Empire State Building
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| Empire State Building | |
 Empire State Building was the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1972.*
| |
| Preceded by | Chrysler Building |
| Surpassed by | World Trade Center (1972-2001) Sears Tower (1973) |
| Information | |
|---|---|
| Location | 350 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10118-0110 USA[1] |
| Status | Complete |
| Constructed | 1929 – 1931 [2] |
| Height | |
| Antenna/Spire | 1,454 ft (443 m) |
| Roof | 1,250 ft (381 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 102 |
| Floor area | 2,200,000 sq. ft 200,000 sq. m External: 2 acres[2] |
| Companies | |
| Architect | Shreve, Lamb and Harmon |
| Contractor | Starrett Brothers and Eken |
|
*Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to highest structural or architectural top. | |
The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until the construction of the World Trade Center North Tower in 1972.
The Empire State Building has been named by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate.[3] With the World Trade Center destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks, it is currently the tallest building in New York City and the second-tallest building in the United States, after the Sears Tower in Chicago.
History
The present site of the Empire State Building was first developed as the John Thomson Farm in the late 18th century. The block was occupied by the original Waldorf Hotel in the late 19th century, and was frequented by The Four Hundred, the social elite of New York.
The Empire State Building was designed by the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, which produced the building drawings in just two weeks, possibly using its earlier design for the Carew Tower in Cincinnati, Ohio as a basis. The general contractors were Starrett Brothers and Eken, and the project was financed by John J. Raskob and Pierre S. DuPont. The construction company was chaired by Alfred E. Smith, a former Governor of New York.[2]
Excavation of the site began on January 22, 1930, and construction on the building itself started on March 17. The project involved 3400 workers, mostly immigrants from Europe, along with hundreds of Mohawk nation iron workers. According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction.[4]
The construction was part of an intense competition in New York for the title of the world's tallest building. Two other projects vying for the title, 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building, were still under construction when work began on the Empire State Building. Both would hold the title for less a year, as the Empire State Building had surpassed them upon its completion, just 410 days after construction commenced. The building was officially opened on May 1, 1931 in dramatic fashion, when United States President Herbert Hoover turned on the building's lights with the push of a button from Washington, D.C..
The building's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States, and as a result much of its office space went unrented. In its first year of operation, the observation deck took in over a million dollars, as much as its owners made in rent that year. The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the "Empty State Building".[5] The building would not become profitable until 1950.[6]
The building's distinctive art deco spire was originally designed to be a mooring mast and depot for Dirigibles. The 102nd floor was originally the landing platform for the Dirigible Gang Plank. One elevator, which travels between the 86th and 102nd floors was supposed to transport passengers after they checked-in at the observation deck on the 86th floor.[2] However, the idea proved to be impractical and dangerous after a few attempts with airships, due to the powerful updrafts caused by the size of the building itself. The T-shaped mooring devices remain in place, and a large broadcasting antenna was added to the top of the spire in 1952.
At 9:49 a.m. on Saturday July 28, 1945, a B-25 Mitchell bomber flying in a thick fog accidentally crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors, where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located. One engine shot through the side opposite the impact and another plummeted down an elevator shaft. The fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.[7] Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator, which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded.[8] Despite the damage and loss of life, the building was open for business on many floors on the following Monday.
The Empire State Building remained the tallest skyscraper in the world for a record 41 years, and stood as the world's tallest man-made structure for 23 years. It was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in 1972, and the Sears Tower shortly afterwards. With the destruction the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the United States.
Over the years, more than thirty people have committed suicide from atop the building.[9] The fence around the observatory terrace was put up in 1947 after five people tried to jump over a three-week span.[10] In 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto the 85th floor and left with only a broken hip.[11] The building was also the site of suicides in 2004 and 2006.[12]
Features
The Empire State Building rises to 1,250 feet (381 m) at the 102nd floor, and its full structural height (including broadcast antenna) reaches 1,453 feet and 8 9/16th inches (443 m). The building is typically described as being 102 stories tall, although it has only 85 stories of commercial and office space (2,158,000 square feet), with an observation deck on the 86th floor. The remaining 16 stories represent the spire, which supports the broadcast antenna on top. The Empire State Building is the first building to have more than 100 floors. The building weighs approximately 330,000 metric tonnes. It has 6,500 windows, 73 elevators and 1,860 steps to the top floor. It has a total floor area of 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 square metres).
