to classrooms only, to its present role as the administrative center of the university. Originally, the sculptures in front of the building were lions, as a gift in 1879.  These were later replaced with tigers in 1911.<ref>[http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/nassau_hall.html Princeton Companion]</ref>
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Between the time of the move to Princeton in 1756 and the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, the college's sole building was [[Nassau Hall]], named for [[William III of England]] of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]]. The college also obtained one of its colors, orange, from William III. During the [[American Revolution]], Princeton was occupied by both sides, and the college's buildings were heavily damaged. During the summer of 1783, the [[Continental Congress]] met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. The much-abused landmark survived bombardment with [[Round shot|cannonball]]s in the [[Revolutionary War]] when General Washington struggled to wrest the building from British control, as well as later fires that left only its walls standing in 1802 and 1855.  
  
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The Princeton Theological Seminary broke off from the college in 1812, since the Presbyterians wanted their ministers to have more theological training, while the faculty and students would have been content with less.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} This reduced the student body and the external support for Princeton for some time. The two institutions currently enjoy a close relationship based on common history and shared resources.
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Rebuilt by [[Joseph Henry Latrobe]], [[John Notman]], and [[John Witherspoon]], the modern Nassau Hall has been much revised and expanded from the original designed by [[Robert Smith (architect)|Robert Smith]]. Over the centuries, its role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, [[dormitory]], [[library]], and classroom space, to classrooms only, to its present role as the administrative center of the university. Originally, the sculptures in front of the building were lions, as a gift in 1879. These were later replaced with tigers in 1911.<ref> Princeton Companion. Princeton University.</ref>
  
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[[Image:nassau hall princeton university.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Nassau Hall, the university's oldest building. Note the tiger sculptures beside the steps (See discussion above).]]
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Princeton Theological Seminary broke off from the college in 1812, since the Presbyterians wanted their ministers to have more theological training, while the faculty and students would have been content with less. This reduced the student body and the external support for Princeton for some time. The two institutions currently enjoy a close relationship based on common history and shared resources.
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The university was becoming an obscure backwater when President [[James McCosh]] took office in 1868. During his two decades in power, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the [[Gothic revival|High Victorian Gothic]] style to the campus.<ref>[http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/mccosh_james.html Princeton Companion]</ref> McCosh Hall is named in his honor.
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[[Image:nassau hall princeton university.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Nassau Hall, the university's oldest building. Note the tiger sculptures beside the steps (See discussion above).]]
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The university was becoming an obscure backwater when President [[James McCosh]] took office in 1868. He quickly made changes. For example, he reported to the trustees that he found the library "insufficiently supplied with books and open only once a week ... for one hour." To correct this, he hired a full-time librarian, Frederick Vinton who had worked at the [[Library of Congress]], arranged to have the library open every day but Sunday, and built a new library building—the octagonal Chancellor Green Library.<ref>Princeton University Library, [http://library.princeton.edu/about/history.php The library's first home] Library History. Retrieved November 23, 2011.</ref> During his two decades in power, McCosh overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the [[Gothic revival|High Victorian Gothic]] style to the campus.<ref> Princeton Companion Princeton University.</ref> McCosh Hall is named in his honor.
  
 
In 1896, the college officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resided. During this year, the college also underwent large expansion and officially became a university. Under [[Woodrow Wilson]], Princeton introduced the preceptorial system in 1905, a then-unique concept that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form where small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.
 
In 1896, the college officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resided. During this year, the college also underwent large expansion and officially became a university. Under [[Woodrow Wilson]], Princeton introduced the preceptorial system in 1905, a then-unique concept that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form where small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.
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{{readout||left|250px|Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduate students in 1969}}
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In 1969, Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduates. In 1887, the university had actually maintained and staffed a [[sister college]] in the town of Princeton on Evelyn and Nassau streets, called the [[Evelyn College for Women]], which was closed after roughly a decade of operation. After abortive discussions in 1967 with [[Sarah Lawrence College]] to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university, the administration decided to admit women and turned to the issue of transforming the school's operations and facilities into a female-friendly campus. The administration barely finished these plans by April 1969 when the admission's office began mailing out its acceptance letters. Its five-year coeducation plan provided $7.8 million for the development of new facilities that would eventually house and educate 650 women students at Princeton by 1974. Ultimately, 148 women, consisting of 100 freshwomen and transfer students of other years, entered Princeton on September 6, 1969 amidst much media attention. (Princeton enrolled its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meserve, as a Ph.D. candidate in Turkish history in 1961. A handful of women had studied at Princeton as undergraduates from 1963 on, spending their junior year there to study subjects in which Princeton's offerings surpassed those of their home institutions. They were considered regular students for their year on campus, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.)
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== Facilities ==
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[[Image:ArchewayLantern.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Many campus buildings have neo-Gothic archways and lanterns. Seen here is Blair Arch, the largest and most famous archway on campus.]]
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Princeton's campus features buildings designed by noted architects such as [[Benjamin Latrobe]], [[Ralph Adams Cram]], [[McKim, Mead & White]], [[Robert Venturi]], and [[Nick Yeager]]. The campus, located on 2 km² of landscaped grounds, features a large number of Neo-gothic-style buildings, most dating from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is situated about one hour from [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]].
  
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In 1969, Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduates. In 1887, the university had actually maintained and staffed a [[sister college]] in the town of Princeton on Evelyn and Nassau streets, called the [[Evelyn College for Women]], which was closed after roughly a decade of operation. After abortive discussions in 1967 with [[Sarah Lawrence College]] to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university, the administration decided to admit women and turned to the issue of transforming the school's operations and facilities into a female-friendly campus. The administration barely finished these plans by April 1969 when the admission's office began mailing out its acceptance letters. Its five-year coeducation plan provided $7.8 million for the development of new facilities that would eventually house and educate 650 women students at Princeton by 1974. Ultimately, 148 women, consisting of 100 freshwomen and transfer students of other years, entered Princeton on September 6, 1969 amidst much media attention. (Princeton enrolled its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meserve, as a Ph.D. candidate in Turkish history in 1961. A handful of women had studied at Princeton as undergraduates from 1963 on, spending their junior year there to study subjects in which Princeton's offerings surpassed those of their home institutions. They were considered regular students for their year on campus, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.)
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The first Princeton building constructed was Nassau Hall, situated in the north end of Campus on Nassau Street. Stanhope Hall (once a library, now administrative offices) and East and West College, both dormitories, followed. While many of the succeeding buildings—particularly the dormitories of the Northern campus—were built in a [[Collegiate Gothic]] style, the university is something of a mixture of American architectural movements. Greek Revival temples (Whig and Clio Halls) about the lawn south of Nassau Hall, while a crenellated theater (Murray-Dodge) guards the route west to the library. Modern buildings are confined to the east and south of the campus, a quarter overlooked by the 14-story Fine Hall. Fine, the Math Department's home, designed by [[Warner, Burns, Toan and Lunde]] and completed in 1970, is the tallest building at the university.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=124083 Emporis: Fine Hall]. Emporis. Retrieved November 11, 2007.</ref> Contemporary additions feature a number of big-name architects, including [[IM Pei]]'s Spelman Halls, Robert Venturi's [[Frist Campus Center]], [[Rafael Vinoly]]'s [[Carl Icahn]] Laboratory, and the Hillier Group's Bowen Hall. A residential college by [[Demetri Porphyrios]] and a science library by [[Frank Gehry]] are under construction.  
  
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== Campus ==
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Much [[sculpture]] adorns the campus, including pieces by [[Henry Moore]] (''Oval with Points,'' also nicknamed "[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s Nose"), [[Clement Meadmore]] ''(Upstart II),'' and [[Alexander Calder]] ''(Five Disks: One Empty).'' At the base of campus is the Delaware and Raritan Canal, dating from 1830, and [[Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)|Lake Carnegie]], a man-made lake donated by the steel magnate [[Andrew Carnegie]], used for crew (rowing) and sailing.
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[[Image:ArchewayLantern.JPG|thumb|200px|Many campus buildings have neo-Gothic archways and lanterns.  Seen here is Blair Arch, the largest and most famous archway on campus.]]
 
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Princeton's campus features buildings designed by noted architects such as [[Benjamin Latrobe]], [[Ralph Adams Cram]], [[McKim, Mead & White]], [[Robert Venturi]], and [[Nick Yeager]]. The campus, located on 2 km² of landscaped grounds, features a large number of Neo-gothic-style buildings, most dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is situated about one hour from [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]. The first Princeton building constructed was Nassau Hall, situated in the north end of Campus on Nassau Street. Stanhope Hall (once a library, now administrative offices) and East and West College, both dormitories, followed. While many of the succeeding buildings—particularly the dormitories of the Northern campus—were built in a [[Collegiate Gothic]] style, the university is something of a mixture of American architectural movements. Greek Revival temples (Whig and Clio Halls) about the lawn south of Nassau Hall, while a crenellated theater (Murray-Dodge) guards the route west to the library. Modern buildings are confined to the east and south of the campus, a quarter overlooked by the 14-story Fine Hall. Fine, the Math Department's home, designed by [[Warner, Burns, Toan and Lunde]] and completed in 1970, is the tallest building at the university.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=124083 Emporis: Fine Hall]</ref> Contemporary additions feature a number of big-name architects, including [[IM Pei]]'s Spelman Halls, Robert Venturi's [[Frist Campus Center]], [[Rafael Vinoly]]'s [[Carl Icahn]] Laboratory, and the Hillier Group's Bowen Hall. A residential college by [[Demetri Porphyrios]] and a science library by [[Frank Gehry]] are under construction. Much [[sculpture]] adorns the campus, including pieces by [[Henry Moore]] (''Oval with Points'', also nicknamed "[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s Nose"), [[Clement Meadmore]] ''(Upstart II)'', and [[Alexander Calder]] ''(Five Disks: One Empty)''. At the base of campus is the Delaware and Raritan Canal, dating from 1830, and [[Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)|Lake Carnegie]], a man-made lake donated by the steel magnate [[Andrew Carnegie]], used for crew (rowing) and sailing.
 
