Central Intelligence Agency

Central Intelligence Agency CIA
Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
Agency overview
Formed	July 26, 1947
Preceding Agency	Central Intelligence Group
Headquarters	Langley, Virginia, United States
Employees	Classified
Annual Budget	Classified
Minister Responsible	John Michael McConnell, Director of National Intelligence
Agency Executives	General Michael Hayden USAF, Director   Stephen Kappes, Deputy Director   Michael Morell, Associate Deputy Director
Website
www.cia.gov
Footnotes

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States government. Established in 1946, its first function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, military and terrorist organizations, corporations, and persons. Its second function is propaganda and public relations. Its third function is as the government's hidden hand via covert operations at the direction of the President and under oversight by Congress. This last role has caused much controversy for the CIA, raising questions about the legality, morality, and effectiveness of such operations. It is forbidden by law operate within the U.S.

The CIA is an intelligence-gathering agency whose primary mission today is collecting secret information from abroad through human agents. Created in the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack to centralize all intelligence-gathering efforts by the U.S. government, its three functions are divided according to intelligence collection, intelligence analysis, and technical services. It also has the mandate to conduct covert action, semi-secret political, or paramilitary operations where the U.S. government's hand is not directly visible. It also conducts counterintelligence against foreign-government intelligence services.

The CIA is restricted from operating inside the United States, although it collects some intelligence, mainly from American visitors who return from overseas travel, or from agents who have been recruited abroad and who are then posted to the United States. The FBI is supposed to be the lead domestic-intelligence agency, but its new National Security Branch is in its early stages.

Until recently, the CIA director performed the dual functions of agency director and director of central intelligence, the nominal head of all U.S. intelligene agencies. Under reform legislation passed in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and failures related to Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction programs, the CIA was subsumed under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the CIA director lost the director of central ntelligence role. The agency has refocused as the primary HUMINT, or human-intelligence gathering agency of government.

Its elite division is called the Directorate of Operations (DO), also known as the Clandestine Service, that at its height in the 1980s numbered around 10,000 specialists in espionage, agent recruitment, and covert action.

CIA headquarters is in the community of Langley in the McLean CDP of Fairfax County, Virginia, a few miles northwest from downtown Washington, D.C. along the Potomac River. The CIA is part of the U.S. Intelligence Community, led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), and Israel's Mossad.

History and operations

Original sign with seal from the CIA's first building on E Street in Washington, DC

The Central Intelligence Agency was created by Congress with passage of the National Security Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. It is the descendant of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) of World War II, which was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments. However, the need for a centralized postwar intelligence-gathering operation was clearly recognized.

Eleven months earlier, in 1944, William J. Donovan (a.k.a. Wild Bill Donovan), the OSS's creator, proposed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt creating a new espionage organization directly supervised by the President. Under Donovan's plan, a powerful, centralized civilian agency would coordinate all the intelligence services. He also proposed that this agency have authority to conduct "subversive operations abroad," but no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad.

Despite opposition from the military establishment, the State Department, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Roosevelt's successor, President Harry S. Truman, established the Central Intelligence Group in January 1946. Later, under the National Security Act of 1947, the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were established. Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed as the first Director of Central Intelligence.

The now declassified National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948 (NSC 10/2) provided the operating instructions for the CIA's covert operations:

“

Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.

”

The CIA was successful in limiting native Communist influence in France and Italy, notably in the 1948 Italian election. It also cooperated in a clandestine NATO "stay-behind" operation in Italy called Operation Gladio, was set up in Western Europe, intended to counter a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. In addition, the CIA managed to acquire the Rosenholz files, containing the list of foreign spies of the Stasi, in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

The 16-foot diameter granite CIA seal in the lobby of the Original Headquarters Building

In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act (Public Law 81-110) was passed, permitting the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempting it from most of the usual limitations on the use of Federal funds. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It also created the program "PL-110," to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fall outside normal immigration procedures, as well as giving those persons cover stories and economic support.

The U.S. intelligence budget was disclosed in 2007 as being $43 billion.

During the first years of its existence, other branches of government did not exercise much control over the Central Intelligence Agency. This was justified by the desire to match and defeat Soviet KGB actions throughout the globe. Consequently, few in government closely inquired about the CIA's activity. Adding to this trend were the rapid expansion of the CIA, and a developed sense of independence under the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Allen Dulles.

