Difference between revisions of "Coconut" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Taxobox_begin | color = lightgreen| name = Coconut}} <br>{{StatusSecure}}
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{{Claimed}}
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{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:Coconut.jpg|240px]] | caption = Coconut Palm}}
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{{Taxobox
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{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = lightgreen}}
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| color = lightgreen
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{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Plant]]ae}}
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| name = Coconut
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{{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]}}
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| status =  
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{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Liliopsida]]}}
 
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{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Arecales]]}}
 
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{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Arecaceae]]}}
 
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{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = ''Cocos''}}
 
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{{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = ''C. nucifera''}}
 
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{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
 
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{{Taxobox_section_binomial_botany | color = lightgreen| binomial_name = Cocos nucifera| author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]}}
 
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{{Taxobox_end}}
 
  
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The '''Coconut Palm''' (''Cocos nucifera''), is a member of the Family [[Arecaceae]] (palm family). It is the only species in the [[Genus]] ''Cocos'', and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with [[pinnate]] [[leaf|leaves]] 4-6 m long, pinnae 60-90 cm long; old leaves break away  cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term ''coconut'' refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.
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secure
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| image = Koeh-187.jpg
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| image_caption = Coconut Palm (''Cocos nucifera'')
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Arecales]]
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| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
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| genus = '''''Cocos'''''
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| species = '''''C. nucifera'''''
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| binomial = ''Cocos nucifera''
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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}}
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{{otheruses}}
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The '''Coconut Palm''' (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the Family [[Arecaceae]] (palm family). It is the only species in the [[genus]] ''Cocos'', and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with [[pinnate]] [[leaf|leaves]] 4-6 m long, pinnae 60-90 cm long; old leaves break away  cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term ''coconut'' refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.
  
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==Origins and cultivation==
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The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many culinary and non-culinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.
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[[Image:coconut_harvest.jpg|left|thumb|A man climbing a tree to harvest coconuts. Behind the tree a young plant is visible]]
 
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The origins of this plant are the subject of controversy with some authorities claiming it is native to southeast [[Asia]], while others claim its origin is in northwestern [[South America]]. Fossil records from [[New Zealand]] indicate that small, coconut-like plants grew there as far back 15 million years ago. Even older fossils have been uncovered in [[Rajasthan]] & [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Regardless of its origin, the coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by sea-faring peoples. The fruit is light and buoyant and presumably spread significant distances by marine currents: fruits collected from the sea as far north as Norway have been found to be viable (subsequently germinated under the right conditions). In the [[Hawaiian Islands]], the coconut is regarded as a [[Polynesia]]n introduction, first brought to the Islands by early Polynesian voyagers from their homelands in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].
 
  
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The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity and prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (750 to 2,000 mm annually), which makes colonising shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward. Coconuts also need high humidity (70–80%+) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity (e.g. the [[Mediterranean]]), even where temperatures are high enough. They are very hard to establish and grow in dry climates without frequent irrigation.
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== Origins and cultivation ==
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[[Image:2005coconut_and_copra.PNG|thumb|right|Coconut and copra output in 2005]]
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[[Image:coconut_harvest.jpg|thumb|A man climbing a palm to harvest coconuts. Behind the palm a young plant is visible.|150px]]
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The origins of this plant are the subject of controversy, with some authorities claiming it is native to south [[Asia]], while others claim its origin is in northwestern [[South America]]. Fossil records from [[New Zealand]] indicate that small, coconut-like plants grew there as long as 15 million years ago. Even older fossils have been uncovered in [[Rajasthan]], [[TamilNadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Regardless of its origin, the coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by sea-faring peoples. The fruit is light and buoyant and presumably spread significant distances by marine currents. Fruits collected from the sea as far north as Norway have been found to be viable (and subsequently germinated under the right conditions). In the [[Hawaiian Islands]], the coconut is regarded as a [[Polynesia]]n introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers from their homelands in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]. They are now ubiquitous to most of the planet between 26ºN and 26ºS.
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The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (750 to 2,000 mm annually), which makes colonizing shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward. Coconuts also need high humidity (70–80%+) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity (e.g. the [[Mediterranean]]), even where temperatures are high enough (regularly above 24°C). They are very hard to establish in dry climates and cannot grow there without frequent irrigation. They may grow but not fruit properly in areas where there is not sufficient warmth, like Bermuda.
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Coconut palms are intolerant of freezing weather.  They will show leaf injury below 34ºF (1ºC), defoliate at 30ºF (-1ºC) and die at 27ºF (-3ºC).  There are rare reports of coconut palms surviving (with severe damage) to 20ºF (-7ºC).  One night of freezing weather can set the growth of a coconut palm back about 6 months.
  
 
The flowers of the coconut palm are [[polygamomonoecious]], with both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female flowers producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-[[pollination|pollinated]], although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.
 
The flowers of the coconut palm are [[polygamomonoecious]], with both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female flowers producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-[[pollination|pollinated]], although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.
  
