Difference between revisions of "McGill University" - New World Encyclopedia

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|type        = [[Public university]]
 
|type        = [[Public university]]
 
|calendar=  Semester
 
|calendar=  Semester
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|endowment    = [[Canadian dollar|$]]832.8 million<ref name=endowment>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/treasury/performance2006/|title=Report on Endowment Performance 2005-06|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2007-05-25}} The endowment figure consists ''of investments for McGill endowments, accounts managed on behalf of McGill units and affiliated entities and an allocation from the restricted fund.''</ref>
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|endowment    =  
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|chancellor  = [[Dick Pound|Richard Pound]]
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|chancellor  = [[Richard Pound]]
 
|principal    = [[Heather Munroe-Blum]]
 
|principal    = [[Heather Munroe-Blum]]
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|city         = [[Image:Flag_of_Montreal.svg|30px]] [[Montreal]]
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|city           = [[Montreal]]
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|state       = [[Quebec|QC]]
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|state         = [[Quebec|QC]]
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|country     = [[Canada]]
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|country       = Canada
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|faculty      = 5,947<ref name=facultystaff>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/staff/|title=Faculty and staff|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2007-11-17}}</ref>
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|faculty      =  
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|staff        = 9,345<ref name=facultystaff />
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|staff        =  
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|undergrad    = 23,758<ref name=students>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/students/|title=Students|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2007-11-17}}</ref>
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|undergrad    =  
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|postgrad    = 7,323<ref name=students />
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|postgrad    =  
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|campus      = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br/>Downtown: 320,000 m² (80 acres)<br/>[[Macdonald Campus]]: 6.5 km² (1,600 acres)
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|campus      = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br/>Downtown: 32 ha (80 acres)<br/>[[Macdonald Campus]]: 6.5 km_ (1,600 acres)
 
|publictransit= (Downtown Campus)<br />Metro: [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]]<br />(Macdonald Campus)<br />Bus: Macdonald Terminus<br /> Train: Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue
 
|publictransit= (Downtown Campus)<br />Metro: [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]]<br />(Macdonald Campus)<br />Bus: Macdonald Terminus<br /> Train: Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue
 
|colours      = [[Red (color)|Red]] and [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|#FF0000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
 
|colours      = [[Red (color)|Red]] and [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|#FF0000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
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|affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]], [[Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)|G13]], [[Universitas 21]]
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|affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]], [[Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)|G13]], [[Universitas 21]], [[Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada|ATS]], [[Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate|CUSID]], [[University of the Arctic|UArctic]], [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada|AUCC]], [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport|CIS]], [[Quebec Student Sports Federation|QSSF]], [[Canadian Bureau for International Education|CBIE]]
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|athletics    = 49 varsity teams <br/>'''[[McGill Redmen]]''' (men's)<br/> '''[[McGill Martlets]]''' (women's)
 
|mascot      = Marty the [[Martlet]]
 
|mascot      = Marty the [[Martlet]]
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|free_label  = Sports teams
 
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|free        = [[McGill Martlets|Martlets]] (women), [[McGill Redmen|Redmen]] (men)
 
 
|website=    [http://www.mcgill.ca/ www.mcgill.ca]  
 
|website=    [http://www.mcgill.ca/ www.mcgill.ca]  
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|logo        =
 
|}}
 
|}}
  
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'''McGill University''' is a publicly funded, co-educational research university located in the city of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. McGill's main campus is set upon 320,000 [[square metre]]s (80 acres) at the foot of [[Mount Royal]] in Montreal's downtown district. A second campus&mdash;[[Macdonald Campus]]&mdash;is situated on 6.5 [[square kilometre]]s (1,600 acres) of fields and forested land in [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec|Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue]], 30 kilometres west of the downtown campus. McGill has 21 faculties and professional schools and offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study. The university also has field research stations in [[Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec|Mont-Saint-Hilaire]] and [[Schefferville, Quebec]]; [[Axel Heiberg Island]] in [[Nunavut]]; and [[Holetown]], [[Barbados]].
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'''McGill University''' is a [[public university]] located in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. The university bears the name of [[Scotland|Scotsman]] [[James McGill]], a prominent merchant in Montreal, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Its primary language of instruction is [[English language|English]] despite the large population of [[French language|French]] speakers in Montreal.
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McGill strives to advances learning through excellence in research and teaching, and to serve society as a whole. The University has been recognized for its award-winning research, particularly in the [[health]] sciences, and participates in research organizations both within Canada and internationally. McGill has 13 [[faculty (university)|faculties]] and [[professional school]]s, offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including [[Medical school|medicine]]. McGill has featured significantly in the development of several sports, including [[American football]] the first game of which was played between McGill and [[Harvard]] in 1874, and [[ice hockey]].
  
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McGill was founded in 1821 from a bequest by [[James McGill]], a prominent Montreal merchant, who left an endowment in addition to the property on which the university now stands. McGill would become the first non-denominational university in the [[British Empire]].
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==Mission and Reputation==
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McGill University's Mission is "the advancement of learning through teaching, scholarship and service to society."<ref name=mission>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/mission/"McGill University Mission Statement."] Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> The university strives to achieve these goals by providing excellent education, staying competitive in its research and academic programs, and by giving back to society in the form of appropriate service.<ref name=mission/>
  
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McGill's [[Redpath Museum]], commissioned in 1880 and opened in 1882, is the oldest building built specifically as a [[museum]] in [[North America]]. Its natural history collections boast material collected by the same individuals who founded the collections of the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] and the [[Smithsonian]].  
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McGill is highly ranked among Canada's universities, particularly among those offering medical and doctoral degrees. From 2003-2004, the University was ranked number one in Canada by the [[Maclean's University Rankings]] report.<ref>McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/?ItemID=27863 "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings"] Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> In ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' university rankings for 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.<ref>QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited, [http://www.topuniversities.com/schools/data/school_profile/default/mcgilluniversity"McGill University"] QS Intelligence Unit, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> In [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'' 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.<ref>Academic Ranking of World Universities, [http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm"Top 500 World Universities (1-100)"] Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref>
  
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==History==
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McGill is also often recognized for its research programs. Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.<ref>Christine Zeindler, [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/38/05/times/ "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times,"] ''McGill Reporter'', October 27, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref>
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In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name="rstop50rutyl">Research Infosource,[http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2007ResearchUniversityofYearTableFinal.pdf Research Universities of the Year 2007] Research Infosource, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref>
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They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding, finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member.<ref name="rstop50rutyl"/>
  
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===The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning===
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McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. [[William Osler]], [[Wilder Penfield]], [[Donald Olding Hebb|Donald Hebb]], [[Brenda Milner]], and others made significant discoveries in [[medicine]], [[neuroscience]], and [[psychology]] while working at McGill. The first [[hormone]] governing the [[Immune System]] (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon McLean.<ref>Gordon J. Maclean. "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." ''Nature'' 208 (1965): 795–796.</ref> The invention of the world's first [[artificial cell]] was made by [[Thomas Chang]], an undergraduate student at the university.<ref>T. M. Chang and M. J. Poznansky, ''Journal of biomedical materials research'' 2(2) (1968): 187-199.</ref> While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the [[alpha particle]] and its function in [[radioactive decay]], which won him the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1908.
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[[Image:James McGill.JPG|left|thumb|[[James McGill]], the original benefactor of McGill University]]
 