Unlike most of today's high-rise buildings, the Empire State Building features a classic façade. The modernistic stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass-enclosed bridges at the second floor level. The elevator core contains 67 elevators.[3]
There are various setbacks in the building's design, as required by New York City's Zoning Resolution of 1916. The main purpose for the law was to reduce shadows cast by tall buildings. These setbacks give the building its unique tapered silhouette.
The lobby is three stories high and features an aluminum relief of the skyscraper without the antenna, which was not added to the spire until 1952. The north corridor contains eight illuminated panels, created by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov in 1963, depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World alongside the traditional seven.
Long-term forecasting of the life cycle of the structure was implemented at the design phase to ensure that the building's future intended uses were not restricted by the requirements of future generations. This is particularly evident in the over-design of the building's electrical system.
Floodlights
Floodlights illuminate the top of the building at night, in colors chosen to match seasonal and other events, such as Christmas. After the eightieth birthday and subsequent death of Frank Sinatra, for example, the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer's nickname "Ol' Blue Eyes." After the death of actress Fay Wray in late 2004, the building stood in complete darkness for 15 minutes.
The floodlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center, then reverted to the standard schedule.[13] Traditionally, in addition to the standard schedule the building will be lit in the colors of New York's sports teams on the nights they have home games (orange, blue and white for the New York Knicks, red, white and blue for the New York Rangers, and so on). The building is illuminated in tennis ball yellow during the U.S. Open tennis tournament in late August and early September. It was once even lit scarlet red for a Rutgers University football game on November 9th, 2006, when they played the University of Louisville in what would result in the biggest win in school history.[14]
In June 2002, during the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, New York City illuminated the Empire State Building in purple and gold (the monarchical colors of the Royal House of Windsor). New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that it was a sign of saying thank you to HM The Queen for having the National Anthem of the United States played at Buckingham Palace after the September 11, 2001 attacks, as well as the support Great Britain provided afterwards.
Observation decks
The Empire State Building has one of the most popular outdoor observatories in the world, having been visited by over 110 million people. The 86th floor observation deck offers impressive 360-degree views of the city. There is a second observation deck on the 102nd floor that is open to the public. It was closed in 1999, but reopened in November 2005. Completely enclosed and much smaller, it may be closed on high-traffic days.
On April 27, 2006, daredevil Jeb Corliss, who was one of the stuntmen on the Discovery Channel series Stunt Junkies, was arrested after attempting to parachute off of the 86th floor observation balcony. He had passed internal security disguising as an old person with a fat suit, and was getting ready to make his jump wearing a parachute and video equipment when building security and the NYPD intercepted him trying to scale up the iron suicide fence and arrested him. He faces several felony charges, including endangerment of his own life and others around. Subsequently Discovery Networks denied it had given Corliss any permission to attempt the stunt, noting they require their production companies to obtain permits and permissions from local authorities before any filming. The network then fired him from Stunt Junkies and gave him a lifetime ban from appearing on any other Discovery Networks project.[15] [16]
Panoramic view of New York City from the 86th floor observation deck of the Empire State Building, spring 2005:
Broadcast stations
New York City is the largest media market in the United States. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and radio) have transmitted from the top of the Empire State Building, although a few stations are located at the nearby Condé Nast Building.
Broadcasting began at Empire in the late 1930s, when RCA leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there for Edwin Howard Armstrong. When Armstrong and RCA fell out, the 85th floor became the home of RCA's New York television operations, first as an experimental station and eventually as a commercial station WNBT, channel 4 (now WNBC-TV). Other television broadcasters would join RCA at Empire, on the 83rd, 82nd, and 81st floors, frequently bringing sister FM stations along for the ride. When the World Trade Center was being constructed, it caused serious problems for the television stations, most of which moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed. This made it possible to renovate the antenna structure and the transmitter facilities for the benefit of the FM stations remaining there, which were soon joined by other FMs and UHF TVs moving in from elsewhere in the metropolitan area. The destruction of the World Trade Center necessitated a great deal of shuffling of antennas and transmitter rooms in order to accommodate the stations moving back uptown.