  
 
=== Cannon Green ===
 
=== Cannon Green ===
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Cannon Green is located on the south end of the main lawn. Buried in the ground at the center is the "Big Cannon," the top of which protrudes from the earth and is traditionally spray-painted in orange with the current senior class year. A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society|Whig Hall]]. Both were buried in response to periodic thefts by [[Rutgers University|Rutgers]] students. The "Big Cannon" is said to have been left in Princeton by Hessians after the Revolutionary War but moved to New Brunswick during the [[War of 1812]]. Ownership of the cannon was disputed and the cannon was eventually taken back to Princeton partly by a military company and then by 100 Princeton students. The "Big Cannon" was eventually buried in its current location behind Nassau Hall in 1840. In 1875, Rutgers students attempting to recover the original cannon stole the "Little Cannon" instead. The smaller cannon was subsequently recovered and buried as well. The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute.<ref name="cannon_war">Orange Key Virtual Tour - [http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist07-Cannon.htm Princeton-Rutgers Cannon War]</ref>
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Cannon Green is located on the south end of the main lawn. Buried in the ground at the center is the "Big Cannon," the top of which protrudes from the earth and is traditionally spray-painted in orange with the current senior class year. A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society|Whig Hall]]. Both were buried in response to periodic thefts by [[Rutgers University|Rutgers]] students. The "Big Cannon" is said to have been left in Princeton by Hessians after the Revolutionary War but moved to New Brunswick during the [[War of 1812]]. Ownership of the cannon was disputed and the cannon was eventually taken back to Princeton partly by a military company and then by 100 Princeton students. The "Big Cannon" was eventually buried in its current location behind Nassau Hall in 1840. In 1875, Rutgers students attempting to recover the original cannon stole the "Little Cannon" instead. The smaller cannon was subsequently recovered and buried as well. The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute.<ref> Orange Key Virtual Tour - Princeton-Rutgers Cannon War. ''Princeton University''.</ref>
  
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The [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning movie, [[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]], contains a scene on Cannon Green. [[John Forbes Nash|John Nash]] plays [[Go (board game)|Go]] with his college rival while sitting on stone benches in the middle of the green. (The benches do not exist; like many elements of the Princeton setting, they were introduced for the film.)
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===McCarter Theater===
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[[Image:McCarter Theater2.JPG|thumb|250px|left|McCarter Theater]]The Tony-award-winning<ref>[http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=1994&award=Regional+Theatre+Award&lname=&fname=&show= Regional Theatre Award: 1994 Regional Theatre Award]. Tony Awards. Retrieved November 11, 2007.</ref> [[McCarter Theatre]] was built by the [[Princeton Triangle Club]] using club profits and a gift from Princeton University alumnus Thomas McCarter. Today the Triangle Club is an official student group and performs its annual freshmen revue and fall musicals in McCarter. The McCarter is also recognized as one of the leading regional theaters in the [[United States]].
  
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=== Buildings ===
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===Art Museum===
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====McCarter Theater====
 
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[[Image:McCarter Theater2.JPG|thumb|200px|right|McCarter Theater]]The Tony-award-winning<ref>[http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=1994&award=Regional+Theatre+Award&lname=&fname=&show=]</ref> [[McCarter Theatre]] was built by the [[Princeton Triangle Club]] using club profits and a gift from Princeton University alumnus Thomas McCarter. Today the Triangle Club is an official student group and performs its annual freshmen revue and fall musicals in McCarter.  The McCarter is also recognized as one of the leading regional theaters in the [[United States]].
 
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====Art Museum====
 
 
The [[Princeton University Art Museum]] was established to give students direct, intimate, and sustained access to original works of art to complement and enrich instruction and research at the university, and this continues to be its primary function.
 
The [[Princeton University Art Museum]] was established to give students direct, intimate, and sustained access to original works of art to complement and enrich instruction and research at the university, and this continues to be its primary function.
  
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Numbering nearly 60,000 objects, the collections range chronologically from ancient to contemporary art, and concentrate geographically on the [[Mediterranean]] regions, [[Western Europe]], [[China]], the United States, and [[Latin America]]. There is a collection of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Artifact (archaeology)|antiquities]], including [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], marbles, bronzes, and Roman mosaics from Princeton University’s excavations in [[Antioch]]. [[Medieval]] Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early [[Renaissance]] through the nineteenth century, and there is a growing collection of twentieth-century and contemporary art.
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Numbering nearly 60,000 objects, the collections range chronologically from ancient to contemporary art, and concentrate geographically on the [[Mediterranean]] regions, [[Western Europe]], [[China]], the United States, and [[Latin America]]. There is a collection of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[antiquities]], including [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], marbles, bronzes, and Roman [[mosaics]] from Princeton University’s excavations in [[Antioch]]. [[Medieval]] Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and [[stained glass]]. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early [[Renaissance]] through the nineteenth century, and there is a growing collection of twentieth-century and contemporary art.  
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Among the strengths in the museum are the collections of Chinese art, with important holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and [[calligraphy]]; and [[pre-Columbian]] art, with examples of the art of the Maya. The museum has collections of old master prints and drawings and a comprehensive collection of original photographs. African art is represented as well as Northwest Coast Indian art. Other works include those of the John B. Putnam, Jr., Memorial Collection of twentieth-century sculpture, including works by such modern masters as Alexander Calder, [[Jacques Lipchitz]], Henry Moore and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The Putnam Collection is overseen by the Museum but exhibited outdoors around campus.
 
  
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====University Chapel====
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Among the strengths in the museum are the collections of [[Chinese art]], with important holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and [[calligraphy]]; and [[pre-Columbian]] art, with examples of the art of the [[Maya]]. The museum has collections of old master prints and drawings and a comprehensive collection of original photographs. African art is represented as well as Northwest Coast Indian art. Other works include those of the John B. Putnam, Jr., Memorial Collection of twentieth-century sculpture, including works by such modern masters as Alexander Calder, [[Jacques Lipchitz]], Henry Moore, and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The Putnam Collection is overseen by the Museum but exhibited outdoors around campus.
  
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[[Image:PrincetonUniversityChapel.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Princeton University Chapel]]
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===University Chapel===
  
 
[[Princeton University Chapel]] is the third-largest university chapel in the world. Known for its [[gothic architecture]], the chapel houses one of the largest and most precious stained glass collections in the country. Both the Opening Exercises for entering freshmen and the Baccalaureate Service for graduating seniors take place in the University Chapel.
 
[[Princeton University Chapel]] is the third-largest university chapel in the world. Known for its [[gothic architecture]], the chapel houses one of the largest and most precious stained glass collections in the country. Both the Opening Exercises for entering freshmen and the Baccalaureate Service for graduating seniors take place in the University Chapel.
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Construction on the Princeton University Chapel began in 1924 was completed in 1927, at a cost of $2.4 million. Princeton's Chapel is the world's third-largest university chapel, behind those of [[Valparaiso University]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], [[England]].<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist05-ChapelHistory.htm]</ref> It was designed by the University's lead consulting [[architect]], Ralph Adams Cram, previously of Boston's architectural firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, leading proponents of the Gothic revival style. The vaulting was built by the Guastavino Company, whose thin Spanish tile vaults can be found in Ellis Island, Grand Central Station, and hundreds of other significant works of 20th century architecture.
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Construction on the Princeton University Chapel began in 1924 was completed in 1927, at a cost of $2.4 million. Princeton's Chapel is the world's third-largest university chapel, behind those of [[Valparaiso University]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], [[England]].<ref> History of the University Chapel and Architect Ralph Adams Cram. Princeton University.</ref> It was designed by the University's lead consulting [[architect]], Ralph Adams Cram, previously of Boston's architectural firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, leading proponents of the [[Gothic revival]] style. The vaulting was built by the Guastavino Company, whose thin Spanish tile vaults can be found in Ellis Island, Grand Central Station, and hundreds of other significant works of twentieth-century architecture.
  
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The 270-foot-long, 76-foot-high, [[cruciform]] church is in the [[collegiate Gothic]] style, and is made largely from [[Pennsylvania]] [[sandstone]] and [[Indiana]] [[limestone]]. It seats 2000 people, many in pews made from wood salvaged from [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era gun carriages. Seats in the chancery are made from oak from [[Sherwood Forest]]. The [[16th Century]] pulpit was brought from [[France]] and the primary [[pipe organ]] has 8000 pipes and 109 stops.
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The 270-foot-long, 76-foot-high, [[cruciform]] church is in the [[collegiate Gothic]] style, and is made largely from [[Pennsylvania]] [[sandstone]] and [[Indiana]] [[limestone]]. It seats 2,000 people, many in pews made from wood salvaged from [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era gun carriages. Seats in the chancery are made from oak from [[Sherwood Forest]]. The sixteenth century pulpit was brought from [[France]] and the primary [[pipe organ]] has 8,000 pipes and 109 stops.
  
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One of the most prominent features of the chapel is its [[stained glass]] windows which have an unusually academic leaning. Three of the large windows have religious themes: the north aisle windows shows the life of Jesus, the north clerestory shows the spirtual development of the Jews, while the south aisle has the teachings of Jesus. The stained glass in the south clerestory portrays the evolution of human thought from the Greeks to modern times. It has windows on such topics as Science, Law, Poetry and War.
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One of the most prominent features of the chapel is its [[stained glass]] windows which have an unusually academic leaning. Three of the large windows have religious themes: the north aisle windows show the life of [[Jesus]], the north clerestory shows the spiritual development of the [[Jews]], while the south aisle has the teachings of Jesus. The stained glass in the south clerestory portrays the evolution of human thought from the Greeks to modern times. It has windows depicting Science, Law, [[Poetry]], and [[War]].
  
 
==Organization==
 
==Organization==
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[[Image:ClevelandTowerWatercolor20060829.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This watercolor shows [[Cleveland Tower]] as seen from just outside Procter Hall at the Old [[Princeton University Graduate College|Graduate College]] in the noon autumn sun.]]
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Princeton has six undergraduate [[residential college]]s, each housing approximately 500 freshmen, sophomores, and a handful of junior and senior [[Resident assistant|resident advisers]]. Each college consists of a set of dormitories, a dining hall, a variety of other amenities—such as study spaces, libraries, performance spaces, and darkrooms—and a collection of administrators and associated faculty. Two colleges, [[Wilson College, Princeton University|Wilson College]] and [[Forbes College, Princeton University|Forbes College]] (formerly Princeton Inn College), date to the 1970s; three others, Rockefeller, Mathey, and Butler Colleges, were created in 1983 following the Committee on Undergraduate Residential Life (CURL) report suggesting colleges as a solution to a perception of fragmented campus social life. The construction of Whitman College, the university's sixth, was completed in 2007.
  