  
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The '''Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning''' (R.I.A.L.), McGill's corporate personality, was created in 1801 by an Act of the [[Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]], which called for the "Establishment of Free Schools and the advancement of Learning in this Province."<ref name=charter>''[http://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/charter-statutes/royal/ The Royal Charter of McGill University], accessed January 21, 2006.</ref> The institution's initial purpose was to administer the provision of [[elementary education]] in Quebec, but the R.I.A.L. spent most of its early years trying to get funds from the government to enable it to establish and operate these schools, which were primarily for the Protestant English-speaking inhabitants of [[Lower Canada]] (now largely comprising modern-day Quebec). The R.I.A.L. was the first institution in Canada to receive [[List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage|royal patronage]].
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==History==
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[[Image:James McGill.JPG|left|thumb|[[James McGill]], the original [[benefactor]] of McGill University.]]
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In 1811, [[James McGill]], a [[Scotland|Scottish]] immigrant and successful English- and French-speaking merchant, drew up a will leaving a 19 hectare (46 acre) tract of land&mdash;his estate, which he called ''Burnside''&mdash;in what was then rural land. In addition, he bequeathed the sum of 10,000 pounds to the R.I.A.L. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds would have to be used for the establishment of a "University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province."<ref name=charter/> When he died in December 1813, this task became the responsibility of the R.I.A.L. The will specified that, if a college was not established within 10 years of his death, the estate and the money would revert to the heirs of his wife, Charlotte Desrivieres. As an added condition, the new institution would be required to bear his name.
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[[Image:Statue de James McGill, l'hiver 2006-01-27.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of James McGill, in the Winter, on McGill University downtown campus.]]
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McGill University was founded through the [[philanthropy|philanthopic]] act of [[James McGill]]. Born in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] and educated at [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]], he became one of the [[Montreal]] merchants involved in the [[fur trade]] south of the [[Great Lakes]] from 1770. Rumored to be the richest man in Montreal, he left his {{convert|19|ha}} estate and £10,000 to the [[Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning]] (RIAL) to found [[McGill University]]. Until that time, RIAL had focused primarily on administering [[elementary school]]s in Quebec, but pursuant to the terms of McGill's will, the estate left to the Institution was applied to the creation of a university.<ref> McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/ "Foundation History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
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In 1821, after protracted legal battles with the Desrivieres family, '''McGill College''' received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[King George IV]], establishing it as a university. In fact, due to the lawsuits&mdash;which did not finally end until 1835&mdash;and because the college had little money (the government was not funding the institution at the time), classes were not held until 1829, when McGill College was officially inaugurated. That same year, the Montreal Medical Institution became the college's Faculty of Medicine and its first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine remained the college's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).
 
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In due course, the R.I.A.L. lost control of the 84 grammar schools it had administered. At that point, its sole purpose was to administer the McGill bequests on behalf of the college. The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning continues to exist and is the "legal person" that runs the university and its various constituent bodies, including the former Macdonald College (now Macdonald Campus), Royal Victoria College (the former women's college turned residence) and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Institution's name appears on all cheques cut by the university. The Trustees of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning comprise, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, the Board of Governors of McGill University.<ref>Frost, Stanley Brice.  ''McGill University, Vol. I. For the Advancement of Learning, 1801-1895.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980.  ISBN 978-0-7735-0353-3 </ref>
 
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===Early years===
 
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[[Image:Mcgill University Arts Building.jpg|right|thumb|The Arts Building, built in 1839 and designed by [[John Ostell]], is the oldest existing building on campus.]]
 
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The first classes were held in Burnside Place, James McGill's country home, until the 1840s when the university began construction on its first buildings, the central and east wings of the Arts Building.<ref>[http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/evolution.html The Early Campus], Virtual McGill.</ref>  However, the rest of the campus was essentially a cow pasture.  [[John William Dawson|Sir John William Dawson]], McGill's fifth principal (from 1855 to 1893) is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.<ref>[http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/history/]</ref>  He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated the property and funding needed to construct the campus' buildings.  Their names adorn many of the campus's prominent buildings including the [[Redpath Museum]] (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), the Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896), the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907), and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907 - now the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building).  This expansion of the campus continued through to 1920.  In 1885, the university's Board of Governors formally adopted the use of the name McGill University.
 
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Women's education at McGill began in 1884 when Donald Smith, also known as [[Lord Strathcona]], began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members.  The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.<ref>[http://www.ccheritage.ca/biographies/williamdawson.php William Dawson], CCHeritage.</ref>  Later, in 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill.  Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.<ref>[http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/rvc/rvc.htm Royal Victoria College], McGill University Archives.</ref>  Today, the College is an all-women's dormitory forming part of the university's residence system.
 
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In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when [[William Christopher Macdonald|Sir William C. Macdonald]], one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometres west of Montreal. [[Macdonald Campus|Macdonald College]], now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.
 
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McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in [[British Columbia]], to provide degree programs to the growing cities of [[Vancouver]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. It created [[Victoria College, British Columbia|Victoria College]] in 1903, a two-year college offering first- and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern [[University of Victoria]]. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent [[University of British Columbia]] in 1915.<ref>[http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/mucbc.html Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC], UBC Archives.</ref>
 
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===McGill français movement===
 
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[[Image:McGill University Building3.jpg|left|thumb|The [[William Christopher Macdonald|Macdonald]]-Harrington Building, home to the [[McGill University School of Architecture|School of Architecture]]]]
 
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The 1960s represented an era of large nationalist and labour mobilizations in Quebec.  At the time, English was seen as the privileged language of commerce, and McGill, with [[francophone]]s comprising only three percent of the student population, was seen by some as a bastion of [[anglophone]] privilege in a predominantly French-speaking city.<ref>[http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3111/scope.html]</ref> In addition, there was only one French-language university in Montreal at the time: the [[Université de Montréal]]. McGill was largely out of reach to the 10,000 francophone graduates of the newly-created [[CEGEP]] system who had nowhere else to go, locally, to continue their studies, and almost no other French-speaking university to go to in Canada.
 
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The ''McGill français'' movement began in 1969, clamouring for a new McGill that would be francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker. The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a political science professor from [[Ontario]].  It was argued that, since McGill received the lion's share of government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population. Gray led a demonstration of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969, with protesters shouting ''McGill français'', ''McGill aux Québécois'', and ''McGill aux travailleurs'' (McGill for workers).  However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.<ref>Chester, Bronwyn. [http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html "McGill français and Quebec society"]. ''McGill Reporter'', April 8, 1999. Accessed on January 20, 2006.</ref><ref>Provart, John. ''[http://www.news-archive.mcgill.ca/s99/demoen.htm McGill français 30 years later]''. McGill News, Summer 1999.</ref>
 
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McGill never became a francophone or bilingual university. However, francophones now make up approximately 20 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2004-05/students/ McGill Facts 2004-2005]</ref>
 
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==Language of instruction==
 
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McGill is one of three English-language universities in Quebec (the others being [[Concordia University]], also in Montreal, and [[Bishop's University]] in [[Lennoxville]]); fluency in French is not a requirement to attend.  The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French, or English if the student is Francophone, since English or French may be used at any time in a course.  Since 1964, students in all faculties have been able to write exams and papers in either English or French, provided that the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-10-1249-6929-10/index_souvenirs/vie_societe/mcgill_francais]</ref>
 
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==Academics==
 
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=== Profile ===
 
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[[Image:McGill University Building2.jpg|right|thumb|688 [[Sherbrooke Street]] West, a high-rise office building, is situated directly across from the main campus. It houses many of the university's continuing education and language classes.]]
 
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McGill's student population includes, both full-time and part-time, 23,758 [[undergraduate]] and 7,323 [[graduate student]]s in over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties (as of 2007-2008). Its students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. Of the entire student population, 57.3% are from Quebec, while 23.7% come from the rest of Canada, and 19.0% are international. As their mother tongue, 52.8% of all students speak English, while 18.1% speak French, and 29.1% speak a language other than English or French.
 
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About 90% of students ranked in the top 10% of their high school graduating class.<ref name="regstats">{{cite web | title = Enrolment reports| url = http://www.mcgill.ca/arr/registration-statistics/ | publisher = McGill University | accessdate=2007-11-17 }}</ref> McGill has produced 128 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], more than any other Canadian university, as well as seven [[Nobel Laureate]]s.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite web | title = Introduction to McGill| publisher = McGill University | url = http://www.mcgill.ca/about/intro/ }}</ref>
 
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Nearly 30% of all students are enrolled in the [[McGill University Faculty of Arts|Faculty of Arts]], McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the Centre for Continuing Education enrolls 13%, the [[McGill University Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science]] enrolls 14%, and the [[McGill University Faculty of Engineering|Faculty of Engineering]] enrolls 10%. The [[Desautels Faculty of Management]] enrolls 10%, and the [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] enrolls 12%. The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the [[McGill University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences]], [[McGill University Faculty of Dentistry|Faculty of Dentistry]], [[McGill University Faculty of Education|Faculty of Education]], [[McGill University Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]], [[Schulich School of Music]], and the [[McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies|Faculty of Religious Studies]].
 