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==The fruit==
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===Growing in the United States===
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[[Image:Cocos nucifera14.jpg|thumb|left|Maturing Coconuts on the tree]]
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The only two states in the U.S. where coconut palms can be grown and reproduce outdoors without irrigation are [[Hawaii]] and [[Florida]].  Coconut palms will grow from Bradenton southwards on Florida's west coast and Melbourne southwards on Florida's east coast.  The occasional coconut palm is seen north of these areas in favored microclimates in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metro area and around Cape Canaveral. They may likewise be grown in favored microclimates on the barrier islands near the Brownsville, Texas area. They may reach fruiting maturity, but are damaged or killed by the occasional winter freezes in these areas.  While coconut palms flourish in south Florida, unusually bitter cold snaps can kill or injure coconut palms there as well. Only the [[Florida Keys]] provide a safe haven from the cold as far as growing coconut palms on the U.S. mainland. 
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[[botany|Botanically]], a coconut is a ''simple dry [[fruit]]'' known as a '''fibrous [[drupe]]''' (not a true [[nut (fruit)|nut]]). The husk ('''mesocarp''') is composed of fibres called ''[[coir]]'' and there is an inner "stone" (the '''endocarp'''). This hard endocarp (the coconut as sold in the shops of non-tropical countries) has three [[germination]] [[pore]]s that are clearly visible on the outside surface once the husk is removed. It is through one of these that the [[radicle]] emerges when the [[embryo]] germinates. Adhering inside wall of endocarp is the testa with a thick albuminous endosperm, the coconut meat, the white and fleshy edible part of the seed.
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The farthest north in the United States a coconut palm has been known to grow outdoors is in [[Newport Beach]], [[California]] along the [[Pacific Coast Highway (US)|Pacific Coast Highway]]. In order for coconut palms to survive in [[Southern California]] they need sandy soil and minimal water in the winter to prevent root rot, and would benefit from root heating coils.
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[[Image:CoconutMandari.JPG|thumb|left|Coconuts affected by eriophyid mites, at [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].]]
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=== Pests and diseases ===
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{{Main|List of coconut palm diseases}}
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Coconuts are susceptible to the [[phytoplasma]] disease [[lethal yellowing]]. One recently selected [[cultivar]], [[Maypan coconut palm|'Maypan']], has been bred for resistance to this disease. The fruit may also be damaged by [[eriophyid]] mites.
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The coconut is also used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of many [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the following ''[[Batrachedra]] spp'': ''B. arenosella'', ''B. atriloqua'' (feeds exclusively on ''Cocos nucifera''), ''B. mathesoni'' (feeds exclusively on ''Cocos nucifera''), and ''B. nuciferae''.
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== The fruit ==
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Coconut, meat, raw| kJ=1481| protein=3.3 g | fat=33.49 g | carbs=15.23 g | fiber=9.0 g | | sugars=6.23 g | iron_mg=2.43 | calcium_mg=14 | magnesium_mg=32 | phosphorus_mg=113 | potassium_mg=356 | zinc_mg=1.1 | vitC_mg=3.3 | pantothenic_mg=0.300 | vitB6_mg=0.054 | folate_ug=26 | thiamin_mg=0.066 | riboflavin_mg=0.02 | niacin_mg=0.54 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
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[[Image:Cocos nucifera14.jpg|thumb|left|Maturing Coconuts on the palm]]
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[[botany|Botanically]], a coconut is a ''simple dry [[fruit]]'' known as a '''fibrous [[drupe]]''' (not a true [[nut (fruit)|nut]]). The husk ([[mesocarp]]) is composed of [[fiber]]s called ''[[coir]]'' and there is an inner "stone" (the [[endocarp]]). This hard endocarp (the outside of the coconut as sold in the shops of non-tropical countries) has three [[germination]] [[stoma|pores]] that are clearly visible on the outside surface once the husk is removed. It is through one of these that the [[radicle]] emerges when the [[embryo]] germinates. Adhering to the inside wall of the endocarp is the ''testa'', with a thick albuminous [[endosperm]] (the coconut "meat"), the white and fleshy edible part of the seed. The endosperm surrounds a hollow interior space, filled with air and often a liquid referred to as [[coconut water]], not to be confused with [[coconut milk]]. [[Coconut milk]] is made by grating the [[endosperm]] and mixing it with (warm) water. The resulting thick, white liquid is used in much Asian cooking, for example, in curries. [[Coconut water]] from the unripe coconut, on the other hand, is drunk fresh as a refreshing drink.
  
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When viewed on end, the endocarp and germination pores resemble the face of a [[monkey]], the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word for which is ''macaco'', sometimes abbreviated to ''coco'', hence the name of the fruit. The specific name ''nucifera'' is Latin for ''nut bearing''.
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When viewed on end, the endocarp and germination pores gives to the fruit the appearance of a ''coco'' (also Côca), a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word for a scary witch from [[Portugal|Portuguese]] folklore, that used to be represented as a carved vegetable lantern, hence the name of the fruit.<ref>Figueiredo, Cândido. Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa. Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa 1940. (in Portuguese)</ref>  The specific name ''nucifera'' is Latin for ''nut-bearing''.
  
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When the coconut is still green, the endosperm inside is thin and tender, a favourite snack. But the main reason to pick the nut at that stage is to drink its juice; a big nut contains up to one litre of refreshing drink. When the nut has ripened and the outer husk has turned brown, a couple of months later, it will fall from the tree of its own accord. At that time the endosperm has thickened and hardened, while the juice has become somewhat bitter.
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When the coconut is still green, the endosperm inside is thin and tender, often eaten as a snack. But the main reason to pick the nut at this stage is to drink its water; a big nut contains up to one liter. When the nut has ripened and the outer husk has turned brown, a few months later, it will fall from the palm of its own accord. At that time the endosperm has thickened and hardened, while the coconut water has become somewhat bitter.
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[[Image:Coconutflower.JPG|thumb|Coconut flower. Location: [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].]]
 