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Princeton is among the wealthiest universities in the world, with an endowment of US$15.8 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. Ranked [[List of US colleges and universities by endowment|fourth]] largest in the United States, the university has the largest per-student endowment in the world. This is sustained through the continued donations of its alumni and is maintained by investment advisors.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite web | title=Endowment Climbs Past $13 Billion | year=2006 | publisher=The Daily Princetonian | url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2006/10/27/news/16400.shtml}}</ref> Some of Princeton's wealth is invested in its art museum, which features works by [[Claude Monet]] and [[Andy Warhol]], among other prominent artists.
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University housing is guaranteed to all undergraduates for all four years, and more than 95 percent of students live on campus in dormitories. Freshmen and sophomores live in [[Residential college (Princeton University)|residential colleges]]. Juniors and seniors have the option to live off-campus, but high rent in the Princeton area encourages almost all students to live in dorms. Undergraduate social life revolves around the residential colleges and a number of coeducational "[[eating clubs]]," which students may choose to join at the end of their sophomore year, and which host a number of social events throughout the academic year.
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[[Image:ClevelandTowerWatercolor20060829.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This watercolor shows [[Cleveland Tower]] as seen from just outside Procter Hall at the Old [[Princeton University Graduate College|Graduate College]] in the noon autumn sun.  The tower was built in 1913 as a memorial to former United States President [[Grover Cleveland]], who also served as a university trustee.  One of the largest [[carillon]]s in the world, the class of 1892 bells, was installed in 1927.  The Chapel Music program plays the bells Sunday afternoons during each semester, except during exam periods.]]
 
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University housing is guaranteed to all undergraduates for all four years, and more than 95 percent of students live on campus in dormitories. Freshmen and sophomores live in [[Residential college (Princeton University)|residential colleges]]. Juniors and seniors have the option to live off-campus, but high rent in the Princeton area encourages almost all students to live in dorms. Undergraduate social life revolves around the residential colleges and a number of coeducational "[[eating clubs]]," which students may choose to join at the end of their sophomore year, and which host a number of social events throughout the academic year.
 
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Princeton has six undergraduate [[residential college]]s, each housing approximately 500 freshmen, sophomores, and a handful of junior and senior [[Resident assistant|resident advisers]]. Each college consists of a set of dormitories, a dining hall, a variety of other amenities—such as study spaces, libraries, performance spaces, and darkrooms—and a collection of administrators and associated faculty. Two colleges, [[Wilson College, Princeton University|Wilson College]] and [[Forbes College, Princeton University|Forbes College]] (formerly Princeton Inn College), date to the 1970s; three others, Rockefeller, Mathey, and Butler Colleges, were created in 1983 following the Committee on Undergraduate Residential Life (CURL) report suggesting colleges as a solution to a perception of fragmented campus social life.  The construction of Whitman College, the university's sixth, was completed in 2007.
 
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[[Rockefeller College]] and [[Mathey College]] are located in the northwest corner of the campus; their Collegiate Gothic architecture often graces University brochures. Like most of Princeton's Gothic buildings, they predate the residential college system and were fashioned into colleges from individual dormitories.
 
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Wilson College and [[Butler College]], located south of the center of the campus, were built in the 1960s, with Wilson serving as an early experiment in Residential Colleges. Butler, like Rockefeller and Mathey, was a collection of ordinary dorms (called the "New New Quad") before the addition of a dining hall made it a residential college. Widely disliked for its edgy modernist design, the dormitories on the Butler Quad were demolished in 2007, and the college is being partially housed in converted upperclass dormitories until its reconstruction is completed.
 
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Forbes College, located slightly beyond the southwest corner of the campus, is a former hotel, purchased by the university and expanded to form a residential college. The "Princeton Inn College" was one of the first residential colleges in the 1970s along with Wilson College. Butler and most of Forbes are in a different [[municipality]], Princeton Township, from the rest of the main campus, which is in [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]].
 
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In 2003, Princeton broke ground for a sixth college, named [[Whitman College, Princeton University|Whitman College]] after its principal sponsor, [[Meg Whitman]], the [[CEO]] of [[eBay]] and a member of the Princeton Class of 1977. The new dormitories were constructed in the [[neo-Gothic]] architectural style and were designed by renowned architect Demetri Porphyrios.  Construction finished in 2007, and Whitman College was inaugurated as Princeton's sixth residential college that year.
 
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A variant on the present college system was originally proposed by University President Woodrow Wilson in the early twentieth century. Wilson's model was much closer to [[Yale University|Yale]]'s present system, which features four-year colleges. Lacking the support of the [[Trustees of Princeton University|Trustees]], the plan languished until 1968, when Wilson College was established, capping a series of alternatives to the eating clubs. A series of often fierce debates raged before the present underclass-college system emerged. The plan was first attempted at Yale, but the administration was initially uninterested; an exasperated alum, [[Edward Harkness]], finally paid to have the college system implemented at [[Harvard]] in the 1920s, leading to the oft-quoted aphorism that the college system is a Princeton idea done at Harvard with Yale's money.
 
  
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Princeton has one graduate residential college, known simply as the Graduate College, located beyond Forbes College at the outskirts of campus. The far-flung location of the G.C. was the spoil of a squabble between Woodrow Wilson and then-Graduate School Dean [[Andrew Fleming West]], which the latter won.<ref>[http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/west_andrew.html Andrew Fleming West]</ref> (Wilson preferred a central location for the College; West wanted the graduate students as far as possible from the campus.) The G.C. is composed of a large Collegiate Gothic section crowned by [[Cleveland Tower]], a local landmark that also houses a world-class carillon. The attached New Graduate College houses more students. Its design departs from collegiate gothic, and is reminiscent of Butler College, the newest of the five pre-Whitman undergraduate colleges.
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Princeton has one graduate residential college, known simply as the Graduate College or G.C., located beyond Forbes College at the outskirts of campus. The far-flung location of the G.C. was the spoil of a squabble between [[Woodrow Wilson]] and then-Graduate School Dean [[Andrew Fleming West]], which the latter won.<ref> Andrew Fleming West. Princeton University.</ref> (Wilson preferred a central location for the College; West wanted the graduate students as far as possible from the campus.) The G.C. is composed of a large Collegiate Gothic section crowned by [[Cleveland Tower]], a local landmark that also houses a world-class carillon. The attached New Graduate College houses more students. Its design departs from collegiate gothic, and is reminiscent of Butler College, the newest of the five pre-Whitman undergraduate colleges.
  
 
==Academics==
 
==Academics==
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[[Image:PrincetonCourtyard.jpg|thumb|200px|The courtyard of East Pyne]]
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[[Image:PrincetonCourtyard.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The courtyard of East Pyne]]
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Princeton offers two main [[undergraduate]] degrees: the [[Bachelor of Arts]] (A.B.) and the [[Bachelor of Science]] in engineering (B.S.E.). Courses in the humanities are traditionally either seminars or semi-weekly lectures with an additional discussion seminar, called a "precept" (short for "preceptorial"). To graduate, all A.B. candidates must complete a senior thesis and one or two extensive pieces of independent research, known as "junior papers" or "J.P.s." They must also fulfill a two-semester foreign language requirement and distribution requirements with a total of 31 classes. B.S.E. candidates follow a parallel track with an emphasis on a rigorous science and math curriculum, a computer science requirement, and at least two semesters of independent research including an optional senior thesis. All B.S.E. students much complete at least 36 classes. A.B. candidates typically have more freedom in course selection than B.S.E. candidates because of the fewer number of required classes, though both enjoy a comparatively high degree of latitude in creating a self-structured curriculum.
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Princeton offers two main [[undergraduate]] degrees: the [[Bachelor of Arts]] (A.B.) and the [[Bachelor of Science]] in engineering (B.S.E.). Courses in the humanities are traditionally either seminars or semi-weekly lectures with an additional discussion seminar, called a "precept" (short for "preceptorial"). To graduate, all A.B. candidates must complete a senior thesis and one or two extensive pieces of independent research, known as "junior papers" or "J.P.s." They must also fulfill a two-semester foreign language requirement and distribution requirements with a total of 31 classes. B.S.E. candidates follow a parallel track with an emphasis on a rigorous science and math curriculum, a computer science requirement, and at least two semesters of independent research including an optional senior thesis. All B.S.E. students much complete at least 36 classes. A.B. candidates typically have more freedom in course selection than B.S.E. candidates because of the fewer number of required classes, though both enjoy a comparatively high degree of latitude in creating a self-structured curriculum.
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Undergraduates at Princeton University agree to conform to an academic honesty policy called the ''Honor Code.'' Students write and sign the honor pledge, "I pledge my honor that I have not violated the Honor Code during this examination," on every in-class exam they take at Princeton. (The form of the pledge was changed slightly in 1980; it formerly read, "I pledge my honor that during this examination, I have neither given nor received assistance.")  The Code carries a second obligation: upon matriculation, every student pledges to report any suspected cheating to the student-run Honor Committee. Because of this code, students take all tests unsupervised by faculty members. Violations of the Honor Code incur the strongest of disciplinary actions, including suspension and expulsion. Out-of-class exercises are outside the Honor Committee's jurisdiction. In these cases, students are often expected to sign a pledge on their papers that they have not [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] their work ("This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations."), and allegations of academic violations are heard by the University Committee on Discipline.
 
  
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Princeton offers postgraduate research degrees in mathematics, physics, astronomy and plasma physics, economics, history, political science, philosophy, and English. Although Princeton offers professional graduate degrees in [[engineering]], [[architecture]], and [[finance]], it has no [[medical school]], [[law school]], or [[business school]] like other research universities.<ref>A short-lived [[Princeton Law School]] folded in 1852.</ref> Its most famous professional school is the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]] (known as "'''Woody Woo'''" to students), founded in 1930 as the School of Public and International Affairs and renamed in 1948.
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Undergraduates at Princeton University agree to conform to an academic honesty policy called the ''Honor Code.'' Students write and sign the honor pledge, "I pledge my honor that I have not violated the Honor Code during this examination," on every in-class exam they take at Princeton. (The form of the pledge was changed slightly in 1980; it formerly read, "I pledge my honor that during this examination, I have neither given nor received assistance.") The Code carries a second obligation: upon matriculation, every student pledges to report any suspected cheating to the student-run Honor Committee. Because of this code, students take all tests unsupervised by faculty members. Violations of the Honor Code incur the strongest of disciplinary actions, including suspension and expulsion. Out-of-class exercises are outside the Honor Committee's jurisdiction. In these cases, students are often expected to sign a pledge on their papers that they have not [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] their work ("This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations."), and allegations of academic violations are heard by the University Committee on Discipline.
  