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[[Image:Mcgill Building1.jpg|left|thumb|The [[William Christopher Macdonald|Macdonald]]-[[David M. Stewart|Stewart]] Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.]]
 
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Comprising nearly 20% of the university's student body, international students are a significant presence on the McGill campus. The plurality of McGill's international students are from the United States, making up 37% of all international students and 49% of all undergraduate international students.<ref name="regstats" /> A growing number of American students are attending McGill, with such students representing 9.7% of all undergraduates and 6.9% of all students at the university.<ref name="regstats" /> Many are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.<ref>Bauer, Andrew. [http://www.mcgilltribune.com/media/paper234/news/2004/10/26/News/News-Analysis.Americans.Love.Mcgill-780458.shtml?norewrite&sourcedomain=www.mcgilltribune.com&page=1 "NEWS ANALYSIS: Americans love McGill"]. ''McGill Tribune'', October 26, 2004.</ref> However, this trend is being repeated at many other Canadian universities, particularly those close to the Canada/U.S. border. In turn, many Canadian universities, including McGill, are stepping up their recruitment efforts at U.S. high schools.<ref>CNN.com. [http://archives.cnn.com/2002/EDUCATION/10/04/canada.college.ap/ "College costs push Americans to Canada"]. October 4, 2002.</ref>
 
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Since 1996, McGill, in accordance with the Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS), has had eight categories qualifying certain international students an exemption from paying international fees.  These categories include students from France, a quota of students from select countries which have agreements with MELS (including Algeria, China, and Morocco)<ref>[http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/ens-sup/ens-univ/droits_scolarite-A_pays-organisations.pdf Countries and International Organizations Granted Exemptions from the Additional Financial Contribution by the Government of Quebec], Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport.</ref>, students holding diplomatic status (and their dependants), and students enrolled in certain language programs leading to a degree in French.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/student-records/fees/exemption/ International Fee Exemption]</ref>
 
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[[Image:McGill Macdonald Engineering Building.jpg|right|thumb|The Macdonald Engineering Building is adjacent to the Milton Street Gates, the campus's eastern entrance.]]
 
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There are nearly 1,600 [[tenure]]d or tenure-track professors, plus another 4,300 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the university.<ref name="facultystaff" /> McGill consistently leads the rest of Canada in terms of research dollars per full-time faculty member and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member. According to a study by Research Infosource, research funding represents approximately $259,100 per faculty member, the fourth highest in the country.<ref name="rstop50rul">{{cite web | title = Top 50 Research Universities List | publisher = Research Infosource | url = http://www.researchinfosource.com/top50.shtml }}</ref> Overall, in 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.<ref name="rstop50rutyl">{{cite web | title = Research Universities of the Year 2007 | publisher = Research Infosource | url = http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2007ResearchUniversityofYearTableFinal.pdf }}</ref> McGill also has one of the most per faculty research dollars nationwide from federal and provincial sources of funding (including the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council).
 
  
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McGill professors have won 26 [[Prix du Québec]], 14 Prix de l'Association francophone pour le savoir and 13 Killam Prizes.
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On March 31, 1821 McGill College received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed a [[University]], with the power of conferring [[Academic degree|degrees]].<ref>McGill University [http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/installation/main/gallery-1821.htm "The Gallery: 1821 Charter"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> In 1829 McGill College was officially inaugurated and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's [[Faculty of Medicine]], McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.<ref>David S. Crawford, [http://www.mcgill.ca/files/osler-library/No1092008.pdf "Montreal, Medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary,"] ''Osler Library Newsletter'' 109 (2008): 1-7. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref> The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).<ref> McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/"History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
  
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===Rankings===
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[[Image:MacdonaldCollege1906.gif|thumb|left|200px|Chemistry & Physics Building, & Assembly Hall of Macdonald Campus (1906)]]
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McGill is Canada's top-ranked medical-doctoral university, ranking first in Canada for the third consecutive year in the ''[[Maclean's]]'' 17th annual University Rankings issue.<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/?ItemID=27863</ref> The university has held first place in student awards for nine consecutive years, and consistently ranks first for reputation and average size and number of social sciences/humanities grants per full-time faculty.<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/?ItemID=27863</ref>
 
  
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In the [[THES_-_QS_World_University_Rankings|THES - QS World University Rankings]] 2007, McGill University was ranked the best public university in North America, 8th overall in North America, and 12th in the world.<ref name="thes2007">{{cite web | title = 2007 THES-QS World University Rankings| publisher = THES-QS | url = http://www.topmba.com/fileadmin/pdfs/2007_Top_200_Compact.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = McGill tops on continent: global survey| publisher = The Gazette | url = http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=87fc8f3c-e8a9-4be9-bc71-3031e0f4d55d }}</ref> In the world, McGill ranked 26th in the natural sciences, 10th in the life sciences and biomedicine, 27th in technology, 12th in the social sciences, and 12th in the humanities.<ref name="thes2007" /> This achievement has been regarded as the "highest rank to be reached by a Canadian institution."<ref>{{cite web | title = McGill takes 12th spot in global ranking| publisher = The Globe and Mail | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071108.wmcgill08/BNStory/National }}</ref>
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[[John William Dawson|Sir John William Dawson]], McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, has been credited with transforming the school into a modern university.<ref> Stephen Plamondon, [http://www.ccheritage.ca/biographies/williamdawson"William Dawson,"] ''Canada: Portraits of Faith'' (Reel to Real, 1998, ISBN 0968183506). Retrieved February 16, 2009</ref> He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920.  
  
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[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], in its [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] 2007, ranked McGill third in Canada, 44th in the Americas, and 63rd in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = Top 500 World Universities| publisher = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | url = http://www.arwu.org/rank/2007/ARWU2007_Top100.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Top 100 North & Latin American Universities| publisher = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | url = http://www.arwu.org/rank/2007/ARWU2007_TopAmer.htm }}</ref>
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Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when [[Donald Smith]], also known as [[Lord Strathcona]], began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.<ref name=victoria> McGill University [http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/rvc/rvc.htm"Royal Victoria College,"] McGill History, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.<ref name=victoria/>  
  
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In 2006, [[Newsweek]] also ranked McGill third in Canada, 30th in North America, and 42nd worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Top 100 Global Universities| publisher = Newsweek | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/print/1/displaymode/1098/ }}</ref>
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In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when [[William Christopher Macdonald|Sir William C. Macdonald]], one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, {{convert|32|km}} west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the [[Macdonald Campus]], opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/"History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
  
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McGill is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]] (AAU), an organization of research-intensive universities in North America. It is also a member of [[Universitas 21]], an international association of research-driven universities. In addition, it is a member of the [[G10 (Canadian universities)|G13]], a group of prominent research universities in Canada.
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McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in [[British Columbia]] to provide degree programs to the growing cities of [[Vancouver]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. It created [[Victoria College, British Columbia|Victoria College]] in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern [[University of Victoria]]. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent [[University of British Columbia]] in 1915.<ref>UBC Archives, [http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/mucbc.html"Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
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[[Image:Roddick Gates (McGill University) 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|The main gates, called Roddick Gates, of McGill University, Montreal. The large square building in the back, right, is Burnside Hall.]]
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The 1960s represented an era of large [[nationalism|nationalist]] and [[labor]] mobilizations in Quebec, and McGill University became the site of political unrest and controversy. Since its founding, classes at McGill had been taught primarily in [[English language|English]], despite the city of Montreal's large population of French speakers. The ''McGill français'' movement began in 1969, clamoring for a new McGill that would be francophone ([[French language|French speaking]]), pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.<ref name=chester>Brownwyn Chester, [http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html "McGill français and Quebec society,"] ''The McGill Reporter'', April 8, 1999. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref> It was argued that, since McGill government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.<ref> Eric Smith, [http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r2902/daily.htm "A reunion of radicals,"] ''Daily'', September 26, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref> [[Stanley Gray]], a [[political science]] professor from [[Ontario]], led a demonstration at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.<ref name=chester/>
  
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===Admissions===
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Francophones currently make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.<ref>McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/students/ "McGill Quick facts"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> Today, McGill is one of only three [[English language|English-language]] universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course.
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According to the Admissions, Recruitment and Registrar's Office, McGill admitted 46% of undergraduate applicants and 38% of graduate applicants for the entering class in Fall 2007.<ref name="admissions">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/arr/profile/|title=Admissions Profile|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> The median high school average for the entering undergraduate class was 90% for Canadian students (89% for students in Ontario and 91% for students from other provinces) and a 3.7/4.0 GPA for American students.<ref name="admissions" /> The median [[SAT]] scores for verbal, math, and writing were 690, 680, and 690, respectively, and the median [[ACT (test)|ACT]] score was 30.<ref name="admissions" /> The median Quebec [[CEGEP]] r-score was 30.13.<ref name="admissions" />
 
  
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McGill's entering class has the highest average entering grades in Canada.<ref name="students" />
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==Facilities==
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==Research==
 
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McGill is ranked fourth in Canada in research-intensity and total-research funding<ref name="rstop50rul" />, and is recognized as one of the top research universities in Canada and was named "Research University of the Year" by Research Infosource in its 2003 and 2005 ranking of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.<ref>Zeindler, Christine. [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/38/05/times/ "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times"]. ''McGill Reporter'', October 27, 2005.</ref><ref name="rstop50rutyl" /> Researchers and scientists at the university are affiliated with nearly 100 research centres and networks.
 