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To open a coconut, remove the outer husk (if not purchased already removed) and pierce two of the three ''eyes'' of the fruit (one for the juice to come out of, one to enable air to go in); drain the [[juice]] from the fruit. Since coconuts have a naturally-forming fracture point, they can be opened by taking a heavy knife, such as a meat cleaver, and striking the coconut with the flat edge of the knife. Or you can use a flat-bladed screwdriver and a hammer (which is easier, and may be safer than using a cleaver). After inserting the screwdriver slightly, twist it to crack the shell. The coconut should then be turned, and this process repeated until there is a contiguous crack in the shell around the entire fruit. Afterwards, the fruit can be separated at this fracture point. An alternative method is to first drain the juice from the coconut and then place it in an oven at 180 °C for 20 minutes. The heat will crack the shell as well as loosen the flesh, enough so that it will almost fall off.
 
  
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[[Image:CoconutMandari.JPG|left|thumb|Coconuts affected by ''[[Eriophyid]] mites''. Location: [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].]]
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When the nut is still green the husk is very hard, but green nuts rarely fall, only when they have been attacked by moulds, etc. By the time the nut naturally falls, the husk has become brown, the coir has become dryer and softer, and the nut is less likely to cause damage when it drops. Still, there have been instances of coconuts falling from palms and injuring people, and claims of some fatalities. This was the subject of a paper published in 1984 that won the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in 2001. Falling coconut deaths are often used as a comparison to [[shark]] attacks; the claim is often made that a person is more likely to be killed by a falling coconut than by a shark. However, there is no evidence of people being killed in this manner.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020719.html Are 150 people killed each year by falling coconuts?] The Straight Dope, [[19 July]] 2002. Retrieved [[19 October]] 2006. </ref> However William Wyatt Gill, an early [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] missionary on [[Mangaia]] recorded a story in which Kaiara, the concubine of King Tetui, was killed by a falling green nut. The offending palm was immediately cut down. This was around 1777, the time of [[Captain Cook]]'s visit.
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When the nut is still green the husk is very hard, but green nuts rarely fall, only when they have been attacked by moulds, etc. By the time the nut naturally falls, the husk has become brown, the coir has become dryer and softer, and the nut is less likely to cause damage when it drops. Still there have been instances of coconuts falling from trees and injuring people, and claims of some fatalities. This was the subject of a paper published in [[1984]] that won the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in [[2001]]. Falling coconut deaths are often used as a comparison to [[shark]] attacks, making the claim that it is more likely to be killed by a falling coconut than by a shark. There is no evidence of people being killed in this manner ([http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020719.html column from The Straight Dope]). However William Wyatt Gill, an early [[London_Missionary_Society|LMS]] missionary on [[Mangaia]] recorded a story in which Kaiara, the concubine of King Tetui, was killed by a falling, green nut. The offending tree was immediately cut down. This was around 1777, the time of [[Captain Cook]]'s visit.
 
  
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In some parts of the world, trained [[monkey]]s are used to harvest coconuts. Training schools for monkeys still exist in southern [[Thailand]]. Competitions are held each year to discover the fastest harvester.
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In some parts of the world, trained [[macaque|pig-tailed macaques]] are used to harvest coconuts. Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist in southern [[Thailand]] and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan. Competitions are held each year to discover the fastest harvester.
  
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==Uses==
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=== Opening a coconut ===
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[[Image:Crackedcoconut.jpg|thumb|A Coconut that has been cracked open, showing the composition of the shell, seed, and the cavity inside]]
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To open a coconut, pierce the softest "eye" with a skewer and drain the water. Then strike the coconut against a hard surface (such as concrete or a kitchen surface). It should break open similarly to an egg, cracking in more than one place. However, quite a lot of force is required. An easier way is to drain the water, then wrap the coconut in a towel and hit it with a hammer.
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[[Image:Coconut8020.jpg|thumb|Harvested coconuts cut open and drying in the sun, Fiji.]]
 
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All parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the trees have a comparatively high yield (up to 75 fruits per year); it therefore has significant [[economic]] value. The name for the coconut palm in [[Sanskrit]] is ''kalpa vriksha'', which translates as "the tree which provides all the necessities of life". In [[Malay language|Malay]], the coconut is known as ''pokok seribu guna'', "the tree of a thousand uses". In the [[Philippines]], the coconut is commonly given the title "[[Tree of Life]]".
 
  
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[[Image:Coconut palm-a view from the base.JPG|left|thumb|View of a Coconut palm from below]]
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A way to open a fresh coconut is to take a long, heavy, knife (such as a [[machete]]) and score a line across the middle of the coconut by repeatedly striking then rotating. The final stroke should be heavier than the previous to crack the coconut along the scored line.
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== Uses ==
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Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield (up to 75 fruits per year); it therefore has significant [[economic]] value. The name for the coconut palm in [[Sanskrit]] is ''kalpa vriksha'', which translates as "the tree which provides all the necessities of life". In [[Malay language|Malay]], the coconut is known as ''pokok seribu guna'', "the tree of a thousand uses". In the [[Philippines]], the coconut is commonly given the title "[[Tree of Life]]".
  
