Difference between revisions of "Casablanca" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Settlement | {{Infobox Settlement | ||
|official_name = Casablanca | |official_name = Casablanca | ||
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|nickname = | |nickname = | ||
|motto = | |motto = | ||
| − | |image_skyline = | + | |image_skyline = P1010511 (6105464611).jpg |
|imagesize = | |imagesize = | ||
| − | |image_caption = Casablanca | + | |image_caption = Casablanca Cathedral |
|image_flag = | |image_flag = | ||
|flag_size = | |flag_size = | ||
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|subdivision_type4 = | |subdivision_type4 = | ||
|subdivision_name4 = | |subdivision_name4 = | ||
| − | |government_type = | + | |government_type = |
| − | |leader_title = | + | |leader_title = |
| − | |leader_name = | + | |leader_name = |
| − | |leader_title1 | + | | leader_title1 = Mayor |
| − | |leader_name1 | + | | leader_name1 = Abdelaziz Amari |
|leader_title2 = | |leader_title2 = | ||
|leader_name2 = | |leader_name2 = | ||
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|leader_name4 = | |leader_name4 = | ||
|established_title = First settled | |established_title = First settled | ||
| − | |established_date = | + | |established_date = Seventh century |
|established_title2 = reconstructed | |established_title2 = reconstructed | ||
|established_date2 = 1756 | |established_date2 = 1756 | ||
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|population_note = | |population_note = | ||
|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City) —> | |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City) —> | ||
| − | |population_total = 3 | + | |population_total = 3,359,818 (2014) |
| − | |population_density_km2 = | + | |population_density_km2 = |
|population_density_sq_mi = | |population_density_sq_mi = | ||
| − | |population_metro | + | | population_metro = 4,270,750 |
| + | | population_rank = 1st in Morocco | ||
|population_density_metro_km2 = | |population_density_metro_km2 = | ||
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = | |population_density_metro_sq_mi = | ||
| − | |population_urban = | + | |population_urban = |
| − | |population_density_urban_km2 = | + | |population_density_urban_km2 = |
|population_density_urban_mi2 = | |population_density_urban_mi2 = | ||
|timezone = | |timezone = | ||
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|postal_code =20000-20200 | |postal_code =20000-20200 | ||
|area_code = | |area_code = | ||
| − | |website = http://www. | + | |website = {{URL|http://www.casablancacity.ma}} |
|footnotes = | |footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Casablanca''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "whitehouse"; [[Berber languages|Amazigh]]: '''Anfa'''; [[Arabic language|Standard Arabic]]: '''الدار البيضاء'''; [[Moroccan Arabic]]: '''dar beïda''') is a [[city]] in western [[Morocco]], located on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. | + | '''Casablanca''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "whitehouse"; [[Berber languages|Amazigh]]: '''Anfa'''; [[Arabic language|Standard Arabic]]: '''الدار البيضاء'''; [[Moroccan Arabic]]: '''dar beïda''') is a [[city]] in western [[Morocco]], located on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Casablanca is Morocco's largest city as well as its chief [[port]]. It is also the largest city in the [[Maghreb]] and the sixth largest city on the [[Africa]]n continent. It is often and justifiably referred to as the economic capital, although Morocco's political [[capital]] is [[Rabat]]. The Port of Casablanca is its nation's chief port, the largest of the Maghreb and [[North Africa]], and is one of the largest artificial ports in the world. |
| − | Its location on the coast of [[Morocco]] has rendered it an important port-city since its inception. During the [[Second World War]], the city served as a desperate whistle stop on the underground railway to [[Lisbon]] for those seeking escape from the [[Nazism]] which was spreading across [[Europe]]. | + | Its location on the coast of [[Morocco]] has rendered it an important port-city since its inception. During the [[Second World War]], the city served as a desperate "whistle stop" on the underground railway to [[Lisbon]] for those seeking escape from the [[Nazism]] which was spreading across [[Europe]]. |
| − | Casablanca is home to the grand [[Hassan II Mosque]], the second largest [[mosque]] in the world (after the [[Masjid Al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]]). It is situated on a [[promontory]] looking out to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshipers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard. | + | Casablanca is home to the grand [[Hassan II Mosque]], the second largest [[mosque]] in the world (after the [[Masjid Al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]]). It is situated on a [[promontory]] looking out to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshipers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the [[mosque]]'s [[courtyard]]. |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | The city was made famous in the 1942 film, "Casablanca" | + | The city was made famous in the 1942 [[film]], "''Casablanca,''" which starred [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Ingrid Bergman]]. A story of the conflict between love and virtue, the film has grown in popularity as the years have passed. The movie's characters, quotes, and [[music]] have become iconic. It now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time, and has made ''Casablanca'' a household word. |
== History == | == History == | ||
===Pre-French Protectorate era=== | ===Pre-French Protectorate era=== | ||