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The university is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. [[William Osler]], [[Wilder Penfield]], [[Donald Olding Hebb|Donald Hebb]], [[Brenda Milner]], and others made significant discoveries in [[medicine]], [[neuroscience]] and [[psychology]] while at McGill. The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by an undergraduate student at the university. As chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. Similarly, William Chalmers, invented [[Plexiglas]] while a graduate student at McGill.<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/</ref>
 
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In terms of contributions to computing, [[MUSIC/SP]], a piece of software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world at its time, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of [[Archie search engine|Archie]], one of the pre-WWW search engines. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software.
 
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McGill's [[Bellairs Research Institute]], in Barbados, serves as Canada's only teaching and research facility in the tropics. These facilities are used by the [[Canadian Space Agency]] for research.
 
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== Campus ==
 
 
[[Image:McGill Campus Twilight.jpg|right|450px|thumb|McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from [[Mount Royal]]. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.]]
 
[[Image:McGill Campus Twilight.jpg|right|450px|thumb|McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from [[Mount Royal]]. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.]]
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McGill's main campus is located in downtown [[Montreal]], near the [[Peel (Montreal Metro)|Peel]] and [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stations. Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of [[Sherbrooke Street]] and south of Pine Ave between [[Peel Street, Montreal|Peel]] and Aylmer streets. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey [[limestone]], which serves as a unifying element.<ref> Studyplaces.com, [http://www.studyplaces.com/institute/McGill+University "McGill University"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
  
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The main campus is situated in downtown Montréal at the foot of [[Mount Royal]]. Most of the buildings are situated in a park-like campus north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Avenue des Pins between Peel and Aylmer streets. North of Docteur-Penfield, it also extends west of Peel for several blocks. The campus is near the [[Peel (Montreal Metro)|Peel]] and [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stations.
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McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/residences/ "Welcome to McGill University Residences & Student Housing!"] Student Information: Residences, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref> Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest and largest residence, aptly named ''New Residence Hall'' ("New Rez"), is a converted four-star [[hotel]] located a few blocks east of campus. McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.
  
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The downtown campus reflects an eclectic mix of old and new buildings, reflecting the various periods in which the buildings were erected and a variety of architectural styles. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.
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The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic), [[Molson Stadium]], Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor [[tennis courts]] and  other [[extra-curricular]] [[arena]]s and faculties.<ref name=prowler>Robin Erskine-Levinson, ''McGill University Qb 2007'' (College Prowler, 2006, ISBN 1427400946).</ref> The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a [[gym]]nasium, a [[Swimming pool|pool]], [[tennis]] courts, [[fitness centre]]s and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.<ref>McGill University [http://www.agrenv.mcgill.ca/SOCIETY/ATHLETIC/ "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics"] Retrieved February 17, 2009. </ref> The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the home field of the Montreal Alouettes.<ref> McGill University "Molson Stadium".</ref>
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[[Image:Mcgill Building1.jpg|left|thumb|The [[William Christopher Macdonald|Macdonald]]-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.]]
  
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The university's athletic facilities, including Molson Stadium, are located on Mount Royal, near the residence halls and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Gymnasium is named in honour of General [[Sir Arthur William Currie]].  
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McGill has a large library with over ten different branches and numerous special collections, containing more than 6 million volumes.<ref> McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/library-about/general/"About the Library"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> Aside from the Main Library building, there is the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/blackader/ Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/education-library/ Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Mathematics and Statistics Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/rosenthall/ Edward Rosenthall Mathematics and Statistics Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Howard Ross Library of Management,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/howardross/ Howard Ross Library of Management], Retrieved February 27, 2009</ref> the Humanities and Social Sciences Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/hssl/ Humanities and Social Sciences Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Islamic Studies Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/islamic-library/ Islamic Studies Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Life Sciences Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/lsl/ Life Sciences Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Macdonald Campus Library,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/macdonald-library/ Macdonald Campus Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Marvin Duchow Music Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/music-library/ Marvin Duchow Music Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Nahum Gelber Law Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/law-library/ Nahum Gelber Law Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> and the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/schulich/ Schulich Library of Science and Engineering], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref>
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[[Image:McGill University Building4.jpg|left|thumb|The Henry Birks Building, located on University Street.]]
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[[Image:Redpath Museum (McGill University) 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Repath Museum]]
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A second campus, the [[Macdonald College|Macdonald Campus]], in [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec|Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue]] houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology and the McGill School of Environment. The [[Morgan Arboretum]] and the [[J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory]] are nearby.
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Some of the special collections include the Blacker-Wood Collection,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/library-using/branches/blacker-wood/ Blacker-Wood Collection], Blacker-Wood Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Government Information Service,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/govinfo/ Government Information Service], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> and Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/gic/ Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> The university also has several [[museum]]s on campus, including the The Lyman Entomological Museum<ref>[http://lyman.mcgill.ca/ The Lyman Entomological Museum], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> which houses a vast [[insect]] collection and the Redpath Museum<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/redpath/about/ Redpath Museum], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> which houses collections from the disciplines of [[paleontology]], [[zoology]], [[mineralogy]], and [[ethnology]].
  
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There are plans to consolidate the various hospitals of the [[McGill University Health Centre]] on the site of an old [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CP]] railyard adjacent to the [[Vendôme (Montreal Metro)|Vendôme]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] station. This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (43 acres) and spans portions of Montreal's [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] neighborhood and the city of [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]].<ref>''[http://www.muhc.ca/media/ensemble/2001july/land/ This Land Was Made for You and Me...]'', McGill University Health Centre Journal, July/August 2001.</ref> The Glen Yards project has been fraught with controversy due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself.<ref>McCabe, Daniel. ''[http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3105/muhc.html MUHC site chosen]'', McGill Reporter, November 5, 1998.</ref>  The project, which has received approval from the provincial government, is expected to be complete by 2010.<ref>Reynolds, Mark. ''[http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/36/01/glenyards/ Green light on Glen Yards]'', McGill Reporter, September 11, 2003.</ref>
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McGill's Gault [[Nature Reserve]] spans over {{convert|10|sqkm}} of [[forest]] land, the largest remaining remnant of the [[Old growth forest|primeval forests]] of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River Valley]], on Mont St. Hilaire.<ref>McGill University "The Gault Nature Reserve".</ref> The Morgan [[Arboretum]], a {{convert|245|ha}} forested reserve is located at the university's Macdonald campus.
  