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[[Image:Coconut drink.jpg|thumb|A coconut which has been stripped of its husk and served in a hawker centre in Singapore with a straw with which to drink its water.]]
 
 
Uses of the various parts of the palm include:
 
Uses of the various parts of the palm include:
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*The white, fleshy part of the seed is edible and used fresh or dried in cooking.
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=== Culinary ===
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*The cavity is filled with "[[coconut water]]" containing sugars, fibre, proteins, anti-oxidants, [[vitamins]] and minerals, which provide excellent [[isotonic]] [[electrolyte]] balance, and an exceptional nutritional food source, which is why it is used as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics. It is also used in the making of the gelatinous dessert [[nata de coco]]. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young immature coconuts. Coconut water is sterile until the coconut is opened (unless the coconut is spoiled).
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[[Image:Coconut drink.jpg|thumb|A relatively young coconut which has been served in a hawker centre in Singapore with a straw with which to drink its water.|150px]]
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*[[Bud sport|Sport fruit]]s are also harvested, primarily in the Philippines, where they are known as ''macapuno''.  
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* The white, fleshy part of the seed is edible and used fresh or dried in cooking.
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*[[Coconut milk]] (which is approximately 17% fat) is made by processing grated coconut with hot water or hot milk which extracts the oil and aromatic compounds from the fibre, and should not be confused with the juice found naturally in young coconuts, called coconut water or coconut juice.
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* The cavity is filled with [[coconut water]] which contains sugar, fibre, proteins, anti-oxidants, [[vitamins]] and minerals.  Coconut water provides an [[isotonic]] [[electrolyte]] balance, and is a highly nutritious food source.  It is used as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics. It can also be used to make the gelatinous dessert [[nata de coco]]. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young immature coconuts; barring spoilage, coconut water is sterile until opened.
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*[[Coconut cream]] is what rises to the top when coconut milk is refrigerated and left to set.
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* [[Bud sport|Sport fruit]]s are also harvested, primarily in the Philippines, where they are known as ''macapuno''.
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*The leftover fibre from coconut milk production is used as livestock feed.
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* [[Coconut milk]] is made by processing grated coconut with hot water or milk, which extracts the oil and aromatic compounds.  It should not be confused with the coconut water discussed above, and has a fat content of approximately 17%. When refrigerated and left to set, [[coconut cream]] will rise to the top and separate out the milk.
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*The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is fermented to produce palm wine, also known as "[[Palm_wine|toddy]]" or, in the Philippines, ''tuba''.
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* The leftover fibre from coconut milk production is used as livestock feed.
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*[[Apical]] buds of adult plants are edible and are known as "palm-cabbage" (though harvest of this kills the tree).
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* The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is fermented to produce [[palm wine]], also known as "toddy" or, in the Philippines, ''tuba''.  The sap can also be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy.
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*The interior of the growing tip may be harvested as [[heart-of-palm]] and is considered a rare delicacy.  Harvesting this also kills the tree. Hearts of palm are often eaten in salads; such a salad is sometimes called "millionaire's salad".
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* [[Apical meristem|Apical bud]]s of adult plants are edible and are known as "palm-cabbage" (though harvest of these kills the palm).
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* [[coconut nectar|Ruku Raa]] is an extract from the young bud, a very rare type of nectar collected and used as morning break drink in the islands of Maldives reputated for its energetic power keeping the "raamen"(nectar collector) healthy and fit even over 80 and 90 years old. And by-products are sweet honey-like syrup and creamy sugar for desserts.
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* The interior of the growing tip may be harvested as [[heart-of-palm]] and is considered a rare delicacy.  Harvesting this also kills the tree. Hearts of palm are often eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad".
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* Newly germinated coconuts contain an edible fluff of marshmallow-like consistency called coconut sprout, produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo.
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=== Non-culinary ===
 
[[Image:srilanka_coconut_fibre.jpg|thumb|Extracting the fibre from the husk (Sri Lanka)]]
 