After World War II, many scientists who had worked in Nazi Germany were extracted from Germany in order to aid the United States. Their recruitment was under the aegis of Operation Paperclip. The CIA had also been aware of the location of some high-profile Nazi war criminals, including the whereabouts of Adolf Eichmann two years before he was captured by Israeli agents. Several former Nazi operational agents were reportedly recruited as United States' secret agents.

In the 1950s, with Europe stabilizing along the Iron Curtain, the CIA worked to limit the spread of Soviet influence elsewhere around the world, especially in the poor countries of the Third World. Encouraged by DCI Allen Dulles, clandestine operations quickly dominated the organization's actions.

In 1950, the CIA organized the Pacific Corporation, the first of many CIA private enterprises used effectively by the CIA both for intelligence gathering and covert operations. In 1951, the Columbia Broadcasting System began co-operating with the CIA, as did several other news-gathering groups in later years. It also pioneered the use of new technologies in intelligence work, including the famous U-2 high altitude spy plane.

One of the CIA's major successes came during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which began on October 16, 1962. On that day, President John F. Kennedy was informed that a U-2 mission flown over western Cuba two days before had taken photographs of Soviet-nuclear missile sites. The event was a watershed for the intelligence community and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in particular. It demonstrated that the technological collection capabilities so painstakingly constructed to monitor the Soviet Union had matured to give the U.S. intelligence community an unmatched ability to provide policymakers with sophisticated warning and situational awareness. The CIA took the lead in developing aerial and space photographic systems.

Particularly during the Cold War, the CIA supported numerous governments opposed to Communist insurgencies and Marxist political movements. Some of these were led by military dictators friendly to perceived United States' geopolitical interests. In some cases, the CIA reportedly supported coups against elected governments.

The lives of 83 fallen CIA officers are represented by 83 stars on the CIA memorial wall in the Old Headquarters building.

The CIA also supported the Congress of Cultural Freedom, which published literary and political journals such as Encounter (as well as Der Monat in Germany and Preuves in France), and hosted dozens of conferences bringing together some of the most eminent Western thinkers; it also gave some assistance to intellectuals behind the Iron Curtain.

In the early 1970s, around the time of the Watergate political burglary affair. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of Congress to assert oversight of the U.S. Presidency, the executive branch of the U.S. Government. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign leaders, illegal domestic spying on U.S. citizens, provided the opportunities to execute Congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations. The CIA suffered a major public relations setback when it was revealed that the infamous burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party was conducted by ex-CIA agents, a fact put to good use by leftist student movements throughout the U.S., as well as elements of the mass media whose editorial policies were often strongly anti-Nixon.

The entrance of the CIA Headquarters.

In 1973, then-DCI James R. Schlesinger commissioned reports — known as the "Family Jewels" — on illegal activities by the Agency. In December 1974, Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the "Family Jewels" in a front-page article in the New York Times, revealing that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had conducted surveillance on some 7,000 American citizens involved in the antiwar movement (Operation CHAOS).

Congress responded to the disturbing charges in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the Church Committee, chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike Committee, chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY). In addition, President Gerald Ford created the Rockefeller Commission, and issued a directive prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders.

Under the Carter Administration, CIA Director Adm. Stansfield Turner carried out what became known as the “Holloween Massacre,” firing large numbers of the agency’s most experienced operations officers with a terse note. The action was part of a shift in emphasis within government from human-based spying operations to electronic spying. Today, the CIA is working to recover from the loss of its human-spying capabilities, shortcomings that were highlighted by the failures related to the September 11 terrorist attacks.

Perhaps the high point for the CIA was its running, along with British intelligence, of a Soviet military spy inside the GRU military intelligence service, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. Penkovsky provided documents on Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities that allowed the United States to understand the threat it was facing from Moscow’s nuclear missiles. It is an example today of the kind of intelligence that can only be provided by human spies.