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==Student life==
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==Colleges and Institutes==
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McGill University has 13 different schools, known as faculties:
  
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===Residential life===
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* Faculty of [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] and [[Environment|Environmental]] Sciences
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[[Image:McgillMCTAVISHbroulliard.jpg|thumb|right|McTavish Street on a foggy day, looking towards Mount Royal. The street is the formal western boundary of the downtown campus (although some McGill buildings are located west of McTavish).]]
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* Faculty of [[Art]]s
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* Centre for Continuing Education
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* Faculty of [[Dentistry]]
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* Faculty of Education
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* Faculty of [[Engineering]]
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* Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
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* Faculty of [[Law]]
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* Desautels Faculty of Management
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* Faculty of [[Medicine]]
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* Schulich School of [[Music]]
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* Faculty of [[Religion|Religious]] Studies
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* Faculty of Science
  
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Unlike other large schools, most McGill students do not live in residence (known colloquially as "rez") after their first year of study, even if they are not from the Montreal area. This is due to Montreal's cheap rent and the fact that McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/residences/ McGill Residences]</ref> With the exception of upper year students returning as "floor fellows," the majority of McGill residences are for first-year undergraduate students only. Upper-year students are expected to find off-campus housing.
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In addition, the university has several institutes and centers, including:
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All links retrieved February 27, 2009.
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* [http://ascc.mcgill.ca/ Avian Science and Conservation Center]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/brace/ Brace Center for Water Resources Management]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/cine/ Center for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/parasitology/ Institute for Parasitology]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/cdas/ Center for Developing-Area Studies]
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* [http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/eas/cear/ Center for East Asian Research]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/ihsp/ Institute for Health and Social Policy]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/mcrtw/ McGill Centre for Research and Teaching on Women]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/islamicstudies/ Institute of Islamic Studies]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/misc/ McGill Institute for the Study of Canada]
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* [http://www.painresearch.mcgill.ca/Pub/Pub_Front.asp The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/researchoffice/units/#EVOLUTION Evolution Education Research Centre (EERC)]
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* [http://www.youthgambling.com/ International Center for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behavior]
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* [http://www.sytacom.mcgill.ca/ Center for Advanced Systems and Technologies in Communications]
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* [http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/ Center for Intelligent Machines]
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* [http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/ McGill's Metal Processing Center]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/researchoffice/units/continued/#POLYMER| McGill Polymer Research Center]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/humanrights/ McGill Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism]
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* [http://www.cipp.mcgill.ca/en/ Centre for Intellectual Property Policy]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/crdpcq/  Quebec Research Centre of Private & Comparative Law]
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* [http://www.csso.mcgill.ca/ McGill Center for Strategy Studies In Organizations]
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* [http://www.mfrc.mcgill.ca/ McGill Finance Research Center]
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* The Center for Bone and Periodontal Research
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/hostres/ Center for Study of Host Resistance]
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* [http://aging.mcgill.ca/ McGill Center for Studies in Aging]
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* [http://www.cirmmt.mcgill.ca/ Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/creor/ Center for Research on Religion]
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* [http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/chep/ Center for High Energy Physics/Astrophysics]
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* [http://csacs.mcgill.ca/ Center for Self-Assembled Chemicals]
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* [http://www.mcgill.ca/pprc/ Pulp and Paper Research Center]
  
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Residences at McGill come in a variety of forms. Most first-years live in ''Upper Rez'', a series of dormitories on the slope of Mount Royal, consisting of Douglas Hall, [[McConnell Hall]], Molson Hall and Gardner Hall. ''Royal Victoria College'', once a women's college affiliated with McGill, is a dormitory for women and is the closest to campus. McGill's newest residence, aptly named ''New Residence Hall'' (colloquilly New Rez) was converted from a four-star hotel and is perhaps the most luxurious of the residences at McGill. ''Solin Hall'', an apartment-style residence four [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stops from campus, is the farthest from campus. The university also maintains apartment style housing around campus.
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==Programs==
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[[Image:Roddick Gates (McGill University) 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|left|The Roddick Gates, the university's "main entrance" from Sherbrooke Street. The gates were erected in 1925 in memory of Sir Thomas Roddick, former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. Roddick lobbied for the creation of the Medical Council of Canada which established common standards for medical practice in Canada. Burnside Hall, the tower in the background, houses a number of science departments.]]
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McGill offers over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties and over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. The University's undergraduate programs include [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] Sciences, [[Architecture]] and [[Infrastructure]] Engineering, [[Earth]] System & [[Physical Sciences]], Education, Health Sciences, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Religious Studies and Social Work.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/viewbook/study/"What Can I study at McGill?"] Retrieved February 17, 2009.</ref> McGill's graduate level programs include [[Anthropology]], [[Animal]] Science, Bioresource Engineering, E-Business,Experimental medicine, Information Technology, Management, Mining and Materials Engineering and [[Urban Planning]]. The university also offers advanced degrees in the fields of Law, Dentistry and Medicine.
  
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Second-year students are expected to transition to off-campus apartment housing, and apartment hunting is sometimes seen as a "rite of passage" for McGill students. In recent years, finding affordable housing has been challenging because of the city's tight housing market, particularly in neighbourhoods close to the McGill campus. Many students end up living in the "[[McGill Ghetto]]," the neighbourhood directly to the east of campus, although students have, in recent years, begun moving out to other areas because of rising rent prices in the "Ghetto."
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McGill has extensive research programs as well as academics. According to the [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada]], "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centers and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."<ref>Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, [http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/mcgill_e.html "McGill University."] Retrieved February 17, 2009. </ref> In the 2007-2008 academic year, $375,75.00 million [[Canadian dollar]]s were allocated to research, with 147 international research and development partnerships, 180 contracts with industries and around 100 inventions were announced.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/research/"Research."] Retrieved February 17, 2009.</ref>
  
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===Activities===
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==Student Life==
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There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building&mdash;the University Centre&mdash;known unofficially as the Shatner Building. In 1992, students held a [[referendum]] and named the building after actor and McGill alumnus [[William Shatner]], although the university administration refuses to accept the name and did not show up for the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major benefactors—and Shatner is neither.<ref>Stojsic, Leslie. [http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3112/shatner.html "The trek back home"]. ''McGill Reporter'', March 11, 1999.</ref><ref>[http://ssmu.mcgill.ca/en/rteHistoryoftheSSMU.ch2 History of the SSMU]</ref>
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[[Image:McGill from Mount Royal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|McGill Campus, looking down from Mount Royal.]]
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McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from over 150 different countries, the majority coming from the United States.<ref name=vix> Nancy Vix and Gregg Vix, ''Guide to College in Canada for American Students'' (Avocus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1890765120).</ref>
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The growing number of American students attending McGill are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.<ref name=vix/>  
  
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McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the ''[[McGill Daily]]'', which is a financially independent publication, and the ''[[McGill Tribune]]'', which is published through the [[Students' Society of McGill University]]. The ''[[Délit français]]'' is the Daily's French-language counterpart. [[CKUT]] (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. [[TVMcGill]] is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.<ref>[http://www.tvmcgill.com TVMcGill]</ref>
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The campus has an active [[students' union]] represented by the undergraduate [[Students' Society of McGill University]] (SSMU) and the [[Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University]] (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university, many of them centered around McGill's student union building, the University Centre.
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;Student media
 +
McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the ''[[McGill Daily]]'', which is a financially [[Independent business|independent]] publication, and the ''[[McGill Tribune]]'', which is published through SSMU. The ''McGill Daily'', first published in 1911 and currently published twice weekly, is the oldest daily student paper in Canada.<ref name=prowler/> The ''[[Délit français]]'' is the Daily's French-language counterpart.''[[McGill Foreign Affairs Review]]'' is a student-run journal about international affairs, and ''[[The Red Herring]]'' is McGill's the [[satire]] [[magazine]]. [[CKUT]] (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.<ref name=prowler/>
  
−
===Student representation===
+
;Greek life
−
The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate [[Students' Society of McGill University]] (SSMU) and the [[Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University]] (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body.
+
While [[fraternity|fraternities]] and [[sororoty|sororities]] are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Delta Upsilon]], [[Sigma Alpha Mu]], and [[Zeta Psi]], and sororities [[Gamma Phi Beta]] and [[Alpha Omicron Pi]], have been established there for many years. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including [[Culture of Greece|Greek]] week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over two percent of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities, but on a par with most Canadian schools.<ref>Parker Williams, [http://media.www.dailyutahchronicle.com/media/storage/paper244/news/2007/11/07/News/Greek.Row.Fraternity.Participation.Up.Sororities.Down-3083679.shtml "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down,"] ''The Daily Utah Chronicle'', July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref>
 +
;Sports
 +
McGill and its alumni have featured significantly in the development of several North American sports.
 +
[[Image:Ice hockey McGill University 1901.jpg|thumb|left|200px|McGill Ice Hockey team, 1901]]
 +
[[Image:Ice hockey McGill University 1884.jpg|thumb|200 px|Playing hockey on the skating rink, McGill University, 1884.]]
  