[[Image:srilanka_coconut_fibre.jpg|thumb|Extracting the fibre from the husk (Sri Lanka)]]
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*The [[coir]] (the fibre from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, brushes, caulking boats and as stuffing fibre; it is also used extensively in [[horticulture]] for making potting compost.
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* Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid (see [[PMID]] 10674546).
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*[[Copra]] is the dried meat of the seed which is the source of [[coconut oil]].
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* The water is also used in isotonic sports drinks.
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[[Image:srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg|thumb|Making a rug from coconut fibre (Sri Lanka)]]
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* [[Coir]] (the fibre from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, brushes, caulking boats and as stuffing fibre; it is also used extensively in [[horticulture]] for making potting compost.
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*The leaves provide materials for baskets and roofing thatch.
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* [[Copra]] is the dried meat of the seed and is the main source of [[coconut oil]].
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*The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a good source of charcoal.
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* The leaves provide materials for baskets and roofing thatch.
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*Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form a drum, a container, or even small canoes.
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* [[Palmwood]] comes from the trunk and is increasingly being used as an ecologically-sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It has several applications, particularly in [[furniture]] and specialized construction (notably in [[Manila]]'s [[Coconut Palace]]).
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*The [[wood]] can be used for specialized construction (notably in [[Manila]]'s [[Coconut Palace]]).
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* Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form drums, containers, or even small canoes.
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*The stiff leaflet midribs make cooking skewers, kindling arrows, or bound into bundles, brooms and brushes.
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* The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a good source of [[charcoal]].
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*The [[root]]s are used as a [[dye]], a mouthwash, or a medicine for [[dysentery]]. A frayed-out piece of root makes a poor man's [[toothbrush]].
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* Dried half coconut shells with husks are used to buff floors. In the Philippines, it is known as ''bunot''.
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*Half coconut shells are used in [[theatre]], banged together to create the sound effect of a [[horse]]'s hoofbeats. They were also used in this way in the [[Monty Python]] film [[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]].
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* Shirt buttons can be carved out of dried coconut shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian [[Aloha shirt]]s.
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*Dried half coconut shells are used to buff floors.
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* The stiff leaflet midribs can be used to make cooking skewers, kindling arrows, or are bound into bundles, brooms and brushes.
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*In [[fairground]]s, a "[[coconut shy]]" is a popular target practice game, and coconuts are commonly given as prizes.
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* The [[root]]s are used as a [[dye]], a mouthwash, and a medicine for [[dysentery]]. A frayed-out piece of root can also be used as a [[toothbrush]].
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*A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small bird.
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* Half coconut shells are used in [[theatre]], banged together to create the sound effect of a [[horse]]'s hoofbeats. They were used in this way in the [[Monty Python]] film [[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]].
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*Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid (see PMID 10674546).
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[[Image:Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg|thumb|Making a rug from coconut fibre.]]
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*Fresh inner coconut husk can also be rubbed on the lens of snorkling goggles to prevent fogging during use
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* The leaves can be woven to create effective roofing materials, or [[reed mat]]s.
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*Dried half coconut shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese [[yehu]] and [[banhu]], and the Vietnamese [[đàn gáo]].
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* Half coconut shells may be deployed as an improvised bra, especially for comedic effect or theatrical purposes. They were used in this way in the [[1970]]s UK [[sitcom]] [[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]] for example.
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*Coconut is also commonly used as a herbal remedy in [[Pakistan]] to treat bites from rats.
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* In [[fairground]]s, a "[[coconut shy]]" is a popular target practice game, and coconuts are commonly given as prizes.
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* A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small bird. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract [[Titmouse|tits]].
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* A 1.5" hole can be made in a coconut and a banana placed inside. Secured to a tree, it makes a monkey trap.
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* Fresh inner coconut husk can be rubbed on the lens of snorkelling goggles to prevent fogging during use.
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* Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for [[lime]].
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* Dried half coconut shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese [[yehu]] and [[banhu]], and the Vietnamese [[đàn gáo]].
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* Coconut is also commonly used as a herbal remedy in [[Pakistan]] to treat bites from rats.
 +
* The "branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a [[switch (rod)|switch]].  The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the [[Solomon islands]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.corpun.com/sbj00603.htm Corporal punishment on the Solomon Islands]</ref>
 +
* Coconut [[seedlings]] are popular novelty [[houseplants]].
 +
* In [[World War II]], [[Coastwatchers|coastwatcher]] scout [[Biuki Gasa]] was the first of two from the [[Solomon Islands]] to reach the shipwrecked, wounded, and exhausted crew of [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109]] commanded by future U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]]. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a husked coconut shell. This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the [[John F. Kennedy Library]].
 +
 
 +
== Cultural aspects ==
 +
[[Image:Coconut-youngpalm.JPG|right|thumb|A young coconut palm]]
 +
Coconuts are extensively used in [[Hindu]] religious rites. Coconuts are usually offered to the gods, and a coconut is smashed on the ground or on some object as part of an initiation or inauguration of building projects, facility, ship, etc.; this act signifies a sacrifice of ego, the idea that wealth stems from divinity, and the idea that, if due credit is not given, bad karma is taken on. In Hindu mythology it is referred as '''Kalpavruksha'''. In Hindu mythologies it is said that Kalapavruksha gives what is asked for.
 +
 
 +
* The [[Indonesia]]n tale of [[Hainuwele]] tells a story of the introduction of coconuts to [[Seram]].
 +
* The people of the state of [[Kerala]] in southern India consider Kerala to be the "Land of Coconuts"; ''nalikerathinte naadu'' in the native language.
 +
* The word "coconut" is also used as a mild [[derogatory]] slang word referring to a person of [[Latino]], [[Filipino people|Filipino]], or [[India]]n subcontinent descent who emulates a [[white person]] (brown on the outside, white on the inside).
 +
* "Coconut" is New Zealand slang for a Tongan, or other person of "Polynesian" descent, although usually not Maori.
 +
* "[[Coconut (song)|Coconut]]" is also the title of a song by [[Harry Nilsson]].
 +
* "Coconut" is also the title of an In Reverie b-side track by [[Saves the Day]].
 +
* "Coconut" is also used as a slang term for [[breast]]s.
 +
* [[Kid Creole]]'s backing singers were known as his Coconuts.
 +
* [[Cocolo]] originated as a term for a coconut seller.
 +
* [[kurumba]] used as a term for coconut (Maldives).
  