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The university's library system houses over eleven million holdings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://firestone.princeton.edu|title=Firestone Library|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref> including six million bound volumes;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/alalibrary/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.htm|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held: ALA Library Fact Sheet Number 22|publisher=American Library Association|date=August , 2005|accessdate=2006-07-30}}: 6,224,270 volumes reported in August, 2005 fact sheet; 6,495,597 reported by Princeton to the Association of Research Libraries in {{cite web|url=http://www.arl.org/stats/pubpdf/arlstat05.pdf|title=ARL STATISTICS 2004‐05|year=2006|publisher=Association of Research Libraries, 21 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C.  20036, Telephone: (202) 296‐2296, FAX: (202) 872‐0884, email: pubs@arl.org}}</ref> The main university library, [[Firestone Library]], housing almost four million volumes, is one of the largest university libraries in the world{{Fact|date=February 2007}} (and among the largest "open stack" libraries in existence).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Its collections include the [[Blickling homilies]]. In addition to Firestone, many individual disciplines have their own libraries, including architecture, art history, East Asian studies, engineering, geology, international affairs and public policy, and Near Eastern studies. Seniors in some departments can register for enclosed carrels in the main library for workspace and the private storage of books and research materials. In February 2007, Princeton became the 12th major library system to join Google's ambitious project to scan the world's great literary works and make them searchable over the Web.<ref name="NewsMax">"[http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/2/6/90039.shtml Princeton University Joins Google Literature-Scan Project]." [[Reuters]], February 6, 2007.</ref>
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Princeton offers postgraduate research degrees in mathematics, physics, astronomy and plasma physics, economics, history, political science, philosophy, and English. Although Princeton offers professional graduate degrees in [[engineering]], [[architecture]], and [[finance]], it has no [[medical school]], [[law school]], or [[business school]] like other research universities.<ref>A short-lived [[Princeton Law School]] folded in 1852.</ref> Its most famous professional school is the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]] (known as "Woody Woo" to students), founded in 1930 as the School of Public and International Affairs and renamed in 1948.
  
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Princeton is one of the most selective colleges in the United States, admitting only 9.5% of undergraduate applicants in 2007.<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S17/55/23Q27</ref> In September 2006, Princeton University announced that all applicants for the Class of 2012 would be considered in a single pool, effectively ending the [[Early Decision]] program.<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/86/07G08/</ref> In 2001, Princeton was the first university to eliminate [[loans]] for all students who qualify for [[aid]], expanding on earlier reforms. ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and [[Princeton Review]] both cite Princeton as having the fewest number of students graduating with debt even though 60% of incoming students are on some type of [[financial aid]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Office of [[Financial Aid]] estimates that Princeton seniors on aid will graduate with average indebtedness of $2,360, compared to the national average of about $20,000.
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The university's library system houses over eleven million holdings<ref>[http://firestone.princeton.edu Firestone Library]. Princeton University. Retrieved November 23, 2011.</ref> including seven million bound volumes.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/profile/scholarship/academic-resources/ Princeton Profile] Princeton University. Retrieved November 23, 2011. </ref>
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===Rankings===
 
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{{Expand-section|date=July 2007}}
 
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From 2001 to 2008, Princeton University has been ranked 1st among national universities by [[U.S. News and World Report]] (USNWR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_1739_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2007 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> Among other outlets, Princeton ranked 8th among world universities by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2007 |year=2007 |publisher= Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> 10th among world universities and 7th in North America by ''[[THES - QS World University Rankings]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/ |title=World University Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Times Higher Educational Supplement |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/]  &mdash; A 2006 ranking from the ''[[THES - QS]]'' of the world’s research universities.</ref>
 
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[[Image:Clio Hall.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Clio Hall]]
 
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Princeton University also participates in the [http://www.naicu.edu/ National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities] ([[NAICU]])'s [[University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN)]].
 
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[[Image:Fine-hall-princeton.jpeg|thumb|200px|Fine Hall, the home of the Department of Mathematics. It is the tallest building on campus, although its height above sea level is not higher than the University Chapel, significantly uphill from Fine.]]
 
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See also [[List of Princeton University people#Notable Princeton professors]].
 
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Princeton University also recently purchased a supercomputer, [[Orangena]], from IBM, as of 11/2005 the 79th fastest in the world ([[LINPACK]] performance of 4713; compare up to 12250 for other U. S. universities and 280600 for the top-ranked supercomputer, belonging to the [[United States Department of Energy|U. S. Department of Energy]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top500.org/list/2005/11/100|title=TOP500 Supercomputing Sites|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref>
 
  
 
==Student life and culture==
 
==Student life and culture==
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{{Refimprovesect|date=May 2007}}
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[[Image:Walker-1903-cuyler.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Cuyler, Class of 1903, and Walker Halls are Princeton dormitories in the Collegiate Gothic style.]]
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Princeton hosts two [[Model United Nations]] conferences, PMUNC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmunc.org/| title=Princeton Model United Nations Conference (PMUNC)|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> in the fall for high school students and PICSim<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.picsim.org/|title=Princeton Interactive Crisis Simulation (PICSIM)|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> in the spring for college students.
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Each residential college hosts social events and activities, guest speakers, and trips. The residential colleges are best known for their performing arts trips to New York City. Students sign up to take trips to see the ballet, the opera, and [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] shows.
  
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Princeton also runs Princeton Model Congress, held once a year in mid-November. The 4-day conference is for high schoolers from around the country and the fierce competition gives the conference its prestige.  
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The eating clubs are co-ed organizations for upperclassmen located on the east end of campus. Most upperclassmen eat their meals at one of the ten eating clubs, whose houses also serve as evening and weekend social venues for members and guests.
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[[Image:Walker-1903-cuyler.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Cuyler, Class of 1903, and Walker Halls are Princeton dormitories in the Collegiate Gothic style.]]
 
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Each residential college hosts social events and activities, guest speakers (such as [[Edward Norton]], who showed a special sneak-preview of [[Fight Club]] on campus), and trips. The residential colleges are best known for their performing arts trips to New York City. Students sign up to take trips to see the ballet, the opera, and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] shows.
 
  
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The eating clubs are co-ed organizations for upperclassmen located on the east end of campus. Most upperclassmen eat their meals at one of the 10 eating clubs, whose houses also serve as evening and weekend social venues for members and guests.
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Although the school's admissions policy is "[[need-blind]]" Princeton was ranked close to the bottom (based on the proportion of students receiving [[Pell Grant]]s) in economic diversity among all national universities ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>U.S. News & World Report, Economic Diversity Among All National Universities.</ref> While Pell figures are widely used as a gauge of the number of low-income undergraduates on a given campus, the rankings article cautions, "the proportion of students on Pell Grants isn't a perfect measure of an institution's efforts to achieve economic diversity."
  
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Although the school's admissions policy is "[[need-blind]]" Princeton was ranked last (based on the proportion of students receiving Pell Grants) in economic diversity among all national universities ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/natudoc_ecodiv_brief.php| title=Economic Diversity Among All National Universities|accessdate=2007-02-05}}</ref> While Pell figures are widely used as a gauge of the number of low-income undergraduates on a given campus, the rankings article cautions, "the proportion of students on Pell Grants isn't a perfect measure of an institution's efforts to achieve economic diversity."
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The ''Princeton Review'' (unaffiliated with the university) declared Princeton the tenth strongest "jock school" in the nation. It has also consistently been ranked at the top of the ''[[TIME Magazine]]'''s Strongest College Sports Teams lists. Most recently, Princeton was ranked as a top ten school for athletics by ''[[Sports Illustrated]].'' Princeton is best known for its men and women's crews, winning several [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] and Eastern Sprints titles in recent years.
  
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==Traditions==
 
*''Arch Sings'' - Free late-night concerts in one of the larger arches on campus offered by one or several of Princeton's thirteen undergraduate ''[[a cappella]]'' groups. Most often held in Blair Arch or Class of 1879 Arch.
 
*''Arch Sings'' - Free late-night concerts in one of the larger arches on campus offered by one or several of Princeton's thirteen undergraduate ''[[a cappella]]'' groups. Most often held in Blair Arch or Class of 1879 Arch.
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*''Bonfire'' - ceremonial bonfire on Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall, held only if Princeton beats both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and Yale at [[American football|football]] in the same season; the most recent bonfire was lit November 17, 2006, after a 12-year drought.
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*''Bonfire'' - ceremonial bonfire on Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall, held only if Princeton beats both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Yale University|Yale]] at [[American football|football]] in the same season; the most recent bonfire was lit November 17, 2006, after a 12-year drought.
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*''[[Eating clubs (Princeton University)|Bicker]]'' - Selection process for new-members employed by selective eating clubs
 
 
*''Cane Spree'' - an athletic competition between freshmen and sophomores held in the fall
 
*''Cane Spree'' - an athletic competition between freshmen and sophomores held in the fall
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*''The Clapper'' or ''Clapper Theft'' - climbing to the top of Nassau Hall and stealing the bell clapper so as to prevent the bell from ringing and, thus, from starting class on the first day of the school year. For safety reasons, the clapper has now been removed permanently.
 
 
*''Class Jackets'' ''(Beer Jackets)'' - Each graduating class (and each class at its multiple-of-5 reunion thereafter—5th, 10th, etc.) designs a Class Jacket featuring their class year. The artwork is almost invariably dominated by the school colors and [[tiger]] motifs.
 
*''Class Jackets'' ''(Beer Jackets)'' - Each graduating class (and each class at its multiple-of-5 reunion thereafter—5th, 10th, etc.) designs a Class Jacket featuring their class year. The artwork is almost invariably dominated by the school colors and [[tiger]] motifs.
 