As of 2005, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations:
- TV: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX-TV 11, WNET 13 Newark, WNYE-TV 25, WXTV 41 Paterson, WNJU 47 Linden, and WFUT-TV 68 Newark
- FM: WFNY-FM 92.3, WPAT-FM 93.1 Paterson, WNYC-FM 93.9, WPLJ 95.5, WQXR-FM 96.3, WQHT-FM 97.1, WSKQ-FM 97.9, WRKS-FM 98.7, WBAI 99.5, WHTZ 100.3 Newark, WCBS-FM 101.1, WQCD 101.9, WNEW-FM 102.7, WKTU 103.5 Lake Success, WAXQ 104.3, WWPR-FM 105.1, WCAA 105.9 Newark, WLTW 106.7, and WBLS 107.5.
In pop culture
- Perhaps the most famous popular culture representation of the building is in the 1933 film King Kong, in which the title character, a giant ape, climbs to the top to escape his captors. In 1983, for the 50th anniversary of the film, an inflatable King Kong was placed on the real Empire State Building. However, a mouse chewed through it one day, partially deflating the ape. It also needed a constant supply of air, and was never fully inflated.
- In James and the Giant Peach, Roald Dahl's much-loved children's story, orphan James Henry Trotter's flying peach finally docks in New York by setting down on the Empire State Building's spire. Published in 1961, the story was made into an Oscar-nominated Tim Burton-produced film, James and the Giant Peach, in 1996.
- In the video game Super Monkey Ball 2, the ESB can be seen in the background of World 4 (Inside The Whale).
- In the video game Twisted Metal 2, the Empire State Building along with the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background of the New York City level.
- In the season 2 (1988) episode The Incredible Shrinking Turtles of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon, Shredder uses an alien crystal, which fell down as an alien spaceship crashed on the Earth, to shrink down the Empire State Building into the size of a dollhouse. The people inside it are not affected by the shrinking, and have to escape to avoid being crushed as the building shrinks down.
- In 2005, a new version of King Kong was released, set in a re-creation of 1930's New York City, including a final showdown between Kong and the bi-planes atop a greatly detailed Empire State Building. (The retro-dating of this remake stands in contrast to the 1976 remake of King Kong, which was set in then-modern times and held its climactic scene on both towers of the (now-destroyed) World Trade Center instead of the Empire State Building.)
- The observation deck was the designated site for romantic rendezvous in the films Love Affair, An Affair to Remember, and Sleepless In Seattle. It was also the location of a phony Martian invasion in an episode of I Love Lucy.
- The film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow opens with a zeppelin docking at the building's mooring mast. Additionally, the building can be seen with King Kong scaling it in the background of one of the shots.
- "Terror in New York City", an episode of the Supermarionation series Thunderbirds involves an attempt in 2026 to move the Empire State Building to a new location on tracks to allow for the redevelopment of midtown Manhattan. Ground subsidence beneath the tracks results in the building's collapse.
- In the 300th issue of Superman magazine, the Empire State building is refurbished during the early 1980s to reclaim the title of world's tallest building; rising 1000 stories.
- In the movie Independence Day, the building is ground zero when an alien spaceship destroys New York City. This depiction was a homage to a similar SF invasion movie scene described in the science fiction short story "Publicity Campaign" by Arthur C. Clarke.
- Andy Warhol's 1964 silent film Empire is one continuous, eight-hour shot of the Empire State Building at night, shot in black-and-white. In 2004, the National Film Registry deemed its cultural significance worthy of preservation in the Library of Congress.
- In The Chase, a 1965 serial from the William Hartnell-era of Doctor Who, the Doctor, Barbara Wright, Ian Chesterton and Vicki, fleeing through time and space with a group of Daleks in hot pursuit, arrive in their TARDIS time machine on the Observation Deck of the Empire State Building (thus avoiding the long lines). They leave shortly after arriving and shortly before the pursuing Daleks' time machine materializes. The Daleks, ignoring the view, also leave almost immediately.