−
==Cultural aspects==
+
== References ==
−
[[Image:Coconut-youngpalm.JPG|left|thumb|A young coconut palm]]
 
−
Coconuts are extensively used in [[Hindu]] religious rites. Coconuts are usually offered to the gods, and a coconut is smashed on the ground or on some object as part of an initiation or inauguration of building projects, facility, ship, etc.; this act signifies sacrificing ego, that wealth stems from divinity, and if due credit is not given, bad karma is taken on.
 
  
−
The [[Indonesia]]n tale of [[Hainuwele]] tells a story of the introduction of coconuts to [[Seram]].
+
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
  
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The people of the state of [[Kerala]] in southern India consider Kerala to be the "Land of Coconuts", ''nalikerathinte nattil''.
+
  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
  
−
The word "coconut" is also used as a mild [[derogatory]] slang word referring to a person of [[Latino]] or Indian subcontinent descent who emulates a [[whites|Caucasian]] (brown on the outside, white on the inside).
+
  discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
  
−
"Coconut" is Australian slang for a Tongan, or other person of "Polynesian" descent, although usually not Maori.
+
  footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and  <reference /> tags
  
−
"Coconut" is also the title of a song by [[Harry Nilsson]].
+
----------------------------------------------------------- —>
  
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"Coconut" is also the title of an In Reverie b-side track by [[Saves the day]].
+
<div class="references-small">
  
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<gallery>
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<references />
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Image:1859-Martinique.web.jpg
+
 
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Image:Cocos nucifera2.jpg
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</div>
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Image:Koeh-187.jpg|19th century illustration of a Coconut Palm
+
 
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Image:Koeh-188.jpg|19th century illustration of the flowers
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{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}
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</gallery>
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 +
== External links ==
  
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==External links==
 
 
* [http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/ Coconut Research Center]
 
* [http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/ Coconut Research Center]
−
* [http://www.kokonutpacific.com.au Kokonut Pacific]  Developers of Direct Micro Expelling (DME) technology that enables Islanders to produce pure cold-pressed virgin coconut oil  
+
* [http://www.cri.lk/ Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka]
 +
* [http://www.kokonutpacific.com.au Kokonut Pacific]  Developers of Direct Micro Expelling (DME) technology that enables Islanders to produce pure cold-pressed virgin coconut oil
 
* [http://www.mysabah.com/2005_coconut-fest/ Coconut Festival]
 
* [http://www.mysabah.com/2005_coconut-fest/ Coconut Festival]
 
* [http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ Coconut Time Line]
 
* [http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ Coconut Time Line]
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html Purdue University crop pages: ''Cocos nucifera'']
 
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html Purdue University crop pages: ''Cocos nucifera'']
  
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{{Commons|Cocos nucifera}}
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[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]

Revision as of 12:28, 27 June 2007

Coconut
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
Conservation status
Secure
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Cocos
Species: C. nucifera
Binomial name
Cocos nucifera
L.
For other uses, see Coconut (disambiguation).

The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only species in the genus Cocos, and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with pinnate leaves 4-6 m long, pinnae 60-90 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many culinary and non-culinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.

Origins and cultivation

Coconut and copra output in 2005
A man climbing a palm to harvest coconuts. Behind the palm a young plant is visible.

The origins of this plant are the subject of controversy, with some authorities claiming it is native to south Asia, while others claim its origin is in northwestern South America. Fossil records from New Zealand indicate that small, coconut-like plants grew there as long as 15 million years ago. Even older fossils have been uncovered in Rajasthan, TamilNadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, India. Regardless of its origin, the coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by sea-faring peoples. The fruit is light and buoyant and presumably spread significant distances by marine currents. Fruits collected from the sea as far north as Norway have been found to be viable (and subsequently germinated under the right conditions). In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers from their homelands in the South Pacific. They are now ubiquitous to most of the planet between 26ºN and 26ºS. The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (750 to 2,000 mm annually), which makes colonizing shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward. Coconuts also need high humidity (70–80%+) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity (e.g. the Mediterranean), even where temperatures are high enough (regularly above 24°C). They are very hard to establish in dry climates and cannot grow there without frequent irrigation. They may grow but not fruit properly in areas where there is not sufficient warmth, like Bermuda.

Coconut palms are intolerant of freezing weather. They will show leaf injury below 34ºF (1ºC), defoliate at 30ºF (-1ºC) and die at 27ºF (-3ºC). There are rare reports of coconut palms surviving (with severe damage) to 20ºF (-7ºC). One night of freezing weather can set the growth of a coconut palm back about 6 months.

The flowers of the coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female flowers producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.

Growing in the United States

The only two states in the U.S. where coconut palms can be grown and reproduce outdoors without irrigation are Hawaii and Florida. Coconut palms will grow from Bradenton southwards on Florida's west coast and Melbourne southwards on Florida's east coast. The occasional coconut palm is seen north of these areas in favored microclimates in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metro area and around Cape Canaveral. They may likewise be grown in favored microclimates on the barrier islands near the Brownsville, Texas area. They may reach fruiting maturity, but are damaged or killed by the occasional winter freezes in these areas. While coconut palms flourish in south Florida, unusually bitter cold snaps can kill or injure coconut palms there as well. Only the Florida Keys provide a safe haven from the cold as far as growing coconut palms on the U.S. mainland.