*''Communiversity'' - an annual street fair with performances, arts and crafts, and other activities in an attempt to foster interaction between the university and residents of the Princeton community
 
*''Communiversity'' - an annual street fair with performances, arts and crafts, and other activities in an attempt to foster interaction between the university and residents of the Princeton community
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*''Dean's Date Theater'' - tradition of gathering late in the afternoon on the final deadline for written work for the semester ("Dean's Date") outside McCosh Hall to watch other students run to hand in their papers. Some students perform cartwheels and other antics (if they are not running ''too'' late).{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
 
 
*''FitzRandolph Gate'' - at the end of Princeton's graduation ceremony, the new graduates process out through the main gate of the university as a symbol of their leaving college and entering the real world. According to tradition, anyone who leaves campus through FitzRandolph Gate before his or her own graduation date will not graduate (though entering through the gate is fine).
 
*''FitzRandolph Gate'' - at the end of Princeton's graduation ceremony, the new graduates process out through the main gate of the university as a symbol of their leaving college and entering the real world. According to tradition, anyone who leaves campus through FitzRandolph Gate before his or her own graduation date will not graduate (though entering through the gate is fine).
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*''Holder Howl'' - The midnight before Dean's Date (when most final papers and assignments are due) students from Holder Hall and elsewhere come to the Holder courtyard and "howl" to release the frustration of last-minute work on their assignments.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
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*''Houseparties'' - formal parties thrown simultaneously by all of the eating clubs at the end of the spring term
 
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*''Lawnparties'' - parties with live bands thrown simultaneously by all of the eating clubs at the start of classes and conclusion of the year
 
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*''[[Newman's Day]]'' - Students attempt to drink 24 beers in the 24 hours of April 24. According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', "the day got its name from an apocryphal quote attributed to Mr. Newman: '24 beers in a case, 24 hours in a day. Coincidence? I think not.'"<ref>
 
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{{Citation
 
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  | title = Film Legend Bothered by Use of Name in Stunt at Princeton
 
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  | newspaper = [[New York Times]]
 
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  | year = 2004
 
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  | date = 2004-04-22
 
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  | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/22/education/22princeton.html }}
 
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</ref> Newman has spoken out against the tradition, however.<ref>[http://www.news-medical.net/?id=825 News-Medical.Net: "Paul Newman urges Princeton to stop tradition of alcohol abuse in honour of his name"]</ref>
 
 
*''Nude Olympics'' - annual (nude and partially nude) frolic in Holder Courtyard during the first snow of the winter. Started in the early 1970s, the Nude Olympics went co-ed in 1979 and gained much notoriety with the American press. For safety reasons, the administration banned the Olympics in 2000.
 
*''Nude Olympics'' - annual (nude and partially nude) frolic in Holder Courtyard during the first snow of the winter. Started in the early 1970s, the Nude Olympics went co-ed in 1979 and gained much notoriety with the American press. For safety reasons, the administration banned the Olympics in 2000.
−
*''Prospect 11'' - referring to the act of drinking a beer at all eleven eating clubs on [[Prospect Avenue|The Street]] in one night. With the recent closure of [[Campus Club]], this has become impossible; however, the historical Cannon Club is due to reopen in Spring 2008, and the Prospect 11 will return.
 
 
*''P-rade'' - traditional parade of alumni and their families, who process by class year, during [[Princeton Reunions|Reunions]]
 
*''P-rade'' - traditional parade of alumni and their families, who process by class year, during [[Princeton Reunions|Reunions]]
 
*''Reunions'' - annual gathering of alumni, held the weekend before graduation
 
*''Reunions'' - annual gathering of alumni, held the weekend before graduation
−
*''[[Robopound|Robo]]'' - commonly played team drinking game at Princeton University, thought to have originated there. [[Beer Pong|Beirut]] is equally popular.
+
*''The Phantom of Fine Hall'' - a former tradition - before 1993, this was the legend of an obscure, shadowy figure that would infest Fine Hall (the Mathematics department's building) and write complex equations on blackboards. Although mentioned in [[Rebecca Goldstein]]'s 1980s book ''The Mind-Body Problem'' about Princeton graduate student life, the legend self-deconstructed in the 1990s when the Phantom turned out to be in reality the inventor, in the 1950s, of the [[Nash equilibrium]] result in [[game theory]], [[John Forbes Nash]]. The former Phantom, by then also haunting the computation center where courtesy of handlers in the math department he was a sacred monster with a guest account, shared the 1994 [[Nobel Prize]] in Economic Sciences and is now a recognized member of the University community.
−
*''The Phantom of Fine Hall'' - a former tradition - before 1993, this was the legend of an obscure, shadowy figure that would infest Fine Hall (the Mathematics department's building) and write complex equations on blackboards. Although mentioned in [[Rebecca Goldstein]]'s 1980s book ''The Mind-Body Problem'' about Princeton graduate student life (Penguin, reissued 1993), the legend self-deconstructed in the 1990s when the Phantom turned out to be in reality the inventor, in the 1950s, of the [[Nash equilibrium]] result in game theory, John Forbes Nash. The former Phantom, by then also haunting the computation center where courtesy of handlers in the math department he was a sacred monster with a guest account, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize and is now a recognized member of the University community. (Unlike the book, the film version of ''A Beautiful Mind'' does not attempt to be factual; its screenwriter called it "a stab at the truth… but not by way of the facts.")
 
  
−
== Athletics ==
+
==Notable Alumni==
−
The Princeton Review (unaffiliated with the university) declared Princeton the 10th strongest "jock school" in the nation. It has also consistently been ranked at the top of the [[Time Magazine]]'s Strongest College Sports Teams lists. Most recently, Princeton was ranked as a top 10 school for athletics by [[Sports Illustrated]]. Princeton is best known for its men and women's crews, winning several [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] and Eastern Sprints titles in recent years.
+
Princeton includes many people of note in its list of alumni. These include heads of state, academics, business figures, scientists, and others. American presidents include [[John F. Kennedy]], [[James Madison]], and [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Other famous alumni include academic [[Cornell West]], [[Queen Noor]] of [[Jordan]], [[Aaron Burr]], Senator [[Bill Bradley]], Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, businessman [[Malcolm Forbes]], eBay CEO Meg Whitman, [[Nobel prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[economics]] [[Gary Becker]], computer scientist [[Alan Turing]], mathematician [[John Nash]], and hockey player Hobey Baker.
  
−
Princeton won a record 21 conference titles from 2000–2001.  By the end of 2004, Princeton had garnered 36 Ivy League conference titles from 2001–2004 sports seasons. In 2005, its women's [[soccer]] team made the NCAA Final Four, the first Ivy League team to do so. The Tigers have taken every [[field hockey]] conference title since 1994.
 
  
−
Princeton's [[college basketball|basketball]] team is perhaps the best-known team within the Ivy League, nicknamed the "perennial giant killer" which it acquired during [[Pete Carril]]'s coaching career from 1967–1996. Its most notable upset was the defeat of defending NCAA basketball champion, [[UCLA]], in its opening round and Carril's final collegiate victory in that season's collegiate basketball playoffs.  During that 29 year span, Pete Carril won 13 Ivy League championships and received 11 NCAA berths and 2 NIT bids. Princeton won the NIT championship in 1975. A legacy of his coaching career is the deliberate "[[Princeton offense]]" employed by a number of other collegiate basketball teams, including [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]] in their [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|Final Four]] appearance.
 
  
−
From 1992–2001, a nine year span, Princeton's men's basketball team had entered the NCAA tournament 6 times—from a conference that has never had an [[at-large berths|at-large entry]] in the NCAA tournament. For the last half-century, Princeton and Penn have traditionally battled for men's basketball dominance in the Ivy League; Princeton had its first losing season in 50 years of Ivy League basketball in 2005. Princeton tied the record for fewest points in a Division I game since the 3-point line started in 1986–87 when they scored 21 points in a loss against [[Monmouth University]] on December 14, 2005.
+
==Notes==
 +
<references />
  
−
Princeton's men's lacrosse team has enjoyed much success since the early 1990s and is widely recognized as a perennial powerhouse in the Division I ranks. The team has won thirteen Ivy League titles (1992, 1993, 1995–2004, 2006) and six national titles (1992, 1994, 1996–1998, 2001).<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/~lacrosse/</ref>
+
==References==
−
 
 
−
The Princeton women's volleyball team has won 13 Ivy League titles, and its men's volleyball team in 1998 became the first non-scholarship school to make the NCAA Final Four in 25 years. 
 
−
 
 
−
On November 6, 1869, Princeton fielded a team of twenty-five undergraduates to compete against Rutgers College in the first intercollegiate soccer game, held on the Rutgers campus in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]].  This game has been claimed by some to be the first game of [[American Football]], but in fact it more closely resembled 'soccer'.  Rutgers won with a score of six runs to Princeton's four.  However, Princeton won every subsequent game through its evolution into forms more recognizable as American football through 1938.  The two schools, which compete in other NCAA events, have not met in football since 1980.  Princeton's rivalry with Yale, active since 1873, is the second oldest in American football (counting years when the game was played under rules which resembled soccer and not American football). In more recent years, Princeton has excelled in both men's and women's lacrosse, and both men's and women's crew.
 
−
 
 
−
== Old Nassau ==
 
−
 
 
−
This phrase can refer to:
 
−
*Princeton's [[official song|alma mater]] since 1859, with words by then-freshman Harlan Page Peck and music by [[Karl A. Langlotz]]. Before the Langlotz tune was written, the song was sung to the melody of "[[Auld Lang Syne]]," which also fits. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Old_Nassau The text of Old Nassau] is available from Wikisource.
 
−
*Nassau Hall, to which the song refers, built in 1756 and named after William III of England, of the House of Orange-Nassau. When built, it was the largest college building in North America. It served briefly as the capitol of the United States when the Continental Congress convened there in the summer of 1783.
 
−
*By [[metonymy]], Princeton University as a whole.
 
−
*A [[chemical reaction]], an example of a "clock reaction," dubbed "Old Nassau" because the solution turns first orange and then black, the Princeton colors. It is also known as the "Hallowe'en reaction."
 
