Difference between revisions of "Erwin Schrödinger" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
(added credit and category tags, deleted foreign language links)
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{{Claimed}}
 
{{Infobox_Scientist
 
{{Infobox_Scientist
 
| name = Erwin Schrödinger
 
| name = Erwin Schrödinger
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| death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
 
| death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
 
| residence =  [[Austria]], [[Ireland]]
 
| residence =  [[Austria]], [[Ireland]]
−
| nationality = {{AUT}}<br>{{IRL}}
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| nationality = {{AUT}}<br/>{{IRL}}
 
| field = [[Physics]]
 
| field = [[Physics]]
−
| work_institutions = [[University of Wroclaw]]<br> [[University of Zurich]]<br> [[University of Berlin]]<br>
+
| work_institutions = [[University of Wroclaw]]<br/> [[University of Zurich]]<br/> [[University of Berlin]]<br/>
−
[[University of Oxford]]<br> [[University of Graz]]<br> [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]]
+
[[University of Oxford]]<br/> [[University of Graz]]<br/> [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]]
 
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]  
 
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]  
 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]
 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]
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[[Image:Schroedinger-grave.jpg|thumb|162px|Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite]]
 
[[Image:Schroedinger-grave.jpg|thumb|162px|Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite]]
  
−
'''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''' ({{IPA2|ˈɛrviːn ˈʃrøːdɪŋɐ}}; [[August 12]], [[1887]] &ndash; [[January 4]], [[1961]]) was an [[Austria]]n - [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] [[physicist]] who achieved fame for his contributions to [[quantum mechanics]], especially the [[Schrödinger equation]], for which he received the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend [[Albert Einstein]], he proposed the [[Schrödinger's cat]] [[thought experiment]].
+
'''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''' ({{IPA2|ˈɛrviːn ˈʃrøːdɪŋɐ}}; August 12, 1887 &ndash; January 4, 1961) was an [[Austria]]n - [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] [[physicist]] who achieved fame for his contributions to [[quantum mechanics]], especially the [[Schrödinger equation]], for which he received the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend [[Albert Einstein]], he proposed the [[Schrödinger's cat]] [[thought experiment]].
  
 
==Early years==
 
==Early years==
 +
 
In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Erdberg, Vienna to Rudolf Schrödinger ([[cerecloth]] producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, [[k.u.k.]] [[Vienna University of Technology|Technische Hochschule Vienna]]). His father was a Catholic and his mother was a Lutheran.  In 1898 he attended the [[Akademisches Gymnasium]]. Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under [[Franz S. Exner|Franz Serafin Exner]] (1849 - 1926) and [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] (1874 - 1915). He also conducted experimental work with [[Friedrich Kohlrausch]]. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.
 
In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Erdberg, Vienna to Rudolf Schrödinger ([[cerecloth]] producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, [[k.u.k.]] [[Vienna University of Technology|Technische Hochschule Vienna]]). His father was a Catholic and his mother was a Lutheran.  In 1898 he attended the [[Akademisches Gymnasium]]. Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under [[Franz S. Exner|Franz Serafin Exner]] (1849 - 1926) and [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] (1874 - 1915). He also conducted experimental work with [[Friedrich Kohlrausch]]. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.
  
 
==Middle years==
 
==Middle years==
  
−
In [[1914]] Erwin Schrödinger achieved [[Habilitation]] (''venia legendi''). Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery ([[Gorizia]], [[Duino]], [[Sistiana]], Prosecco, Vienna). On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel. The same year, he became the assistant to [[Max Wien]], in [[Jena]], and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. (''Ausserordentlicher Professor''), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US)), in [[Stuttgart]]. In [[1921]], he became o. Prof. (''Ordentlicher Professor'', i.e. full professor), in Breslau (now [[Wrocław]], Poland).
+
In 1914 Erwin Schrödinger achieved [[Habilitation]] ''(venia legendi)''. Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery ([[Gorizia]], [[Duino]], [[Sistiana]], Prosecco, Vienna). On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel. The same year, he became the assistant to [[Max Wien]], in [[Jena]], and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. ''(Ausserordentlicher Professor)'', roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US)), in [[Stuttgart]]. In 1921, he became o. Prof. (''Ordentlicher Professor'', i.e. full professor), in Breslau (now [[Wrocław]], Poland).
  