−
==Athletics==
+
In 1865, the first recorded game of [[rugby]] in North America occurred in [[Montreal]], between British army officers and McGill students.<ref>RugbyFootballHistory.com, [http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1860s.htm "Historical Rugby Milestones 1860s."] Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref><ref>Robert E. Watkins, [http://www.universitysport.ca/e/football/history.cfm "A History of Canadian University Football,"] Canadian Interuniversity Sport, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> The first game of what would become [[American football]] was played between McGill and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] on May 14, 1874.<ref>Robert E. Watkins, [http://www.cisfootball.org/history/origins.html "A History of Canadian University Football"], Canadian Interuniversity Sport Football, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> In this game, rules adapted from rugby were used, which Harvard then spread throughout the [[Ivy League]], giving rise to American football.<ref>[http://www.newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html "History of American Football,"], NEWSdial.com, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref>
  
−
The university is represented in [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] by the [[McGill Redmen]] (men's) and the [[McGill Martlets]] (women's).
+
The foundation of the modern game of [[ice hockey]] centered on [[Montreal]], Quebec. On March 3, 1875 the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Rink by [[James Creighton (hockey)|James Creighton]] and several McGill University students. In 1877, several McGill students codified seven ice hockey rules, and formed the first ice hockey club, McGill University Hockey Club.<ref>Earl Zukerman, "McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey," McGill Athletics, March 17, 2006.</ref>
  
−
McGill maintains a [[McGill-Queen's rivalry|friendly rivalry]] with [[Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997. This academic and athletic rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000 but the intensity returned in 2002 and transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions. Nevertheless, the two share a successful publishing house ([[McGill-Queen's University Press]]). The school also competes in the annual "[[Old Four]]" soccer tournament, with Queen's, the [[University of Toronto]] and the [[University of Western Ontario]].
+
McGill alumnus [[James Naismith]] invented [[basketball]] in 1891.<ref>[http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm "Dr. James Naismith,"] Naismith Museum and Hall of Fame.Retrieved February 19, 2009. </ref>
  
−
The inventions of North American [[Gridiron football|football]], [[ice hockey|hockey]], and [[basketball]] are all related to McGill in some way. The first game of North American football was played between McGill and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] in 1874. The world's first organized hockey club (known as the Redmen since 1927), played their first game on January 31, 1877. McGill alumnus [[James Naismith]] invented basketball in early December of 1891.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/prospective/viewbook/athletics/ Athletics], ''Viewbook 2005-2006''.</ref>
+
Today, McGill is represented in [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] (CIS) by the [[McGill Redmen]] (men's) and the [[McGill Martlets]] (women's). The school has over 50 varsity sports teams, ranging from Basketball, [[Canadian Football|Football]], Track and Field, [[Hockey]], [[Figure skating]], [[Lacrosse]], and [[Rowing]]. The university also has several intramural sports including Ball Hockey, [[Soccer]], [[Volleyball]], and [[Badminton]]. The Sports Center on the main campus also offers health and exercise courses, as well as provides facilities for students to purpose exercise and related physical activities.<ref name=prowler/>
  
−
There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at most [[Olympic Games]] since 1912. Gold medallists include swimmer [[George Hodgson]]&mdash;winner of two gold medals&mdash;at the [[1912 Summer Olympics]] in [[Stockholm]], ice hockey goaltender [[Kim St-Pierre]]&mdash; also a winner of two gold medals&mdash;at the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]], and at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]] in [[Turin]], where recently, [[Jennifer Heil]] (a current student) was a gold medallist in the women's freestyle mogul event and goaltender [[Charline Labonté]] (also a current student) helped Canada win gold in women's ice hockey.
+
McGill has a long tradition of rivalry with the [[Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997.<ref name=prowler/> The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000; however, it returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, yet the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.<ref name=prowler/>
  
−
In 1996, the McGill Sports Hall of Fame was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include [[James Naismith]] and [[Sydney David Pierce|Sydney Pierce]].
+
==Traditions==
 +
[[Image:Mcgill CoA.jpg|right|175px|thumb|McGill’s coat of arms.]]
 +
There are several established traditions at McGill University, one of which is the collecting of songs created by alumni for their alma mater.<ref>McGill University, [http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/songs/songs.htm"McGill Songs"] Retrieved February 18, 2009.</ref>
  
−
===Hazing scandal===<!-- This section is linked from [[McGill Redmen]] —>
+
In British tradition, the University has its own [[coat of arms]], which was officially created by England's [[Garter Principal King of Arms|Garter-King-at-Arms]] in 1922 and later was registered with the [[Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada]]. The university's symbol, the [[martlet]], is present on the coat of arms, as well as the  school's official colors of red and white, and the official motto, ''Grandescunt Aucta Labore'', [[Latin language|Latin]] for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow." In [[heraldry|heraldic]] terms it is defined as "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore."<ref name=coat> McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/mission/"Mission, Motto and Coat of Arms"] Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref>
−
McGill's Redmen football program was rocked by a [[hazing]] scandal in 2005 forcing the cancellation of the final two games of the season by school officials. A formal investigation into the hazing scandals showed that "the event did involve nudity, degrading positions and behaviours, gagging, touching in inappropriate manners with a broomstick, as well as verbal and physical intimidation of rookies by a large portion of the team."<ref>"McGill University cancels football season," McGill University Press Release, October 19, 2005. Available online at http://www.football.mcgill.ca/mediaroom/2005/10_19_2005.php</ref> Dubbed 'Hazegate' by the local ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', the scandal made national news. In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070111.HAZING11/TPStory/?query=mcgill McGill get tough with hazing]. The Globe and Mail, 11 Jan. 07. Caroline Alphonso.</ref>
 
  
−
==Symbols==
+
==Notable alumni==
 +
* [[Antony Alcock]]—involved in the negotiations leading up to the [[Belfast Agreement]] signed in [[Belfast]] on April 10, 1998 ([[Good Friday]]) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most [[Northern Ireland]] political parties, ending [[The Troubles]].
 +
* [[Gerald Bull]]—former professor of [[mechanical engineering]], expert on projectiles, designer of the [[Iraqi Project Babylon]].
 +
* [[Thomas Chang]]—developer of the world's first [[artificial cell]].
 +
* [[Ismail al-Faruqi]]—renowned [[Muslim]] [[philosopher]] and comparative [[religion]] scholar.
 +
* [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]—[[Nobel Prize]] winning [[Physics|Physicist]].
 +
* [[S. I. Hayakawa]]—[[Linguistics|linguist]], [[U.S. senator]], former president of [[San Francisco State University]].
 +
* [[Jennifer Heil]]—2006 [[Olympic Games|Olympic]]gold medalist in freestyle [[skiing]].
 +
* [[David Hunter Hubel]]—Nobel Prize winner in [[Physiology]].
 +
* [[Charline Labonté]]—2006 Olympic gold medalist in Women's [[Ice hockey]]
 +
* [[Rudolph Marcus]]—[[Chemistry|Chemist]].
 +
* [[Mohan Munasinghe]]—winner of the 2007 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].
 +
* [[James A. Naismith]]—inventor of the game of [[basketball]].
 +
* [[Justin Trudeau]]—son of former [[Prime Minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]].
  
−
The university's symbol is the [[martlet]], stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official Arms of the university. Inscribed on its arms is also ''In Domino Confido'' (I trust in the Lord), James McGill's personal motto.
+
==Notes==
−
 
+
{{reflist|2}}
−
The University's patent of arms was granted by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and registered in 1956 with Lord Lyon King of Arms in Edinburgh and in 1992 with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. In [[heraldic]] terms, the arms are described as follows:
 
−
<blockquote>''Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore.''</blockquote>
 
−
 
 
−
The school song is entitled "Hail, Alma Mater." The lyrics to the song are:
 
−
 
 
−
<blockquote>Hail, Alma Mater, we sing to thy praise;<br/>
 
−
Loud in thy Honour, our voices we raise.<br/>
 
−
Full to thy fortune, our glasses we fill.<br/>
 
−
Life and Prosperity, Dear Old McGill.<br/>
 
−
<br/>
 
−
Hail, Alma Mater, thy praises we sing:<br/>
 
−
Far down the centuries, still may they ring.<br/>
 
−
Long through the ages remain &mdash; if God will,<br/>
 
−
Queen of the Colleges, Dear Old McGill.</blockquote>
 
−
 
 
−
An audio recording of "Hail, Alma Mater," as well as other [http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/songs/songs.htm McGill University songs], is available on the McGill University Archives website.
 