−
*[[Alumni of Princeton University|List of Princeton University people]]
 
−
*[[The president of Princeton University|List of presidents of Princeton University]]
 
−
Princeton University has been home to scholars, scientists, writers, and statesmen, including four United States presidents, two of whom graduated from the university. [[James Madison]] and Woodrow Wilson graduated from Princeton, Grover Cleveland was not an alumnus but served as a [[trustee of Princeton university]] for some time while spending his retirement in the town of Princeton, and [[John F. Kennedy]] spent his freshman fall at the university before leaving due to illness and transferring to Harvard.
 
−
 
 
−
== In fiction ==
 
−
 
 
−
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s literary debut, ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'', is a loosely autobiographical story of his years at Princeton. A ''Princeton Alumni Weekly'' [http://www.princeton.edu/~paw/archive_old/PAW98-99/04-1104/1104feat.html article]  on Princeton fiction called it the "[[Ur-|Ur]] novel of Princeton life." [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?z=y&pwb=1&ean=9780486289991]
 
−
* In [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', the character Robert Cohn attended Princeton.
 
−
* [[Geoffrey Wolff]]'s ''The Final Club'' is a coming-of-age book about Nathaniel Auerbach Clay, a fictional member of the Princeton Class of 1960 (Wolff was an actual member of this class). ''The Final Club'' is written as homage to F. Scott Fitzgerald's ''This Side of Paradise'' and ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''.
 
−
* [[Mohsin Hamid]]'s ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]'' is partly set at Princeton and the characters Changez and Erica are fictional members of the Princeton Class of 2001 (Hamid was an actual member of the Princeton Class of 1993).
 
−
* ''A Beautiful Mind'', the Academy Award-winning film about the famous mathematician John Forbes Nash features a major part depicting Nash's initial days at Princeton University. [http://www.princeton.edu/pr/home/01/1220-beautifulmind/hmcap.html] Although the film is a fictionalized biography, in real life Nash did receive his doctorate from Princeton and is a Princeton professor. (The book of the same title by Sylvia Nassar, on which the movie is very loosely based with a great deal of artistic license, is a totally non-fictional biography and thus ineligible for a listing in this section.)
 
−
* The movie ''[[I.Q. (movie)|I.Q.]]'', starring [[Meg Ryan]] and [[Tim Robbins]] with [[Walter Matthau]] as [[Albert Einstein]] takes place in Princeton. [http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=IQ%20(MOVIE)&title2=&reviewer=Janet%20Maslin&pdate=19941223&v_id=] A scene where Tim Robbins' character gives a lecture is in Room 302 of the Palmer Physics Laboratory, which is now the Frist Campus Center.
 
−
* The book ''[[The Rule of Four (book)|The Rule of Four]]'', as well as a series of mystery books by [[Ann Waldron]], including ''[[The Princeton Murders]]'', ''[[Death of a Princeton President]]'', ''[[Unholy Death in Princeton]]'', ''[[A Rare Murder in Princeton]]'', and newest ''[[The Princeton Impostor]]'' are set on Princeton's campus and the campus of neighboring Princeton Theological Seminary. [http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/theruleoffour/meet.html]
 
−
* In ''[[Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle]]'', Princeton is one of their destinations.[http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/haroldkumar.php] However, the film was not shot on the undergraduate campus (where the movie implies the protagonists are) but rather in the graduate dormitories.
 
−
* In the film ''[[Risky Business]]'', [[Tom Cruise]] as Joel Goodson proves himself Princeton material by becoming a [[pimp]], leading to his interviewer's sexual gratification. [http://www.answers.com/topic/risky-business]
 
−
* The movie ''[[Spanglish (film)|Spanglish]]'' is presented as an essay on a fictional Princeton application. [http://www.ivysport.com/category-category_id/336]
 
−
* In the movie "A Cinderella Story," a major part of the storyline revolves around Chad Michael Murray's and Hilary Duff's characters both aiming to attend Princeton to study writing.
 
  
 +
* Axtell, James. ''The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0691126860
 +
* Fraser, Allison. ''Princeton University 2007.'' College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427401136
 +
* Nasar, Sylvia. ''A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash.'' Touchstone, 2001. ISBN 978-0743224574
 +
* Oberdorfer, Don. ''Princeton University.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0691011222
 +
* Princeton University Press. ''A Century in Books: Princeton University Press 1905-2005.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. ISBN 069112292X
 +
* Rhineheart, Raymond. ''Princeton University.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000. ISBN 1568982097
 +
* Smith, Richard. ''Princeton University.'' Arcadia Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0738535672
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
−
Image:Princeton University old rusty.jpg|"The Hedgehog and the Fox," by Richard Serra.
 
 
Image:Princeton University Nassua.jpg|Cannon Green, with Nassau Hall in the background.
 
Image:Princeton University Nassua.jpg|Cannon Green, with Nassau Hall in the background.
 
Image:Princeton University Nassua 2.jpg|Nassau Hall at Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University Nassua 2.jpg|Nassau Hall at Princeton University
Line 223: Line 163:
 
Image:Princeton University blob.jpg|Princeton University blob
 
Image:Princeton University blob.jpg|Princeton University blob
 
Image:Princeton University Museum.jpg|Princeton University Museum
 
Image:Princeton University Museum.jpg|Princeton University Museum
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Image:Abraham-and-isaac.jpg|George Segal's sculpture Abraham and Isaac, outside the Princeton University chapel
+
Image:Chancellor Green exterior Princeton.JPG|Chancellor Green Hall at Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University halls.jpg|Lockhart Hall at Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University halls.jpg|Lockhart Hall at Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University halls2.jpg|Foulke/Henry Halls at Princeton University
 
Image:Princeton University halls2.jpg|Foulke/Henry Halls at Princeton University
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Image:Princeton University tiger crest.jpg|Princeton University tiger crest
 
Image:Princeton University tiger crest.jpg|Princeton University tiger crest
 
Image:Princeton University Frick Lab.jpg|Princeton University Frick Lab
 
Image:Princeton University Frick Lab.jpg|Princeton University Frick Lab
−
Image:Princeton University Stadium tiger.JPG|Princeton University Stadium Tiger
 
−
Image:Princeton University Stadium tiger head.JPG|Princeton University Stadium; tiger head
 
 
Image:Princeton University rtrack.jpg|Princeton University Weaver Track
 
Image:Princeton University rtrack.jpg|Princeton University Weaver Track
 
Image:Princeton_University_stadium.jpg|Princeton University football stadium
 
Image:Princeton_University_stadium.jpg|Princeton University football stadium
 
Image:Princeton_University_pool.jpg|Princeton University pool
 
Image:Princeton_University_pool.jpg|Princeton University pool
 
Image:Princeton_University_bounce_ball.jpg|Princeton University basket ball
 
Image:Princeton_University_bounce_ball.jpg|Princeton University basket ball
 +
Image:Shea Rowing Center.jpg|Shea Rowing Center, Princeton University
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
<div class="references-small">
 
−
<references />
 
−
</div>
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
 
+
All links retrieved November 30, 2022.
 
* [http://www.princeton.edu/ Princeton University website]
 
* [http://www.princeton.edu/ Princeton University website]
−
* [http://www.princeton.edu/admission/ Undergraduate Admissions]
 
−
* [http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/sg/index.shtml Student Guide to Princeton]
 
 
* [http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ Official Princeton athletics site]
 
* [http://www.goprincetontigers.com/ Official Princeton athletics site]
−
* [http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S13/15/69K85/index.xml?section=newsreleases Princeton article on Orangena]
+
* [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com The Daily Princetonian] - Princeton's independent daily student newspaper
−
* [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com The Daily Princetonian, Princeton's independent daily student newspaper]
 
−
* [http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ A Princeton Companion]; online version of a book with extensive information on the history of the University
 
−
* [http://www.princeton.edu/orangekey/ Virtual tour of the Princeton campus]
 
 
* [http://www.ptsem.edu/ Princeton Theological Seminary]
 
* [http://www.ptsem.edu/ Princeton Theological Seminary]
−
* [http://www.picsim.org/ Princeton Interactive Crisis Simulation]
 
−
* [http://xiongate.smugmug.com/gallery/1339509 Photo Gallery of Princeton University]
 
−
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/princeton.html Princeton for the Nation's Service] - Woodrow Wilson gave this as his Inaugural Address when he became President of Princeton University in 1902. 
 
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{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|40.34873|-74.65931}}
 
  
  
 
{{Ivy League}}
 
{{Ivy League}}
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
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{{Credits|Princeton_University|168370850|}}
 
{{Credits|Princeton_University|168370850|}}

Latest revision as of 00:40, 12 April 2023


Princeton University
Princeton University fort qg.jpg
Motto Dei sub numine viget
("Under God's power she flourishes")
Established 1746
Type Private
Location Flag of United States Borough of Princeton,
Princeton Township,
and West Windsor Township, New Jersey USA
Website www.princeton.edu

Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. It is one of eight universities that belong to the Ivy League. Originally founded at Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1746 as the College of New Jersey, it relocated to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed “Princeton University” in 1896. Princeton was the fourth institution of higher education in the U.S. to conduct classes. Princeton originally had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but today it is nonsectarian and makes no religious demands on its students.

The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University. Both Princeton Theological Seminary and Westminster Choir College maintain cross-registration programs with Princeton. Princeton has traditionally focused on undergraduate education and academic research, though in recent decades it has increased its focus on graduate education and offers a large number of professional Master's degrees and Ph.D. programs in a range of subjects. Among many others, areas of research include anthropology, geophysics, entomology, and robotics, while the Forrestal Campus has special facilities for the study of plasma physics and meteorology.

Princeton maintains an emphasis on providing students with ample opportunity to explore and then deepen their academic interests. "Finding their passion" is a theme for Princeton students, a passion that later informs their choices of what to do after graduation. Princeton alumni and professors include many people of note—heads of state, academics, business figures, scientists, and others.

As a member of the Ivy League, a Princeton education has connotations of academic excellence. However, in the rapidly developing world of the twenty-first century, the Ivy League schools are challenged to retain such a reputation. This challenge goes to the very heart of the purpose of education. For Princeton to truly serve the nation and all nations through its outstanding undergraduate education and excellent research programs, attention must be paid not only to the mastery of knowledge and skills, but also understanding of the heart and spirit of humankind.