- The building has a cameo role in the 1946 cartoon Baseball Bugs. Fitting the cartoon's theme, the skyscraper is labeled the "Umpire State Building".
- In Godzilla: Final Wars. the pterosaur Rodan flies over the Empire State Building then perches atop a nearby skyscraper with The Empire State Building in the background, then and howls at the moon before continuing his rampage on New York City eventually destroying the Statue of Liberty.
- In Unbuilding, by David Macaulay, the building is bought and disassembled, to be reassembled halfway across the world as a corporate headquarters.
- In the 2003 Christmas-themed film Elf, Will Ferrell's father, Walter Hobbs, played by James Caan, works in a publishing company in the building called Greenway Press.
- In Star Trek: Enterprise, "Storm Front", a two-part season 4 episode, had an alternate timeline in which the eastern side of the United States is being conquered by the Germans, with the aid of aliens. The opening teaser of part 2 shows a propaganda news reel with footage of Adolf Hitler visiting New York and the Empire State Building. The ESB is seen again in a CGI sequence near the end of the episode.
- In Futurama the setting takes place in the year 3000 in New New York City. Old New York is now underground and in ruins. The Empire State Building is never seen in the underground ruins, but it is seen on the Surface land of New New York. This implies that either the building was rebuilt or was simply taken from the ruins and was restored. The longest time the building was shown was in the episode "Anthology of Interest I", huge Bender falls on the Empire State Building which pierces through the robot while his two arms destroy two fantasy neighboring buildings, the Empire State Building comes out undamaged. He says before dying: "Oooh... who put this in here?"
- In the video games Spider-Man 2 and Ultimate Spider-Man, players can explore, swing from and climb Manhattan skyscrapers, including the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building in Spider-Man 2 is the tallest structure you can find.
- The pulp hero Doc Savage had his headquarters on the 86th floor of a 'New York City skyscraper.' It was repeatedly implied that this was the Empire State Building, though in real life, the 86th floor is the observation deck.
- In the animated series Transformers, the Empire State Building is stolen by the Decepticons and modified to resemble a building similar on the Transformers homeworld as part of Megatron's plan in City of Steel. It is eventually restored back to its former self at the end of the episode.
- In the 2002 movie The Time Machine Alexander Hartdegen, a scientist and time traveler, uses his time machine and travels to the year 2030. Upon his arrival at the futuristic New York, you can see many noticeable structures, such as the New York Public Library and the Empire State Building.
- In the 2004 movie "The Day After Tomorrow" New York was going through a series of devastating storms, including heavy rain, snow storms, and a storm surge. When the city encountered a deep freeze, many buildings including the Empire State Building were turning pale white as the cold settled to the ground, shattering windows as it descended.
- The building can be built as a landmark in both Sim City 4 and Sim City 3000.
- In rapper Lloyd Banks' first video "On Fire", the party shown is in the Empire State Building.
- The building is featured on the cover of British band Oasis's fourth studio album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants.
- There was a scene there in the 1986 film Yogi's Great Escape.
Similar skyscrapers
The Torre Latinoamericana in Mexico City looks very similar to the Empire State Building, including setbacks and antenna. The main differences are the size and outer paneling—the Torre Latinoamericana is glass-paneled on the outside. Also of similar design are the Seven Sisters in Moscow (such as the main building of Moscow State University) and the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland. The Williams Tower in Houston is a glass-architecture version of the design, and the entrance on the ground floor is very similar.
The Reynolds Building, headquarters for the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in Winston-Salem, North Carolina is said to be the prototype for the Empire State Building. The Carew Tower in Cincinnati, is also thought to be the basis of the tower, due to the similar design by the same architectural firm, Shreve, Lamb and Harmon Associates. Another tower thought to be an inspiration for the Empire State Building is the Penobscot Building in Detroit, Michigan, completed in 1928.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Please note that the entire 10118 series of 9-digit ZIP Codes are assigned to the Empire State Building. Source: USPS.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kenneth T. Jackson: The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 375-376.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot; AIA Guide to New York City, 4th Edition; New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects; Crown Publishers. 2000. p.226.