−
 
 
−
McGill's motto is ''Grandescunt Aucta Labore'', [[Latin language|Latin]] for "''by work, all things grow.''"  Its official colours are red and white.
 
−
 
 
−
==Battle honours==
 
−
 
 
−
[[Battle Honours]] are awarded to regiments of the [[British Empire]] to commemorate their participation in battles. On only two occasions have they been awarded to educational institutions. On the first occasion they were awarded to [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martiniere College]] in [[Lucknow]] and secondly to the McGill University contingent for their bravery at [[Arras]] in 1917 during the [[First World War]].<ref>[http://www.regiments.org/regiments/na-canada/warformed/inf-cef/mcgilluc.htm McGill University at regiments.org] accessed July 2007</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==Notable alumni and faculty==
 
−
 
 
−
{{main|List of McGill University people}}
 
−
 
 
−
The faculty and alumni of the university include seven [[Nobel Prize]] winners, 1 [[Templeton Prize]] winner<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/39/13/taylor/</ref>, 128 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]]<ref name="rhodes" />, 1 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner<ref>http://www.postwritersgroup.com/krauthammer.htm</ref>, and 7 [[Academy Award]] winners<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/</ref>. In addition, McGill is the alma mater of two [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian prime ministers]] and several [[Supreme Court of Canada]] justices<ref>http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/</ref> and Canadian Ministers of Justice.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2;column-count:2;"><references />
+
* Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." ''Higher Education Perspectives'' 1 (1996-1997).
−
</div>
+
* Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." ''McGill Journal of Education'' 6(2) (Autumn 1976).
 +
* Collard, Andrew. ''The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960''. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975. ISBN 0774700130
 +
* Erskine-Levinson, Robin. ''McGill University Qb 2007''. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400946
 +
* Frost, Stanley B. ''The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec''. Montreal: McGill University, 1979.
 +
* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol I''. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0773503533
 +
* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol II''. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0773504226
 +
* Gillett, Margaret. ''We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill''. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981. ISBN 0920792081
 +
* Markell, H. Keith ''The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978''. Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979.
 +
* McNally, Peter F. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002)'' Vol III. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, not yet published.
 +
* Young, Brian J. ''The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996''.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000. ISBN 978-0773520509
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved November 8, 2022.
 +
*[http://www.mcgill.ca McGill University official website]
 +
*[http://www.imtl.org/montreal/montreal.php?vsearch=1&expo=MCGILL&m=Buildings%20of%20McGill%20College McGill University Campus Buildings]
  
−
*[http://www.mcgill.ca McGill University]
 
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*[http://www.mcgill.ca/macdonald/ McGill's Macdonald Campus]
 
−
*[http://www.imtl.org/montreal/montreal.php?vsearch=1&expo=MCGILL&m=Buildings%20of%20McGill%20College Pictures and Info on McGill buildings]
 
  
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
 
{{Association of American Universities}}
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{{Credits|McGill_University|268296738}}

Latest revision as of 09:30, 10 March 2023


McGill University
Mcgill University (Arts Buildings, closeup).jpg
Motto Grandescunt aucta labore<br\>(By work, all things increase and grow)
Established 1821
Type Public university
Location Montreal, QC Canada
Website www.mcgill.ca

McGill University is a public university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Scotsman James McGill, a prominent merchant in Montreal, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Its primary language of instruction is English despite the large population of French speakers in Montreal.

McGill strives to advances learning through excellence in research and teaching, and to serve society as a whole. The University has been recognized for its award-winning research, particularly in the health sciences, and participates in research organizations both within Canada and internationally. McGill has 13 faculties and professional schools, offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including medicine. McGill has featured significantly in the development of several sports, including American football the first game of which was played between McGill and Harvard in 1874, and ice hockey.

Mission and Reputation

McGill University's Mission is "the advancement of learning through teaching, scholarship and service to society."[1] The university strives to achieve these goals by providing excellent education, staying competitive in its research and academic programs, and by giving back to society in the form of appropriate service.[1]

McGill is highly ranked among Canada's universities, particularly among those offering medical and doctoral degrees. From 2003-2004, the University was ranked number one in Canada by the Maclean's University Rankings report.[2] In The Times Higher Education Supplement university rankings for 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.[3] In Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.[4]

McGill is also often recognized for its research programs. Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.[5] In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.[6] They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding, finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member.[6]

McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience, and psychology while working at McGill. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon McLean.[7] The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang, an undergraduate student at the university.[8] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.

History

James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University.
Statue of James McGill, in the Winter, on McGill University downtown campus.

McGill University was founded through the philanthopic act of James McGill. Born in Glasgow, Scotland and educated at Glasgow University, he became one of the Montreal merchants involved in the fur trade south of the Great Lakes from 1770. Rumored to be the richest man in Montreal, he left his 19 hectares (47 acres) estate and £10,000 to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL) to found McGill University. Until that time, RIAL had focused primarily on administering elementary schools in Quebec, but pursuant to the terms of McGill's will, the estate left to the Institution was applied to the creation of a university.[9]

On March 31, 1821 McGill College received a Royal Charter from King George IV. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed a University, with the power of conferring degrees.[10] In 1829 McGill College was officially inaugurated and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's Faculty of Medicine, McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.[11] The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).[12]

Chemistry & Physics Building, & Assembly Hall of Macdonald Campus (1906)

Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, has been credited with transforming the school into a modern university.[13] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920.

Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as Lord Strathcona, began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.[14] In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.[14]

In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometers (20 mi) west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.[15]

McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It created Victoria College in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern University of Victoria. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915.[16]

The main gates, called Roddick Gates, of McGill University, Montreal. The large square building in the back, right, is Burnside Hall.

The 1960s represented an era of large nationalist and labor mobilizations in Quebec, and McGill University became the site of political unrest and controversy. Since its founding, classes at McGill had been taught primarily in English, despite the city of Montreal's large population of French speakers. The McGill français movement began in 1969, clamoring for a new McGill that would be francophone (French speaking), pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.[17] It was argued that, since McGill government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.[18] Stanley Gray, a political science professor from Ontario, led a demonstration at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.[17]

Francophones currently make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.[19] Today, McGill is one of only three English-language universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course.

Facilities

McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from Mount Royal. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.

McGill's main campus is located in downtown Montreal, near the Peel and McGill metro stations. Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Ave between Peel and Aylmer streets. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.[20]

McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.[21] Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest and largest residence, aptly named New Residence Hall ("New Rez"), is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.

The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic), Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties.[22] The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.[23] The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the home field of the Montreal Alouettes.[24]

The Macdonald-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.

McGill has a large library with over ten different branches and numerous special collections, containing more than 6 million volumes.[25] Aside from the Main Library building, there is the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art,[26] the Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre,[27] the Mathematics and Statistics Library,[28] the Howard Ross Library of Management,[29] the Humanities and Social Sciences Library,[30] the Islamic Studies Library,[31] the Life Sciences Library,[32] the Macdonald Campus Library,[33] the Marvin Duchow Music Library,[34] the Nahum Gelber Law Library,[35] and the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.[36]

Repath Museum

Some of the special collections include the Blacker-Wood Collection,[37] the Government Information Service,[38] and Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre.[39] The university also has several museums on campus, including the The Lyman Entomological Museum[40] which houses a vast insect collection and the Redpath Museum[41] which houses collections from the disciplines of paleontology, zoology, mineralogy, and ethnology.

McGill's Gault Nature Reserve spans over 10 square kilometers (3.9 sq mi) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley, on Mont St. Hilaire.[42] The Morgan Arboretum, a 245 hectares (610 acres) forested reserve is located at the university's Macdonald campus.

Colleges and Institutes

McGill University has 13 different schools, known as faculties:

  • Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
  • Faculty of Arts
  • Centre for Continuing Education
  • Faculty of Dentistry
  • Faculty of Education
  • Faculty of Engineering
  • Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
  • Faculty of Law
  • Desautels Faculty of Management
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Schulich School of Music
  • Faculty of Religious Studies
  • Faculty of Science

In addition, the university has several institutes and centers, including: All links retrieved February 27, 2009.