Under CIA Counterintelligence Chief James Jesus Angleton, the CIA imprisoned Soviet defector Yuri Nosenko, who Angleton believed was a dispatched agent sent to provide disinformation to the CIA. Angleton had become close to another defector, Anatoli Golitsyn, who reported that a secret unit within the Kremlin was engaged in strategic difinformation against the West. The dueling defectors set off an internal struggle within the CIA and led to Angleton’s mole hunt, the search for Soviet penetration agents working within the CIA. Angleton had sought to re-orient the CIA into a strategic counterintelligence agency, whose main goal would be targeting the Soviet KGB and its sister services with the goal of bringing down the Soviet empire. Angleton, however, lost out in the power struggle to CIA Director William Colby who favored a more traditional intelligence and covert action approach.

The Farewell Dossier in 1981 revealed massive Soviet espionage on Western technology. A successful counter-espionage program was created which involved giving defective technologies to Soviet agents.

In 1983, the CIA had more spies working inside the Soviet Union than at any time in its history. CIA operative Aldrich Ames would betray 25 active CIA agents, some working at very senior levels within the Soviet establishment. Many of these were taken to prison and made to kneel and then shot in the back of the head, so that the exit wound would render the face unrecognizable. In return, Ames received over $1.3 million in payments from the KGB from 1985-91. The total would eventually rise to $4 million.

Ames was finally caught after a CIA mole-hunting team uncovered Ames's access to compromised cases and his personal finances, including $200,000 in annual credit-card debts in addition to his $69,000 salary. The CIA team was joined by mole-hunters frm the FBI, and the KGB later claimed that a Russian defector also fingered Ames.

In 1988, President George H. W. Bush became the first and only former chief of the CIA to be elected President of the United States.

Repercussions from the Iran-Contra arms smuggling scandal included the creation of the Intelligence Authorization Act in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the U.S. is neither openly nor apparently engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official, presidential finding report and the informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification."

In 1996, the U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence issued a congressional report estimating that the clandestine service part of the intelligence community "easily" breaks "extremely serious laws" in countries around the world, 100,000 times every year. According to the report, DO (Directorate of Operations) officers who engage in highly illegal activities not only risk political embarrassment to his or her country and President, but also endanger the freedom of the clandestine officer him- or herself. Regarding the facts and recent history, the case officers are held accountable for overseeing the Clandestine Service (CS), and the Directors of Central Intelligence (DCI) must work closely with the Director of the CS and be directly responsible to him.

The United States supported the Ethiopian intervention to restore the United Nations' recognized government. America also carried out reconnaissance flights and air attacks targeting the 1998 Embassy terrorists.

Some of the post-Watergate restrictions upon the Central Intelligence Agency were lifted after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the The Pentagon. Fifty-two years earlier, in 1949, Congress and President Harry Truman had approved arrangements that CIA and national intelligence funding could be hidden in the U.S federal budget. Some critics charge this violates the requirement in the U.S. Constitution that the federal budget be openly published.

In the findings of the independent National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States released on July 22, 2004, failures of the CIA in taking proper measures related to the September 11, 2001 attacks were called into account. Firstly, "The CIA was limited in its effort to try to capture al Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden and his lieutenants in Afghanistan by the agency's use of proxies." Secondly, "The failure of the CIA and FBI to communicate with each other — sometimes because of `legal misunderstandings' — led to missed `operational opportunities' to hinder or break the terror plot." Thirdly, "The CIA did not put 9/11 hijacker Khalid Almihdhar on a `watch list' or notify the FBI when he had a U.S. visa in January 2000 or when he met with a key figure in the USS Cole bombing. And the CIA failed to develop plans to track Almihdhar, or hijacker Nawaf Alhazmi when he obtained a U.S. visa and flew to Los Angeles. Both men were on American Airlines Flight 77 that crashed into the Pentagon."

On November 5, 2002, newspapers reported that Al-Qaeda operatives in a car traveling through Yemen had been killed by a missile launched from a CIA-controlled Predator drone (a medium-altitude, remote-controlled aircraft). On May 15, 2005, it was reported that another of these drones had been used to assassinate Al-Qaeda figure Haitham al-Yemeni inside Pakistan.