 
In 1922, he attended the [[University of Zurich|University of Zürich]]. In January 1926,  Schrödinger published in the [[Annalen der Physik]] the paper "''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem''" [''tr''. Quantisation as an [[Eigenvalue]] Problem] on wave mechanics and what is now known as the [[Schrödinger equation]]. In this paper he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time independent systems, and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for the [[hydrogen-like atom]].  This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics, and indeed of all physics and chemistry.  A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]], the [[rigid rotor]] and the [[diatomic molecule]], and gives a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation.  A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Heisenberg and gave the treatment of the [[Stark effect]]. A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in [[scattering]] problems.  These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.
 
In 1922, he attended the [[University of Zurich|University of Zürich]]. In January 1926,  Schrödinger published in the [[Annalen der Physik]] the paper "''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem''" [''tr''. Quantisation as an [[Eigenvalue]] Problem] on wave mechanics and what is now known as the [[Schrödinger equation]]. In this paper he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time independent systems, and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for the [[hydrogen-like atom]].  This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics, and indeed of all physics and chemistry.  A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]], the [[rigid rotor]] and the [[diatomic molecule]], and gives a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation.  A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Heisenberg and gave the treatment of the [[Stark effect]]. A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in [[scattering]] problems.  These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.
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==Later years==
 
==Later years==
−
In [[1938]], after Hitler occupied Austria, Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in [[1933]] and his known opposition to [[Nazism]]. He issued a statement recanting this opposition (he later regretted doing so, and he personally apologized to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the university dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to Italy. From there he went to visiting positions in [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Ghent University|Ghent]] Universities.  
+
 
 +
In 1938, after Hitler occupied Austria, Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to [[Nazism]]. He issued a statement recanting this opposition (he later regretted doing so, and he personally apologized to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the university dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to Italy. From there he went to visiting positions in [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Ghent University|Ghent]] Universities.  
  
 
In 1940 he received an invitation to help establish an [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|Institute for Advanced Studies]] in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. He became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics and remained there for 17 years, during which time he became a naturalized Irish citizen. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of [[classical unified field theories|unified field theory]].   
 
In 1940 he received an invitation to help establish an [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|Institute for Advanced Studies]] in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. He became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics and remained there for 17 years, during which time he became a naturalized Irish citizen. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of [[classical unified field theories|unified field theory]].   
  
−
In [[1944]], he wrote ''[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]'', which contains a discussion of [[Negentropy]] and the concept of a complex [[molecule]] with the genetic code for living [[organism]]s. According to [[James D. Watson]]'s memoir, ''DNA, The Secret of Life'', Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the [[gene]], which led to the discovery of the [[DNA]] double helix structure. Similarly, [[Francis Crick]], in his autobiographical book ''What Mad Pursuit'', described how he was influenced by  Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time he remained committed to his particular passion; scandalous involvements with students occurred and he fathered two children by two different Irish women. He had a life-long interest in the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Hinduism]], which influenced his speculations at the close of ''What is Life?'' about the possibility that individual [[consciousness]] is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the [[universe]].<ref>My View of the World - By Erwin Schroedinger chapter iv. What is life? the physical aspect of the living cell & Mind and matter - By Erwin Schrodinger</ref>
+
In 1944, he wrote ''[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]'', which contains a discussion of [[Negentropy]] and the concept of a complex [[molecule]] with the genetic code for living [[organism]]s. According to [[James D. Watson]]'s memoir, ''DNA, The Secret of Life'', Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the [[gene]], which led to the discovery of the [[DNA]] double helix structure. Similarly, [[Francis Crick]], in his autobiographical book ''What Mad Pursuit'', described how he was influenced by  Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time he remained committed to his particular passion; scandalous involvements with students occurred and he fathered two children by two different Irish women. He had a life-long interest in the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Hinduism]], which influenced his speculations at the close of ''What is Life?'' about the possibility that individual [[consciousness]] is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the [[universe]].<ref>My View of the World - By Erwin Schroedinger chapter iv. What is life? the physical aspect of the living cell & Mind and matter - By Erwin Schrodinger</ref>
  
 
In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ''ad personam''). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave-particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone causing much controversy.
 