- ↑ about.com – Empire State Building Trivia and Cool Facts
- ↑ [1] – NYT Travel: Empire State Building
- ↑ pbs.org – New York: A Documentary Film
- ↑ tms.org
- ↑ guinnessworldrecords.com
- ↑ iht.com
- ↑ Compass American Guides: Manhattan, 4th Edition. Reavill, Gil and Zimmerman, Jean P. 160.
- ↑ hytti.uku.fi
- ↑ nydailynews.com
- ↑ esbnyc.com
- ↑ espn.com
- ↑ broadcastingcable.com
- ↑ dsc.discovery.com
Further reading
- The Empire State Building Book, by Jonathan Goldman, St. Martin's Press, 1980.
- Unbuilding, by David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin, 1986.
- The Empire State Building - The making of a landmark, by John Tauranac, Scribner, 1995.
- Construction: Building the Impossible, by Nathan Aaseng, The Oliver Press, Inc., 2000.
- Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon, by Mitchell Pacelle, Wiley, 2002
See also
- World's tallest free standing structure on land
- History of tallest skyscrapers
External links
- Empire State Building, official Web site
- Lighting Schedule
- The Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930-1931, New York Public Library
- Live Webcam
- 3D model of the building for use in Google Earth
| Preceded by: Chrysler Building |
Tallest Building in New York City 1931—1973 |
Succeeded by: World Trade Center |
| Preceded by: World Trade Center |
Tallest Building in New York City 2001—Present |
Succeeded by: Incumbent |
| Supertall skyscrapers | |
|---|---|
| Current: | Aon Center (Chicago) • AT&T Corporate Center • Baiyoke Tower II • Bank of America Plaza • Bank of China Tower • Burj al-Arab • Central Plaza • Chrysler Building • CITIC Plaza • Emirates Office Tower • Emirates Towers Hotel • Empire State Building • Eureka Tower • First Canadian Place • International Finance Centre • JPMorgan Chase Tower • Jin Mao Building • John Hancock Center • Kingdom Centre • Kuala Lumpur Tower • Menara Telekom • Nina Tower I • Petronas Twin Towers • Q1 • Sears Tower • Shimao International Plaza • Shun Hing Square • Taipei 101 • The Center • Torre Mayor • Tuntex Sky Tower • Two Prudential Plaza • U.S. Bank Tower |
| Under construction: | 23 Marina • Abraj Al Bait Towers • Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower • Airlangga Residences • Al Hamra Tower • Al Rajhi Tower • Al Yaquob Tower • Almas Tower • Bank of America Tower • Burj Dubai • Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments • Busan Lotte Tower • Chicago Spire • China World Trade Center Tower 3 • City Hall and City Duma • Doha Sport City Tower • Dubai Towers Doha • Elite Residence • Faros del Panamá •Federation Tower • Freedom Tower (World Trade Center Tower 1) • Gate of Kuwait • Guangzhou Twin Towers West Tower • Ice Tower • The Index • International Commerce Centre • JW Marriott International Finance Centre • Mag 218 Tower • Marina 101 • Mercury City Tower • Minsheng Bank Building • New York Times Building • Northeast Asia Trade Tower • Ocean One • Ocean Heights 1 • Ocean Heights 2 • One Island East • Parcel 12 • Pearl River Tower • Pentominium • Princess Tower • Rose Rotana Suites • Shanghai World Financial Center • Shenzhen Nikko Tower • Sky Tower Dubai • Square Capital Tower • Tianjin International Trade Centre • The Marina Torch • Torre Gran Costanera • Trans National Place • Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) • Waterview Tower • Wenzhou World Trade Center |
| Former: | World Trade Center |
| Construction suspended: | 868 Towers Offices and Hotel • BDNI Center 1 • Dalian International Trade Center • Infinity Tower • Marina Gardens • Najd Tower • Plaza Rakyat • Ryugyong Hotel • Skycity • Tianlong Hotel • Xiamen Post & Telecommunications Building |
| See also: | Supertall proposed skyscrapers |
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