Mission and reputation

The history of Princeton University goes back to its establishment by "New Light" Presbyterians—Princeton was originally intended to train Presbyterian ministers. The announced purpose of the founders was to train men who would become "ornaments of the State as well as the Church." The charter was issued to a self-perpetuating board of trustees who were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, "any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding." Compulsory chapel attendance was reduced from twice a day in 1882 and abolished in 1964.[1]

Today, Princeton is one of the most respected universities in the United States. It consistently ranks as the best undergraduate institution in the country and is seen as a leader in many fields including politics, philosophy, sociology, and economics. As President Shirley M. Tilghman noted in a Commencement address:

The specific components of a Princeton education have evolved over time, but our central aim has remained the same: to instill in each graduate those qualities of mind and character necessary for good citizenship and wise leadership. They include a broad intellectual curiosity that embraces open-mindedness coupled with critical thinking; respect for our moral and cultural inheritance coupled with a capacity for innovation and change; an appreciation of the shared destiny and common humanity of all peoples; and core principles of responsibility, integrity and courage.[2]

Through providing students with academic, extracurricular and other resources that help them achieve at the highest scholarly levels and prepare them for positions of leadership and lives of service in many fields of human endeavor, Princeton seeks to fulfill its informal motto: “Princeton in the Nation’s Service and in the Service of All Nations."[3]

History

Sculpture by J. Massey Rhind (1892), Alexander Hall, Princeton University

Princeton opened at Elizabeth, New Jersey, under the presidency of Jonathan Dickinson as the College of New Jersey. (A proposal was made to name it for the colonial Governor, Jonathan Belcher, but he declined.) Its second president was Aaron Burr, Sr.; the third was Jonathan Edwards. In 1756, the college moved to Princeton, New Jersey.

Between the time of the move to Princeton in 1756 and the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, the college's sole building was Nassau Hall, named for William III of England of the House of Orange-Nassau. The college also obtained one of its colors, orange, from William III. During the American Revolution, Princeton was occupied by both sides, and the college's buildings were heavily damaged. During the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. The much-abused landmark survived bombardment with cannonballs in the Revolutionary War when General Washington struggled to wrest the building from British control, as well as later fires that left only its walls standing in 1802 and 1855.

Rebuilt by Joseph Henry Latrobe, John Notman, and John Witherspoon, the modern Nassau Hall has been much revised and expanded from the original designed by Robert Smith. Over the centuries, its role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, dormitory, library, and classroom space, to classrooms only, to its present role as the administrative center of the university. Originally, the sculptures in front of the building were lions, as a gift in 1879. These were later replaced with tigers in 1911.[4]

Princeton Theological Seminary broke off from the college in 1812, since the Presbyterians wanted their ministers to have more theological training, while the faculty and students would have been content with less. This reduced the student body and the external support for Princeton for some time. The two institutions currently enjoy a close relationship based on common history and shared resources.

Nassau Hall, the university's oldest building. Note the tiger sculptures beside the steps (See discussion above).

The university was becoming an obscure backwater when President James McCosh took office in 1868. He quickly made changes. For example, he reported to the trustees that he found the library "insufficiently supplied with books and open only once a week ... for one hour." To correct this, he hired a full-time librarian, Frederick Vinton who had worked at the Library of Congress, arranged to have the library open every day but Sunday, and built a new library building—the octagonal Chancellor Green Library.[5] During his two decades in power, McCosh overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the High Victorian Gothic style to the campus.[6] McCosh Hall is named in his honor.

In 1896, the college officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resided. During this year, the college also underwent large expansion and officially became a university. Under Woodrow Wilson, Princeton introduced the preceptorial system in 1905, a then-unique concept that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form where small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.

Did you know?
Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduate students in 1969

In 1969, Princeton University first admitted women as undergraduates. In 1887, the university had actually maintained and staffed a sister college in the town of Princeton on Evelyn and Nassau streets, called the Evelyn College for Women, which was closed after roughly a decade of operation. After abortive discussions in 1967 with Sarah Lawrence College to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university, the administration decided to admit women and turned to the issue of transforming the school's operations and facilities into a female-friendly campus. The administration barely finished these plans by April 1969 when the admission's office began mailing out its acceptance letters. Its five-year coeducation plan provided $7.8 million for the development of new facilities that would eventually house and educate 650 women students at Princeton by 1974. Ultimately, 148 women, consisting of 100 freshwomen and transfer students of other years, entered Princeton on September 6, 1969 amidst much media attention. (Princeton enrolled its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meserve, as a Ph.D. candidate in Turkish history in 1961. A handful of women had studied at Princeton as undergraduates from 1963 on, spending their junior year there to study subjects in which Princeton's offerings surpassed those of their home institutions. They were considered regular students for their year on campus, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.)

Facilities

Many campus buildings have neo-Gothic archways and lanterns. Seen here is Blair Arch, the largest and most famous archway on campus.

Princeton's campus features buildings designed by noted architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, Ralph Adams Cram, McKim, Mead & White, Robert Venturi, and Nick Yeager. The campus, located on 2 km² of landscaped grounds, features a large number of Neo-gothic-style buildings, most dating from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is situated about one hour from New York City and Philadelphia.

The first Princeton building constructed was Nassau Hall, situated in the north end of Campus on Nassau Street. Stanhope Hall (once a library, now administrative offices) and East and West College, both dormitories, followed. While many of the succeeding buildings—particularly the dormitories of the Northern campus—were built in a Collegiate Gothic style, the university is something of a mixture of American architectural movements. Greek Revival temples (Whig and Clio Halls) about the lawn south of Nassau Hall, while a crenellated theater (Murray-Dodge) guards the route west to the library. Modern buildings are confined to the east and south of the campus, a quarter overlooked by the 14-story Fine Hall. Fine, the Math Department's home, designed by Warner, Burns, Toan and Lunde and completed in 1970, is the tallest building at the university.[7] Contemporary additions feature a number of big-name architects, including IM Pei's Spelman Halls, Robert Venturi's Frist Campus Center, Rafael Vinoly's Carl Icahn Laboratory, and the Hillier Group's Bowen Hall. A residential college by Demetri Porphyrios and a science library by Frank Gehry are under construction.

Much sculpture adorns the campus, including pieces by Henry Moore (Oval with Points, also nicknamed "Nixon's Nose"), Clement Meadmore (Upstart II), and Alexander Calder (Five Disks: One Empty). At the base of campus is the Delaware and Raritan Canal, dating from 1830, and Lake Carnegie, a man-made lake donated by the steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, used for crew (rowing) and sailing.

Cannon Green

Cannon Green is located on the south end of the main lawn. Buried in the ground at the center is the "Big Cannon," the top of which protrudes from the earth and is traditionally spray-painted in orange with the current senior class year. A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby Whig Hall. Both were buried in response to periodic thefts by Rutgers students. The "Big Cannon" is said to have been left in Princeton by Hessians after the Revolutionary War but moved to New Brunswick during the War of 1812. Ownership of the cannon was disputed and the cannon was eventually taken back to Princeton partly by a military company and then by 100 Princeton students. The "Big Cannon" was eventually buried in its current location behind Nassau Hall in 1840. In 1875, Rutgers students attempting to recover the original cannon stole the "Little Cannon" instead. The smaller cannon was subsequently recovered and buried as well. The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute.[8]

McCarter Theater

McCarter Theater

The Tony-award-winning[9] McCarter Theatre was built by the Princeton Triangle Club using club profits and a gift from Princeton University alumnus Thomas McCarter. Today the Triangle Club is an official student group and performs its annual freshmen revue and fall musicals in McCarter. The McCarter is also recognized as one of the leading regional theaters in the United States.

Art Museum

The Princeton University Art Museum was established to give students direct, intimate, and sustained access to original works of art to complement and enrich instruction and research at the university, and this continues to be its primary function.

Numbering nearly 60,000 objects, the collections range chronologically from ancient to contemporary art, and concentrate geographically on the Mediterranean regions, Western Europe, China, the United States, and Latin America. There is a collection of Greek and Roman antiquities, including ceramics, marbles, bronzes, and Roman mosaics from Princeton University’s excavations in Antioch. Medieval Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from the early Renaissance through the nineteenth century, and there is a growing collection of twentieth-century and contemporary art.

Among the strengths in the museum are the collections of Chinese art, with important holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and calligraphy; and pre-Columbian art, with examples of the art of the Maya. The museum has collections of old master prints and drawings and a comprehensive collection of original photographs. African art is represented as well as Northwest Coast Indian art. Other works include those of the John B. Putnam, Jr., Memorial Collection of twentieth-century sculpture, including works by such modern masters as Alexander Calder, Jacques Lipchitz, Henry Moore, and Pablo Picasso. The Putnam Collection is overseen by the Museum but exhibited outdoors around campus.

University Chapel

Princeton University Chapel is the third-largest university chapel in the world. Known for its gothic architecture, the chapel houses one of the largest and most precious stained glass collections in the country. Both the Opening Exercises for entering freshmen and the Baccalaureate Service for graduating seniors take place in the University Chapel. Construction on the Princeton University Chapel began in 1924 was completed in 1927, at a cost of $2.4 million. Princeton's Chapel is the world's third-largest university chapel, behind those of Valparaiso University and King's College, Cambridge, England.[10] It was designed by the University's lead consulting architect, Ralph Adams Cram, previously of Boston's architectural firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, leading proponents of the Gothic revival style. The vaulting was built by the Guastavino Company, whose thin Spanish tile vaults can be found in Ellis Island, Grand Central Station, and hundreds of other significant works of twentieth-century architecture.

The 270-foot-long, 76-foot-high, cruciform church is in the collegiate Gothic style, and is made largely from Pennsylvania sandstone and Indiana limestone. It seats 2,000 people, many in pews made from wood salvaged from Civil War-era gun carriages. Seats in the chancery are made from oak from Sherwood Forest. The sixteenth century pulpit was brought from France and the primary pipe organ has 8,000 pipes and 109 stops.

One of the most prominent features of the chapel is its stained glass windows which have an unusually academic leaning. Three of the large windows have religious themes: the north aisle windows show the life of Jesus, the north clerestory shows the spiritual development of the Jews, while the south aisle has the teachings of Jesus. The stained glass in the south clerestory portrays the evolution of human thought from the Greeks to modern times. It has windows depicting Science, Law, Poetry, and War.

Organization

This watercolor shows Cleveland Tower as seen from just outside Procter Hall at the Old Graduate College in the noon autumn sun.