In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ''ad personam''). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave-particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone causing much controversy.
  
 
==Personal life==
 
==Personal life==
 +
 
Schrödinger decided in 1933 that he could not live in a country in which persecution of [[Jews]] had become a national policy. [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Alexander Frederick Lindemann]], the head of physics at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], visited [[Germany]] in the spring of 1933 to try to arrange positions in [[England]] for some young Jewish scientists from Germany. He spoke to Schrödinger about posts for one of his assistants and was surprised to discover that Schrödinger himself was interested in leaving Germany. Schrödinger asked for a colleague, [[Arthur March]], to be offered a post as his assistant.
 
Schrödinger decided in 1933 that he could not live in a country in which persecution of [[Jews]] had become a national policy. [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Alexander Frederick Lindemann]], the head of physics at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], visited [[Germany]] in the spring of 1933 to try to arrange positions in [[England]] for some young Jewish scientists from Germany. He spoke to Schrödinger about posts for one of his assistants and was surprised to discover that Schrödinger himself was interested in leaving Germany. Schrödinger asked for a colleague, [[Arthur March]], to be offered a post as his assistant.
  
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In the spring of 1934 Schrödinger was invited to lecture at [[Princeton University]] and while there he was made an offer of a permanent position. On his return to Oxford he negotiated about salary and pension conditions at Princeton but in the end he did not accept. It is thought that the fact that he wished to live at Princeton with Anny and Hilde both sharing the upbringing of his child was not found acceptable. The fact that Schrödinger openly had two wives, even if one of them was married to another man, was not well received in Oxford either. Nevertheless, his daughter Ruth Georgie Erica was born there on 30 May 1934.<ref>''Schrödinger: Life and Thought'' by Walter John Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".</ref>
 
In the spring of 1934 Schrödinger was invited to lecture at [[Princeton University]] and while there he was made an offer of a permanent position. On his return to Oxford he negotiated about salary and pension conditions at Princeton but in the end he did not accept. It is thought that the fact that he wished to live at Princeton with Anny and Hilde both sharing the upbringing of his child was not found acceptable. The fact that Schrödinger openly had two wives, even if one of them was married to another man, was not well received in Oxford either. Nevertheless, his daughter Ruth Georgie Erica was born there on 30 May 1934.<ref>''Schrödinger: Life and Thought'' by Walter John Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".</ref>
  
−
==Death and legacy==
 
 
On January 4, 1961, Schrödinger died in [[Vienna]] of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 73. He left a widow, Anny (born Annamaria Bertel on Dec. 3, 1896, died Oct. 3, 1965), and was buried in [[Alpbach]] ([[Austria]]).
 
On January 4, 1961, Schrödinger died in [[Vienna]] of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 73. He left a widow, Anny (born Annamaria Bertel on Dec. 3, 1896, died Oct. 3, 1965), and was buried in [[Alpbach]] ([[Austria]]).
  