The farthest north in the United States a coconut palm has been known to grow outdoors is in Newport Beach, California along the Pacific Coast Highway. In order for coconut palms to survive in Southern California they need sandy soil and minimal water in the winter to prevent root rot, and would benefit from root heating coils.

Coconuts affected by eriophyid mites, at Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala, India.

Pests and diseases

Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease lethal yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease. The fruit may also be damaged by eriophyid mites.

The coconut is also used as a food plant by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species, including the following Batrachedra spp: B. arenosella, B. atriloqua (feeds exclusively on Cocos nucifera), B. mathesoni (feeds exclusively on Cocos nucifera), and B. nuciferae.

The fruit

Coconut, meat, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy 350 kcal   1480 kJ
Carbohydrates     15.23 g
- Sugars  6.23 g
- Dietary fiber  9.0 g  
Fat 33.49 g
Protein 3.3 g
Thiamin (Vit. B1)  0.066 mg   5%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0.02 mg   1%
Niacin (Vit. B3)  0.54 mg   4%
Pantothenic acid (B5)  0.300 mg  6%
Vitamin B6  0.054 mg 4%
Folate (Vit. B9)  26 μg  7%
Vitamin C  3.3 mg 6%
Calcium  14 mg 1%
Iron  2.43 mg 19%
Magnesium  32 mg 9% 
Phosphorus  113 mg 16%
Potassium  356 mg   8%
Zinc  1.1 mg 11%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
Maturing Coconuts on the palm

Botanically, a coconut is a simple dry fruit known as a fibrous drupe (not a true nut). The husk (mesocarp) is composed of fibers called coir and there is an inner "stone" (the endocarp). This hard endocarp (the outside of the coconut as sold in the shops of non-tropical countries) has three germination pores that are clearly visible on the outside surface once the husk is removed. It is through one of these that the radicle emerges when the embryo germinates. Adhering to the inside wall of the endocarp is the testa, with a thick albuminous endosperm (the coconut "meat"), the white and fleshy edible part of the seed. The endosperm surrounds a hollow interior space, filled with air and often a liquid referred to as coconut water, not to be confused with coconut milk. Coconut milk is made by grating the endosperm and mixing it with (warm) water. The resulting thick, white liquid is used in much Asian cooking, for example, in curries. Coconut water from the unripe coconut, on the other hand, is drunk fresh as a refreshing drink.

When viewed on end, the endocarp and germination pores gives to the fruit the appearance of a coco (also Côca), a Portuguese word for a scary witch from Portuguese folklore, that used to be represented as a carved vegetable lantern, hence the name of the fruit.[1] The specific name nucifera is Latin for nut-bearing.

When the coconut is still green, the endosperm inside is thin and tender, often eaten as a snack. But the main reason to pick the nut at this stage is to drink its water; a big nut contains up to one liter. When the nut has ripened and the outer husk has turned brown, a few months later, it will fall from the palm of its own accord. At that time the endosperm has thickened and hardened, while the coconut water has become somewhat bitter.

When the nut is still green the husk is very hard, but green nuts rarely fall, only when they have been attacked by moulds, etc. By the time the nut naturally falls, the husk has become brown, the coir has become dryer and softer, and the nut is less likely to cause damage when it drops. Still, there have been instances of coconuts falling from palms and injuring people, and claims of some fatalities. This was the subject of a paper published in 1984 that won the Ig Nobel Prize in 2001. Falling coconut deaths are often used as a comparison to shark attacks; the claim is often made that a person is more likely to be killed by a falling coconut than by a shark. However, there is no evidence of people being killed in this manner.[2] However William Wyatt Gill, an early LMS missionary on Mangaia recorded a story in which Kaiara, the concubine of King Tetui, was killed by a falling green nut. The offending palm was immediately cut down. This was around 1777, the time of Captain Cook's visit.

In some parts of the world, trained pig-tailed macaques are used to harvest coconuts. Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist in southern Thailand and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan. Competitions are held each year to discover the fastest harvester.

Opening a coconut

To open a coconut, pierce the softest "eye" with a skewer and drain the water. Then strike the coconut against a hard surface (such as concrete or a kitchen surface). It should break open similarly to an egg, cracking in more than one place. However, quite a lot of force is required. An easier way is to drain the water, then wrap the coconut in a towel and hit it with a hammer.

A way to open a fresh coconut is to take a long, heavy, knife (such as a machete) and score a line across the middle of the coconut by repeatedly striking then rotating. The final stroke should be heavier than the previous to crack the coconut along the scored line.

Uses

Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield (up to 75 fruits per year); it therefore has significant economic value. The name for the coconut palm in Sanskrit is kalpa vriksha, which translates as "the tree which provides all the necessities of life". In Malay, the coconut is known as pokok seribu guna, "the tree of a thousand uses". In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly given the title "Tree of Life".