Princeton has six undergraduate residential colleges, each housing approximately 500 freshmen, sophomores, and a handful of junior and senior resident advisers. Each college consists of a set of dormitories, a dining hall, a variety of other amenities—such as study spaces, libraries, performance spaces, and darkrooms—and a collection of administrators and associated faculty. Two colleges, Wilson College and Forbes College (formerly Princeton Inn College), date to the 1970s; three others, Rockefeller, Mathey, and Butler Colleges, were created in 1983 following the Committee on Undergraduate Residential Life (CURL) report suggesting colleges as a solution to a perception of fragmented campus social life. The construction of Whitman College, the university's sixth, was completed in 2007.

University housing is guaranteed to all undergraduates for all four years, and more than 95 percent of students live on campus in dormitories. Freshmen and sophomores live in residential colleges. Juniors and seniors have the option to live off-campus, but high rent in the Princeton area encourages almost all students to live in dorms. Undergraduate social life revolves around the residential colleges and a number of coeducational "eating clubs," which students may choose to join at the end of their sophomore year, and which host a number of social events throughout the academic year.

Princeton has one graduate residential college, known simply as the Graduate College or G.C., located beyond Forbes College at the outskirts of campus. The far-flung location of the G.C. was the spoil of a squabble between Woodrow Wilson and then-Graduate School Dean Andrew Fleming West, which the latter won.[11] (Wilson preferred a central location for the College; West wanted the graduate students as far as possible from the campus.) The G.C. is composed of a large Collegiate Gothic section crowned by Cleveland Tower, a local landmark that also houses a world-class carillon. The attached New Graduate College houses more students. Its design departs from collegiate gothic, and is reminiscent of Butler College, the newest of the five pre-Whitman undergraduate colleges.

Academics

The courtyard of East Pyne

Princeton offers two main undergraduate degrees: the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) and the Bachelor of Science in engineering (B.S.E.). Courses in the humanities are traditionally either seminars or semi-weekly lectures with an additional discussion seminar, called a "precept" (short for "preceptorial"). To graduate, all A.B. candidates must complete a senior thesis and one or two extensive pieces of independent research, known as "junior papers" or "J.P.s." They must also fulfill a two-semester foreign language requirement and distribution requirements with a total of 31 classes. B.S.E. candidates follow a parallel track with an emphasis on a rigorous science and math curriculum, a computer science requirement, and at least two semesters of independent research including an optional senior thesis. All B.S.E. students much complete at least 36 classes. A.B. candidates typically have more freedom in course selection than B.S.E. candidates because of the fewer number of required classes, though both enjoy a comparatively high degree of latitude in creating a self-structured curriculum.

Undergraduates at Princeton University agree to conform to an academic honesty policy called the Honor Code. Students write and sign the honor pledge, "I pledge my honor that I have not violated the Honor Code during this examination," on every in-class exam they take at Princeton. (The form of the pledge was changed slightly in 1980; it formerly read, "I pledge my honor that during this examination, I have neither given nor received assistance.") The Code carries a second obligation: upon matriculation, every student pledges to report any suspected cheating to the student-run Honor Committee. Because of this code, students take all tests unsupervised by faculty members. Violations of the Honor Code incur the strongest of disciplinary actions, including suspension and expulsion. Out-of-class exercises are outside the Honor Committee's jurisdiction. In these cases, students are often expected to sign a pledge on their papers that they have not plagiarized their work ("This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations."), and allegations of academic violations are heard by the University Committee on Discipline.

Princeton offers postgraduate research degrees in mathematics, physics, astronomy and plasma physics, economics, history, political science, philosophy, and English. Although Princeton offers professional graduate degrees in engineering, architecture, and finance, it has no medical school, law school, or business school like other research universities.[12] Its most famous professional school is the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (known as "Woody Woo" to students), founded in 1930 as the School of Public and International Affairs and renamed in 1948.

The university's library system houses over eleven million holdings[13] including seven million bound volumes.[14]

Student life and culture

Cuyler, Class of 1903, and Walker Halls are Princeton dormitories in the Collegiate Gothic style.

Each residential college hosts social events and activities, guest speakers, and trips. The residential colleges are best known for their performing arts trips to New York City. Students sign up to take trips to see the ballet, the opera, and Broadway shows.

The eating clubs are co-ed organizations for upperclassmen located on the east end of campus. Most upperclassmen eat their meals at one of the ten eating clubs, whose houses also serve as evening and weekend social venues for members and guests.

Although the school's admissions policy is "need-blind" Princeton was ranked close to the bottom (based on the proportion of students receiving Pell Grants) in economic diversity among all national universities ranked by U.S. News & World Report.[15] While Pell figures are widely used as a gauge of the number of low-income undergraduates on a given campus, the rankings article cautions, "the proportion of students on Pell Grants isn't a perfect measure of an institution's efforts to achieve economic diversity."

The Princeton Review (unaffiliated with the university) declared Princeton the tenth strongest "jock school" in the nation. It has also consistently been ranked at the top of the TIME Magazine's Strongest College Sports Teams lists. Most recently, Princeton was ranked as a top ten school for athletics by Sports Illustrated. Princeton is best known for its men and women's crews, winning several NCAA and Eastern Sprints titles in recent years.

Traditions

  • Arch Sings - Free late-night concerts in one of the larger arches on campus offered by one or several of Princeton's thirteen undergraduate a cappella groups. Most often held in Blair Arch or Class of 1879 Arch.
  • Bonfire - ceremonial bonfire on Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall, held only if Princeton beats both Harvard and Yale at football in the same season; the most recent bonfire was lit November 17, 2006, after a 12-year drought.
  • Cane Spree - an athletic competition between freshmen and sophomores held in the fall
  • Class Jackets (Beer Jackets) - Each graduating class (and each class at its multiple-of-5 reunion thereafter—5th, 10th, etc.) designs a Class Jacket featuring their class year. The artwork is almost invariably dominated by the school colors and tiger motifs.
  • Communiversity - an annual street fair with performances, arts and crafts, and other activities in an attempt to foster interaction between the university and residents of the Princeton community
  • FitzRandolph Gate - at the end of Princeton's graduation ceremony, the new graduates process out through the main gate of the university as a symbol of their leaving college and entering the real world. According to tradition, anyone who leaves campus through FitzRandolph Gate before his or her own graduation date will not graduate (though entering through the gate is fine).
  • Nude Olympics - annual (nude and partially nude) frolic in Holder Courtyard during the first snow of the winter. Started in the early 1970s, the Nude Olympics went co-ed in 1979 and gained much notoriety with the American press. For safety reasons, the administration banned the Olympics in 2000.
  • P-rade - traditional parade of alumni and their families, who process by class year, during Reunions
  • Reunions - annual gathering of alumni, held the weekend before graduation
  • The Phantom of Fine Hall - a former tradition - before 1993, this was the legend of an obscure, shadowy figure that would infest Fine Hall (the Mathematics department's building) and write complex equations on blackboards. Although mentioned in Rebecca Goldstein's 1980s book The Mind-Body Problem about Princeton graduate student life, the legend self-deconstructed in the 1990s when the Phantom turned out to be in reality the inventor, in the 1950s, of the Nash equilibrium result in game theory, John Forbes Nash. The former Phantom, by then also haunting the computation center where courtesy of handlers in the math department he was a sacred monster with a guest account, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences and is now a recognized member of the University community.

Notable Alumni

Princeton includes many people of note in its list of alumni. These include heads of state, academics, business figures, scientists, and others. American presidents include John F. Kennedy, James Madison, and Woodrow Wilson. Other famous alumni include academic Cornell West, Queen Noor of Jordan, Aaron Burr, Senator Bill Bradley, Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, businessman Malcolm Forbes, eBay CEO Meg Whitman, Nobel laureate in economics Gary Becker, computer scientist Alan Turing, mathematician John Nash, and hockey player Hobey Baker.


Notes

  1. ↑ Office of Communications, Princeton in the American Revolution Princeton University.
  2. ↑ Princeton Today.
  3. ↑ About Princeton: Overview Retrieved December 30, 2007.
  4. ↑ Princeton Companion. Princeton University.
  5. ↑ Princeton University Library, The library's first home Library History. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  6. ↑ Princeton Companion Princeton University.
  7. ↑ Emporis: Fine Hall. Emporis. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  8. ↑ Orange Key Virtual Tour - Princeton-Rutgers Cannon War. Princeton University.
  9. ↑ Regional Theatre Award: 1994 Regional Theatre Award. Tony Awards. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  10. ↑ History of the University Chapel and Architect Ralph Adams Cram. Princeton University.
  11. ↑ Andrew Fleming West. Princeton University.
  12. ↑ A short-lived Princeton Law School folded in 1852.
  13. ↑ Firestone Library. Princeton University. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  14. ↑ Princeton Profile Princeton University. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  15. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, Economic Diversity Among All National Universities.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Axtell, James. The Making of Princeton University: From Woodrow Wilson to the Present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0691126860
  • Fraser, Allison. Princeton University 2007. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427401136
  • Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash. Touchstone, 2001. ISBN 978-0743224574
  • Oberdorfer, Don. Princeton University. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0691011222
  • Princeton University Press. A Century in Books: Princeton University Press 1905-2005. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. ISBN 069112292X
  • Rhineheart, Raymond. Princeton University. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000. ISBN 1568982097
  • Smith, Richard. Princeton University. Arcadia Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0738535672

Gallery

  • Cannon Green, with Nassau Hall in the background.

  • Nassau Hall at Princeton University

  • Tiger sculptures in front of Nassau Hall doors

  • Princeton University square

  • Princeton University square

  • Princeton University angle

  • Princeton University Cleo

  • Tiger, Princeton University

  • Princeton University Prospect

  • Princeton University Prospect Garden

  • Princeton University Prospect sculpture

  • Princeton University Alexander

  • Princeton University blob

  • Princeton University Museum

  • Chancellor Green Hall at Princeton University

  • Lockhart Hall at Princeton University

  • Foulke/Henry Halls at Princeton University

  • Princeton University halls3.jpg

  • 1903 Hall Courtyard at Princeton University

  • Princeton University tiger crest

  • Princeton University Frick Lab

  • Princeton University Weaver Track

  • Princeton University football stadium

  • Princeton University pool

  • Princeton University basket ball

  • Shea Rowing Center, Princeton University

External links

All links retrieved November 30, 2022.


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