−
The huge [[Schrödinger (crater)|Schrödinger crater]] on the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of the [[Moon]] was posthumously named after him by the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]].  The [http://www.esi.ac.at Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics] was established in Vienna in 1993.
+
==Color==
  
−
==Color==
+
One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on [[color]], [[color perception]], and [[colorimetry]] ''(Farbenmetrik)''.  In 1920, he published three papers in this area:
−
One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on [[color]], [[color perception]], and [[colorimetry]] (''Farbenmetrik'').  In 1920, he published three papers in this area:
 
  
 
* "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 62, (1920), 603-622  
 
* "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 62, (1920), 603-622  
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* "Farbenmetrik," ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 1, (1920), 459-466 (Color measurement)
 
* "Farbenmetrik," ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 1, (1920), 459-466 (Color measurement)
  
−
==References==
+
==Legacy==
−
{{reflist}}
+
'''<<Please write his legacy here — particularly his main contributions to science, his philosophical outlook, and any influence he may have had on society in general.>>'''
 +
 
 +
== Named after him ==
 +
 
 +
* The huge [[Schrödinger (crater)|Schrödinger crater]] on the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of the [[Moon]] was posthumously named after him by the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]].
 +
* The [http://www.esi.ac.at Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics] was established in Vienna in 1993.
  
 
==Books by Erwin Schrödinger==
 
==Books by Erwin Schrödinger==
 +
 
*"Nature and the Greeks" and "Science and Humanism" Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0521575508.
 
*"Nature and the Greeks" and "Science and Humanism" Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0521575508.
 
*"The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1881987094.
 
*"The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1881987094.
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*"Expanding Universes" Cambridge University Press (1956).
 
*"Expanding Universes" Cambridge University Press (1956).
 
*"Space-Time Structure" Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0521315204.
 
*"Space-Time Structure" Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0521315204.
−
*"[[What is Life? (Schrödinger)|What is Life?]]" Macmillan (1946).
+
*"What is Life?" Macmillan (1946).
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
−
*[[Entropy and life]]
+
 
−
*[[Schrödinger's cat]]
+
* [[Max Planck]]
−
*[[Schrödinger method]]
+
* [[Paul Dirac]]
−
*[[Schrödinger functional]]
+
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
−
*[[List of Austrian scientists]]
+
 
−
*[[List of Austrians]]
+
== Notes ==
 +
<references/>
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
 
 +
* Cropper, William H. 2001. ''Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195137485.
 +
 
 +
* Moore, Walter John. 1992. ''Schrödinger: Life and Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521437679.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{commons|Erwin Schrödinger}}
+
 
−
{{wikiquote}}
 
 
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger on an Austrian banknote.]
 
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger on an Austrian banknote.]
 
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}}
 
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}}
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* "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics]''" (in English)  
 
* "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics]''" (in English)  
 
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Erwin Schrodinger]
 
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Erwin Schrodinger]
−
* [[Nobel Lecture]]s, [[Physics]] [[1922]]-[[1941]], "''[http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Erwin Schrödinger Biography]''" from NobelPrize.org
+
* [[Nobel Lecture]]s, [[Physics]] 1922-1941, "''[http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Erwin Schrödinger Biography]''" from NobelPrize.org
 
* Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics]''" [''ed.'' Schrödinger's interest in [[Vedanta]]]
 
* Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics]''" [''ed.'' Schrödinger's interest in [[Vedanta]]]
 
* [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medal] of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists ([[WATOC]])
 
* [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medal] of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists ([[WATOC]])
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{{page foot DNA discovery}}
 
{{page foot DNA discovery}}
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<br>{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}
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<br/>{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}
  
 
{{Persondata
 
{{Persondata

Revision as of 19:32, 23 October 2007


Erwin Schrödinger

File:Erwin Schrödinger.jpg
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger
Born

August 12 1887(1887-08-12)
Erdberg, Vienna, Austria-Hungary

Died January 4 1961 (aged 73)

Vienna, Austria

Residence Austria, Ireland
Nationality Flag of Austria Austria
Flag of Republic of Ireland Ireland
Field Physics
Institutions University of Wroclaw
University of Zurich
University of Berlin

University of Oxford
University of Graz
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Alma mater University of Vienna
Academic advisor  Friedrich Hasenöhrl
Known for Schrödinger's equation
Notable prizes Nobel Prize.png Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)
Quantum physics
Quantum mechanics

Introduction to...
Mathematical formulation of...