Soon after, President George W. Bush appointed the CIA to be in charge of all human intelligence and manned spying operations. This was the culmination of a years-old turf war regarding influence, philosophy, and budget between the DIA of The Pentagon and the CIA. The Pentagon, through the DIA, wanted to take control of the CIA's paramilitary operations and many of its human assets. The CIA, which has for years held that human intelligence is the core of the agency, successfully argued that the CIA's decades long experience with human resources and civilian oversight made it the ideal choice. Thus, the CIA was given charge of all United States' human intelligence, but as a compromise, the Pentagon was authorized to include increased paramilitary capabilities in future budget requests.

Despite reforms which have led back to what the CIA considers its traditional principal capacities, the CIA Director position has lost influence in the White House. For years, the Director of the CIA met regularly with the President to issue daily reports on ongoing operations. After the creation of the post of Director of National Intelligence, currently occupied by Mike McConnell, the report is now given by the DNI—-who oversees all United States' Intelligence activities, including DIA operations outside of CIA jurisdiction.

In 2002, an anonymous source, quoted in the Washington Post, said that the CIA was authorized to execute a covert operation in Iraq, if necessary with help of the Special Forces, that could serve as a preparation for a full military attack against Iraq. United States' intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction has been focus of intense scrutiny in America. In 2004, the continuing armed resistance against the United States' military occupation of Iraq, and the widely-perceived need for a systematic review of the respective roles of the CIA, the FBI, and the Defense Intelligence Agency are prominent themes.

On July 9, 2004, the Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq of the Senate Intelligence Committee reported that the CIA exaggerated the danger presented by weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, largely unsupported by the available intelligence.

On January 13, 2006, the CIA launched an airstrike on Damadola, a Pakistani village near the Afghan border, where they believed Ayman al-Zawahiri was located. The airstrike killed a number of civilians, but al-Zawahiri apparently was not among them. The Pakistani government issued a strong protest against the American attack, considered a violation of Pakistan's sovereignty. However, several legal experts argue that this cannot be considered an assassination attempt as al-Zawahiri is named as terrorist and an enemy combatant by the United States, and therefore this targeted killing is not covered under Executive Order 12333, which banned assassinations.

Organization

Agency seal

The heraldic symbol of the CIA consists of three representative parts: the left-facing bald eagle head atop, the compass star (or compass rose), and the shield. The eagle is the national bird, standing for strength and alertness. The 16-point compass star represents the CIA's world-wide search for intelligence outside the United States, which is then reported to the headquarters for analysis, reporting, and re-distribution to policymakers. The compass rests upon a shield, symbolic of defense and intelligence.

Structure

• Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) – The head of the CIA is given the title of the DCIA. The act that created the CIA in 1947 also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community, act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security, and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Security Act to provide for a Director of National Intelligence who would assume some of the roles formerly fulfilled by the DCI, with a separate Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
• Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DDCIA) – Assists the Director in his duties as head of the CIA and exercises the powers of the Director when the Director’s position is vacant or in the Director’s absence or disability.
• Associate Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (ADD) – Created July 5, 2006, the ADD was delegated all authorities and responsibilities vested previously in the post of Executive Director. The post of Executive Director, which was responsible for managing the CIA on a day-to-day basis, was simultaneously abolished.
• Associate Director for Military Support (AD/MS) – The DCIA's principal adviser and representative on military issues. The AD/MS coordinates Intelligence Community efforts to provide Joint Force commanders with timely, accurate intelligence. The AD/MS also supports Department of Defense officials who oversee military intelligence training and the acquisition of intelligence systems and technology. A senior general officer, the AD/MS ensures coordination of Intelligence Community policies, plans, and requirements relating to support to military forces in the intelligence budget.

Relationship with other agencies

The National Intelligence Council, which oversees production of National Intelligence Estimates, was transferred under reform legislation to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. It is believed to make use of the product derived from surveillance satellites of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the signal interception capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), including the ECHELON system, the surveillance aircraft of the various branches of the U.S. armed forces and the analysts of the State Department, and Department of Energy. At one point, the CIA even operated its own fleet of U-2 and A-12 OXCART surveillance aircraft.

The agency has also operated alongside regular military forces, and also employs a group of clandestine officers with paramilitary skills in its Special Activities Division. Johnny Michael "Mike" Spann, a CIA officer killed in November 2001 during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, was one such individual. The CIA also has strong links with other foreign intelligence agencies such as the UK's Secret Intelligence Service, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Israel's Mossad, and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service.