Uses of the various parts of the palm include:

Culinary

A relatively young coconut which has been served in a hawker centre in Singapore with a straw with which to drink its water.
  • The white, fleshy part of the seed is edible and used fresh or dried in cooking.
  • The cavity is filled with coconut water which contains sugar, fibre, proteins, anti-oxidants, vitamins and minerals. Coconut water provides an isotonic electrolyte balance, and is a highly nutritious food source. It is used as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics. It can also be used to make the gelatinous dessert nata de coco. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young immature coconuts; barring spoilage, coconut water is sterile until opened.
  • Sport fruits are also harvested, primarily in the Philippines, where they are known as macapuno.
  • Coconut milk is made by processing grated coconut with hot water or milk, which extracts the oil and aromatic compounds. It should not be confused with the coconut water discussed above, and has a fat content of approximately 17%. When refrigerated and left to set, coconut cream will rise to the top and separate out the milk.
  • The leftover fibre from coconut milk production is used as livestock feed.
  • The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is fermented to produce palm wine, also known as "toddy" or, in the Philippines, tuba. The sap can also be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy.
  • Apical buds of adult plants are edible and are known as "palm-cabbage" (though harvest of these kills the palm).
  • Ruku Raa is an extract from the young bud, a very rare type of nectar collected and used as morning break drink in the islands of Maldives reputated for its energetic power keeping the "raamen"(nectar collector) healthy and fit even over 80 and 90 years old. And by-products are sweet honey-like syrup and creamy sugar for desserts.
  • The interior of the growing tip may be harvested as heart-of-palm and is considered a rare delicacy. Harvesting this also kills the tree. Hearts of palm are often eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad".
  • Newly germinated coconuts contain an edible fluff of marshmallow-like consistency called coconut sprout, produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo.

Non-culinary

Extracting the fibre from the husk (Sri Lanka)
  • Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid (see PMID 10674546).
  • The water is also used in isotonic sports drinks.
  • Coir (the fibre from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, brushes, caulking boats and as stuffing fibre; it is also used extensively in horticulture for making potting compost.
  • Copra is the dried meat of the seed and is the main source of coconut oil.
  • The leaves provide materials for baskets and roofing thatch.
  • Palmwood comes from the trunk and is increasingly being used as an ecologically-sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It has several applications, particularly in furniture and specialized construction (notably in Manila's Coconut Palace).
  • Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form drums, containers, or even small canoes.
  • The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a good source of charcoal.
  • Dried half coconut shells with husks are used to buff floors. In the Philippines, it is known as bunot.
  • Shirt buttons can be carved out of dried coconut shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian Aloha shirts.
  • The stiff leaflet midribs can be used to make cooking skewers, kindling arrows, or are bound into bundles, brooms and brushes.
  • The roots are used as a dye, a mouthwash, and a medicine for dysentery. A frayed-out piece of root can also be used as a toothbrush.
  • Half coconut shells are used in theatre, banged together to create the sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. They were used in this way in the Monty Python film Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Making a rug from coconut fibre.
  • The leaves can be woven to create effective roofing materials, or reed mats.
  • Half coconut shells may be deployed as an improvised bra, especially for comedic effect or theatrical purposes. They were used in this way in the 1970s UK sitcom It Ain't Half Hot Mum for example.
  • In fairgrounds, a "coconut shy" is a popular target practice game, and coconuts are commonly given as prizes.
  • A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small bird. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract tits.
  • A 1.5" hole can be made in a coconut and a banana placed inside. Secured to a tree, it makes a monkey trap.
  • Fresh inner coconut husk can be rubbed on the lens of snorkelling goggles to prevent fogging during use.
  • Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime.
  • Dried half coconut shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese yehu and banhu, and the Vietnamese đàn gáo.
  • Coconut is also commonly used as a herbal remedy in Pakistan to treat bites from rats.
  • The "branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a switch. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the Solomon islands in 2005.[3]
  • Coconut seedlings are popular novelty houseplants.
  • In World War II, coastwatcher scout Biuki Gasa was the first of two from the Solomon Islands to reach the shipwrecked, wounded, and exhausted crew of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 commanded by future U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a husked coconut shell. This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the John F. Kennedy Library.

Cultural aspects

A young coconut palm

Coconuts are extensively used in Hindu religious rites. Coconuts are usually offered to the gods, and a coconut is smashed on the ground or on some object as part of an initiation or inauguration of building projects, facility, ship, etc.; this act signifies a sacrifice of ego, the idea that wealth stems from divinity, and the idea that, if due credit is not given, bad karma is taken on. In Hindu mythology it is referred as Kalpavruksha. In Hindu mythologies it is said that Kalapavruksha gives what is asked for.

  • The Indonesian tale of Hainuwele tells a story of the introduction of coconuts to Seram.
  • The people of the state of Kerala in southern India consider Kerala to be the "Land of Coconuts"; nalikerathinte naadu in the native language.
  • The word "coconut" is also used as a mild derogatory slang word referring to a person of Latino, Filipino, or Indian subcontinent descent who emulates a white person (brown on the outside, white on the inside).
  • "Coconut" is New Zealand slang for a Tongan, or other person of "Polynesian" descent, although usually not Maori.
  • "Coconut" is also the title of a song by Harry Nilsson.
  • "Coconut" is also the title of an In Reverie b-side track by Saves the Day.
  • "Coconut" is also used as a slang term for breasts.
  • Kid Creole's backing singers were known as his Coconuts.
  • Cocolo originated as a term for a coconut seller.
  • kurumba used as a term for coconut (Maldives).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ Figueiredo, Cândido. Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa. Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa 1940. (in Portuguese)
  2. ↑ Are 150 people killed each year by falling coconuts? The Straight Dope, 19 July 2002. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  3. ↑ Corporal punishment on the Solomon Islands
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