Fundamental concepts

Decoherence · Interference
Uncertainty · Exclusion
Transformation theory
Ehrenfest theorem · Measurement

Experiments

Double-slit experiment
Davisson-Germer experiment
Stern–Gerlach experiment
EPR paradox · Popper's experiment Schrödinger's cat

Equations

Schrödinger equation
Pauli equation
Klein-Gordon equation
Dirac equation

Advanced theories

Quantum field theory
Wightman axioms
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum gravity
Feynman diagram

Interpretations

Copenhagen · Ensemble
Hidden variables · Transactional
Many-worlds · Consistent histories
Quantum logic
Consciousness causes collapse

Scientists

Planck · Schrödinger
Heisenberg · Bohr · Pauli
Dirac · Bohm · Born
de Broglie · von Neumann
Einstein · Feynman
Everett · Others

File:Schrodinger1933.jpg
Schrödinger in 1933, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna, Austria.
Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (IPA: [ˈɛrviːn ˈʃrøːdɪŋɐ]; August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961) was an Austrian - Irish physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.

Early years

In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Erdberg, Vienna to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, k.u.k. Technische Hochschule Vienna). His father was a Catholic and his mother was a Lutheran. In 1898 he attended the Akademisches Gymnasium. Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner (1849 - 1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874 - 1915). He also conducted experimental work with Friedrich Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.

Middle years

In 1914 Erwin Schrödinger achieved Habilitation (venia legendi). Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery (Gorizia, Duino, Sistiana, Prosecco, Vienna). On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel. The same year, he became the assistant to Max Wien, in Jena, and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. (Ausserordentlicher Professor), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US)), in Stuttgart. In 1921, he became o. Prof. (Ordentlicher Professor, i.e. full professor), in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland).

In 1922, he attended the University of Zürich. In January 1926, Schrödinger published in the Annalen der Physik the paper "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" [tr. Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem] on wave mechanics and what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. In this paper he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time independent systems, and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for the hydrogen-like atom. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, and created a revolution in quantum mechanics, and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the quantum harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor and the diatomic molecule, and gives a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper in May showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Heisenberg and gave the treatment of the Stark effect. A fourth paper in this most remarkable series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems. These papers were the central achievement of his career and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.

In 1927, he joined Max Planck at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1933, however, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis' anti-semitism. He became a Fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford. Soon after he arrived, he received the Nobel Prize together with Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. His position at Oxford did not work out; his unconventional personal life (Schrödinger lived with two women) was not met with acceptance. In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at Princeton University; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have posed a problem. He had the prospect of a position at the University of Edinburgh but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the University of Graz in Austria in 1936.

Later years

In 1938, after Hitler occupied Austria, Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to Nazism. He issued a statement recanting this opposition (he later regretted doing so, and he personally apologized to Einstein). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the university dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to Italy. From there he went to visiting positions in Oxford and Ghent Universities.

In 1940 he received an invitation to help establish an Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin, Ireland. He became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics and remained there for 17 years, during which time he became a naturalized Irish citizen. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of unified field theory.

In 1944, he wrote What is Life?, which contains a discussion of Negentropy and the concept of a complex molecule with the genetic code for living organisms. According to James D. Watson's memoir, DNA, The Secret of Life, Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the gene, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. Similarly, Francis Crick, in his autobiographical book What Mad Pursuit, described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time he remained committed to his particular passion; scandalous involvements with students occurred and he fathered two children by two different Irish women. He had a life-long interest in the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, which influenced his speculations at the close of What is Life? about the possibility that individual consciousness is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the universe.[1]

In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ad personam). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave-particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone causing much controversy.

Personal life

Schrödinger decided in 1933 that he could not live in a country in which persecution of Jews had become a national policy. Alexander Frederick Lindemann, the head of physics at Oxford University, visited Germany in the spring of 1933 to try to arrange positions in England for some young Jewish scientists from Germany. He spoke to Schrödinger about posts for one of his assistants and was surprised to discover that Schrödinger himself was interested in leaving Germany. Schrödinger asked for a colleague, Arthur March, to be offered a post as his assistant.