Programs

McGill offers over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties and over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. The University's undergraduate programs include Agricultural Sciences, Architecture and Infrastructure Engineering, Earth System & Physical Sciences, Education, Health Sciences, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Religious Studies and Social Work.[43] McGill's graduate level programs include Anthropology, Animal Science, Bioresource Engineering, E-Business,Experimental medicine, Information Technology, Management, Mining and Materials Engineering and Urban Planning. The university also offers advanced degrees in the fields of Law, Dentistry and Medicine.

McGill has extensive research programs as well as academics. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centers and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."[44] In the 2007-2008 academic year, $375,75.00 million Canadian dollars were allocated to research, with 147 international research and development partnerships, 180 contracts with industries and around 100 inventions were announced.[45]

Student Life

McGill Campus, looking down from Mount Royal.

McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from over 150 different countries, the majority coming from the United States.[46] The growing number of American students attending McGill are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.[46]

The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university, many of them centered around McGill's student union building, the University Centre.

Student media

McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the McGill Daily, which is a financially independent publication, and the McGill Tribune, which is published through SSMU. The McGill Daily, first published in 1911 and currently published twice weekly, is the oldest daily student paper in Canada.[22] The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart.McGill Foreign Affairs Review is a student-run journal about international affairs, and The Red Herring is McGill's the satire magazine. CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.[22]

Greek life

While fraternities and sororities are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Upsilon, Sigma Alpha Mu, and Zeta Psi, and sororities Gamma Phi Beta and Alpha Omicron Pi, have been established there for many years. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including Greek week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over two percent of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities, but on a par with most Canadian schools.[47]

Sports

McGill and its alumni have featured significantly in the development of several North American sports.

McGill Ice Hockey team, 1901
Playing hockey on the skating rink, McGill University, 1884.

In 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students.[48][49] The first game of what would become American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874.[50] In this game, rules adapted from rugby were used, which Harvard then spread throughout the Ivy League, giving rise to American football.[51]

The foundation of the modern game of ice hockey centered on Montreal, Quebec. On March 3, 1875 the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Rink by James Creighton and several McGill University students. In 1877, several McGill students codified seven ice hockey rules, and formed the first ice hockey club, McGill University Hockey Club.[52]

McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in 1891.[53]

Today, McGill is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) by the McGill Redmen (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). The school has over 50 varsity sports teams, ranging from Basketball, Football, Track and Field, Hockey, Figure skating, Lacrosse, and Rowing. The university also has several intramural sports including Ball Hockey, Soccer, Volleyball, and Badminton. The Sports Center on the main campus also offers health and exercise courses, as well as provides facilities for students to purpose exercise and related physical activities.[22]

McGill has a long tradition of rivalry with the Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997.[22] The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000; however, it returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, yet the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.[22]

Traditions

McGill’s coat of arms.

There are several established traditions at McGill University, one of which is the collecting of songs created by alumni for their alma mater.[54]

In British tradition, the University has its own coat of arms, which was officially created by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and later was registered with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. The university's symbol, the martlet, is present on the coat of arms, as well as the school's official colors of red and white, and the official motto, Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow." In heraldic terms it is defined as "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore."[55]

Notable alumni

  • Antony Alcock—involved in the negotiations leading up to the Belfast Agreement signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties, ending The Troubles.
  • Gerald Bull—former professor of mechanical engineering, expert on projectiles, designer of the Iraqi Project Babylon.
  • Thomas Chang—developer of the world's first artificial cell.
  • Ismail al-Faruqi—renowned Muslim philosopher and comparative religion scholar.
  • Val Logsdon Fitch—Nobel Prize winning Physicist.
  • S. I. Hayakawa—linguist, U.S. senator, former president of San Francisco State University.
  • Jennifer Heil—2006 Olympicgold medalist in freestyle skiing.
  • David Hunter Hubel—Nobel Prize winner in Physiology.
  • Charline Labonté—2006 Olympic gold medalist in Women's Ice hockey
  • Rudolph Marcus—Chemist.
  • Mohan Munasinghe—winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
  • James A. Naismith—inventor of the game of basketball.
  • Justin Trudeau—son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McGill University, "McGill University Mission Statement." Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  2. ↑ McGill University "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings" Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  3. ↑ QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited, "McGill University" QS Intelligence Unit, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  4. ↑ Academic Ranking of World Universities, "Top 500 World Universities (1-100)" Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  5. ↑ Christine Zeindler, "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times," McGill Reporter, October 27, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Research Infosource,Research Universities of the Year 2007 Research Infosource, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  7. ↑ Gordon J. Maclean. "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." Nature 208 (1965): 795–796.
  8. ↑ T. M. Chang and M. J. Poznansky, Journal of biomedical materials research 2(2) (1968): 187-199.
  9. ↑ McGill University "Foundation History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  10. ↑ McGill University "The Gallery: 1821 Charter" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  11. ↑ David S. Crawford, "Montreal, Medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary," Osler Library Newsletter 109 (2008): 1-7. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  12. ↑ McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  13. ↑ Stephen Plamondon, "William Dawson," Canada: Portraits of Faith (Reel to Real, 1998, ISBN 0968183506). Retrieved February 16, 2009
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 McGill University "Royal Victoria College," McGill History, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  15. ↑ McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  16. ↑ UBC Archives, "Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Brownwyn Chester, "McGill français and Quebec society," The McGill Reporter, April 8, 1999. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  18. ↑ Eric Smith, "A reunion of radicals," Daily, September 26, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  19. ↑ McGill University "McGill Quick facts" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  20. ↑ Studyplaces.com, "McGill University" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  21. ↑ McGill University, "Welcome to McGill University Residences & Student Housing!" Student Information: Residences, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Robin Erskine-Levinson, McGill University Qb 2007 (College Prowler, 2006, ISBN 1427400946).
  23. ↑ McGill University "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics" Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  24. ↑ McGill University "Molson Stadium".
  25. ↑ McGill University "About the Library" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  26. ↑ Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  27. ↑ Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  28. ↑ Edward Rosenthall Mathematics and Statistics Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  29. ↑ Howard Ross Library of Management, Retrieved February 27, 2009
  30. ↑ Humanities and Social Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  31. ↑ Islamic Studies Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  32. ↑ Life Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  33. ↑ Macdonald Campus Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  34. ↑ Marvin Duchow Music Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  35. ↑ Nahum Gelber Law Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  36. ↑ Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  37. ↑ Blacker-Wood Collection, Blacker-Wood Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  38. ↑ Government Information Service, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  39. ↑ Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  40. ↑ The Lyman Entomological Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  41. ↑ Redpath Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  42. ↑ McGill University "The Gault Nature Reserve".
  43. ↑ McGill University, "What Can I study at McGill?" Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  44. ↑ Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "McGill University." Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  45. ↑ McGill University, "Research." Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Nancy Vix and Gregg Vix, Guide to College in Canada for American Students (Avocus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1890765120).
  47. ↑ Parker Williams, "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down," The Daily Utah Chronicle, July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  48. ↑ RugbyFootballHistory.com, "Historical Rugby Milestones 1860s." Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  49. ↑ Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football," Canadian Interuniversity Sport, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  50. ↑ Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football", Canadian Interuniversity Sport Football, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  51. ↑ "History of American Football,", NEWSdial.com, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  52. ↑ Earl Zukerman, "McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey," McGill Athletics, March 17, 2006.
  53. ↑ "Dr. James Naismith," Naismith Museum and Hall of Fame.Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  54. ↑ McGill University, "McGill Songs" Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  55. ↑ McGill University, "Mission, Motto and Coat of Arms" Retrieved February 19, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." Higher Education Perspectives 1 (1996-1997).
  • Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." McGill Journal of Education 6(2) (Autumn 1976).
  • Collard, Andrew. The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975. ISBN 0774700130
  • Erskine-Levinson, Robin. McGill University Qb 2007. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400946
  • Frost, Stanley B. The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec. Montreal: McGill University, 1979.
  • Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol I. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0773503533
  • Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol II. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0773504226
  • Gillett, Margaret. We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981. ISBN 0920792081
  • Markell, H. Keith The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978. Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979.
  • McNally, Peter F. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002) Vol III. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, not yet published.
  • Young, Brian J. The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000. ISBN 978-0773520509

External links

All links retrieved November 8, 2022.


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