Further, the CIA is currently believed to be financing several Counterterrorist Intelligence Centers. One of these, known under the codename of Alliance Base, was allegedly set up in Paris and jointly run in cooperation with France's DGSE. Although classified, the CIA may also be actively cooperating with India's Research and Analysis Wing and possibly Russia's SVR. The CIA worked extensively with Pakistan's ISI throughout the Afghan-Soviet War, and works with this agency closely for the War on Terror.

CIA on Technology

The CIA was not only keeping a tab on enemy agents and spies but was, all the time, looking at how to solve these vexed issues through the use of technology and IT. Its obsession with technology was twofold: one for its own use and second how the Soviets might be using it. Right from the onset, the agency has been making confidential reports and assessing technology. The big push for the same came in 1950s with the launch of Sputnik satellite by the USSR.

The agency did not miss the computer either, the miracle machine that was also evolving more or less around the same time. There are approximately 517 declassified documents on computers, from the oldest on German textile industry using computers as a tool published in August 1945, to the latest on WMD search in Iraq dating from September, 2004. In one document, the author (the late Joseph Becker), referred to the computer as a "competent mechanical slave."

The CIA supported warlords in Somalia in order to prevent Al-Qaeda members from hiding in the war-torn country.

Criticism for ineffectiveness

The agency has been criticized for ineffectiveness as an intelligence-gathering agency. These criticisms included allowing a penetration agent, Aldrich Ames, to gain a high position within the organization while spying for the Soviet Union, and for focusing on finding informants with information of dubious value rather than on processing the vast amount of open-source intelligence. On October 13, 1950, the CIA had assured President Truman that the Chinese would not send troops to Korea. Six days later, over one million Chinese troops arrived.

In addition, the CIA has come under particular criticism for failing to predict the collapse of the Soviet Union and India's nuclear tests, or to forestall the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Proponents of the CIA respond by stating that only the failures become known to the public, whereas the successes usually cannot be known until decades have passed because release of successful operations would reveal operational methods to foreign intelligence, which could affect future and ongoing missions. Some successes for the CIA include the U-2 and SR-71 programs, and anti-Soviet operations in Afghanistan in the mid-1980s, although critics charge that these helped foster the genesis of today's terrorist groups.

Other controversies

In a briefing held September 15, 2001, CIA Director George Tenet presented the Worldwide Attack Matrix: A "top-secret" document describing covert CIA anti-terror operations in 80 countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The actions, underway or being recommended, would range from "routine propaganda to lethal covert action in preparation for military attacks." The plans, if carried out, "would give the CIA the broadest and most lethal authority in its history."

In a trend some find disturbing, many of its former duties and functions are being "outsourced" and "privatized."

Publications

One of the CIA's best-known publications, The World Factbook, is in the public domain and is made freely available without copyright restrictions because it is a work of the United States federal government.

Since 1955, the CIA has published an in-house professional journal known as Studies in Intelligence that addresses historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession. Unclassified and declassified Studies articles, as well as other books and monographs, are made available by CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence on a limited basis through Internet and other publishing mechanisms.

In 2002, CIA's Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis began publishing the unclassified Kent Center Occasional Papers, aiming to offer "an opportunity for intelligence professionals and interested colleagues-—in an unofficial and unfettered vehicle-—to debate and advance the theory and practice of intelligence analysis."

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only, HarperCollins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-638071-9
• Baer, Robert. See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism, Three Rivers Press, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4684-X
• Bearden, Milton, & Risen, James. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown With the KGB, Random House, 2003. ISBN 0-679-46309-7
• Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Common Courage Press, 2003. ISBN 1-56751-252-6
• Ranelagh, John. The Agency, the Rise and Decline of the CIA, Touchstone Books, 1987. ISBN 978-0671639945
• Westerfield, H. Bradford. Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992, Yale University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-300-07264-3

External links

• CIA official site. www.cia.gov. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
• CIA official Freedom of Information Act (foia) site. www.foia.cia.gov. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
• George Washington University National Security Archive. www.gwu.edu. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
• CIA World Factbook. www.cia.gov. Retrieved September 23, 2007.

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