The request for March stemmed from Schrödinger's unconventional relationships with women. His relations with his wife had never been good and he had had many lovers with his wife's knowledge. Anny had her own lover for many years, Schrödinger's friend Hermann Weyl. Schrödinger asked for March to be his assistant because, at that time, he was in love with March's wife Hilde.

Many of the scientists who had left Germany spent the summer of 1933 in Alto Adige/Südtirol. Here Hilde became pregnant with Schrödinger's child. On 4 November 1933 Schrödinger, his wife and Hilde March arrived in Oxford. Schrödinger had been elected a fellow of Magdalen College. Soon after they arrived in Oxford, Schrödinger heard that, for his work on wave mechanics, he had been awarded the Nobel prize.

In the spring of 1934 Schrödinger was invited to lecture at Princeton University and while there he was made an offer of a permanent position. On his return to Oxford he negotiated about salary and pension conditions at Princeton but in the end he did not accept. It is thought that the fact that he wished to live at Princeton with Anny and Hilde both sharing the upbringing of his child was not found acceptable. The fact that Schrödinger openly had two wives, even if one of them was married to another man, was not well received in Oxford either. Nevertheless, his daughter Ruth Georgie Erica was born there on 30 May 1934.[2]

On January 4, 1961, Schrödinger died in Vienna of tuberculosis at the age of 73. He left a widow, Anny (born Annamaria Bertel on Dec. 3, 1896, died Oct. 3, 1965), and was buried in Alpbach (Austria).

Color

One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on color, color perception, and colorimetry (Farbenmetrik). In 1920, he published three papers in this area:

  • "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," Annalen der Physik, (4), 62, (1920), 603-622
  • "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen," Annalen der Physik, (4), 63, (1920), 397-426; 427-456; 481-520 (Outline of a theory of color measurement for daylight vision)
  • "Farbenmetrik," Zeitschrift für Physik, 1, (1920), 459-466 (Color measurement)

Legacy

<<Please write his legacy here — particularly his main contributions to science, his philosophical outlook, and any influence he may have had on society in general.>>

Named after him

Books by Erwin Schrödinger

  • "Nature and the Greeks" and "Science and Humanism" Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0521575508.
  • "The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1881987094.
  • "Statistical Thermodynamics" Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 0486661016.
  • "Collected papers" Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 3700105738.
  • "My View of the World" Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 0918024307.
  • "Expanding Universes" Cambridge University Press (1956).
  • "Space-Time Structure" Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0521315204.
  • "What is Life?" Macmillan (1946).

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ My View of the World - By Erwin Schroedinger chapter iv. What is life? the physical aspect of the living cell & Mind and matter - By Erwin Schrodinger
  2. ↑ Schrödinger: Life and Thought by Walter John Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Cropper, William H. 2001. Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195137485.
  • Moore, Walter John. 1992. Schrödinger: Life and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521437679.

External links

Template:Page foot DNA discovery

Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates

Jean Perrin (1926) • Arthur Compton / Charles Wilson (1927) • Owen Richardson (1928) • Louis de Broglie (1929) • C. V. Raman (1930) • Werner Heisenberg (1932) • Erwin Schrödinger / Paul Dirac (1933) • James Chadwick (1935) • Victor Hess / Carl Anderson (1936) • Clinton Davisson / George Thomson (1937) • Enrico Fermi (1938) • Ernest Lawrence (1939) • Otto Stern (1943) • Isidor Rabi (1944) • Wolfgang Pauli (1945) • Percy Bridgman (1946) • Edward Appleton (1947) • Patrick Blackett (1948) • Hideki Yukawa (1949) • Cecil Powell (1950)

Persondata
NAME Schrödinger, Erwin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Physicist
DATE OF BIRTH August 12 1887(1887-08-12)
PLACE OF BIRTH Erdberg, Vienna, Austria
DATE OF DEATH January 4 1961, age 73
PLACE OF DEATH Vienna, Austria

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