| − | The area which is today Casablanca was settled by [[Berber]]s by at least the | + | The area which is today Casablanca was settled by seminomadic [[Berber]]s by at least the seventh century.<ref name=JVL>''Jewish Virtual Library''. [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Casablanca.html Casablanca] Retrieved October 27, 2016. </ref> A small independent kingdom arose in the area then named [[Anfa]] in response to [[Arab]] [[Muslim]] rule, and continued until it was conquered by the [[Almoravid Dynasty]] in 1068. |
| − | During the | + | During the fourteenth century, while under the [[Merinid]]s, Anfa rose in importance as a port. In the early fifteenth century, the town became an independent [[nation-state|state]] once again, and emerged as a safe harbor for [[pirate]]s and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who destroyed the town in 1468. |
| − | The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called "Casabranca," meaning "White House" in Portuguese. Between 1580 and 1640, the city was under [[Spain|Spanish]] rule, to be later transferred back to Portugal, who eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following near complete destruction by an [[earthquake]]. | + | The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called "''Casabranca,''" meaning "White House" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Between 1580 and 1640, the city was under [[Spain|Spanish]] rule, to be later transferred back to Portugal, who eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following near complete destruction by an [[earthquake]]. |
The town was finally reconstructed by [[sultan]] [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]] (1756-1790), the grandson of [[Moulay Ismail]] and ally of [[George Washington]]. The town was called '''Dar el Beida''' (white house) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and '''Casa Blanca''' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. | The town was finally reconstructed by [[sultan]] [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]] (1756-1790), the grandson of [[Moulay Ismail]] and ally of [[George Washington]]. The town was called '''Dar el Beida''' (white house) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and '''Casa Blanca''' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. | ||
| − | In the | + | In the nineteenth century, the area's population grew as Casablanca became a major supplier of [[wool]] to the booming [[textile]] industry in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing [[Morocco]]'s now famous national drink, [[gunpowder tea]]). By the 1860s, there were around 5000 residents, with the population increasing to approximately 10,000 by the late 1880s.<ref name=Pen>C. R. Pennell, ''Morocco: from empire to independence'' (Oxford: Oneworld, 2009).</ref> Casablanca remained a modestly-sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of [[French colonial empires|French colonialists]] in the town, at first administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1906. By 1921, this was to rise to 110,000,<ref name=Pen/> largely through the development of ''[[shanty town|bidonvilles]].'' |
===French rule=== | ===French rule=== | ||
[[image:Casablanca-Conference.jpg|thumb|right|200px|U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] surrounded by military leaders at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943.]] | [[image:Casablanca-Conference.jpg|thumb|right|200px|U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] surrounded by military leaders at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943.]] | ||
| − | In June 1907, the French attempted to build a [[light railway]] near the port, passing through a graveyard. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of colonialization, although French control of Casablanca was not formalized until 1910. During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major center of anti-French rioting. | + | In June 1907, the French attempted to build a [[Railway|light railway]] near the port, passing through a [[Cemetery|graveyard]]. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of [[colonialization]], although French control of Casablanca was not formalized until 1910. During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major center of anti-French [[rioting]]. |
===The Casablanca Conference=== | ===The Casablanca Conference=== | ||
Casablanca was an important strategic port during [[World War II]] and the site of a large [[United States|American]] air base, which was the staging area for all American aircraft for the [[European Theater of Operations]]. | Casablanca was an important strategic port during [[World War II]] and the site of a large [[United States|American]] air base, which was the staging area for all American aircraft for the [[European Theater of Operations]]. | ||
| − | The city hosted the important [[Casablanca Conference (1943)|Casablanca Conference]] in January 1943 in which [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] met to analyze the progress and discuss further strategy of the war. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] had been invited to attend, but declined. General [[Charles de Gaulle]] had initially refused to come but changed his mind when Churchill threatened to recognize [[Henri Giraud]] as head of the [[Free French Forces]] in his place. Giraud was also present at Casablanca, which reportedly caused notable tension. | + | The city hosted the important [[Casablanca Conference (1943)|Casablanca Conference]]<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/88778.htm Casablanca Conference (1943)]. ''US State dept''. Retrieved October 27, 2016.</ref>- considered by some to be the turning point of the war - in January 1943 in which [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] met to analyze the progress and discuss further strategy of the war. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] had been invited to attend, but declined. General [[Charles de Gaulle]] had initially refused to come but changed his mind when Churchill threatened to recognize [[Henri Giraud]] as head of the [[Free French Forces]] in his place. Giraud was also present at Casablanca, which reportedly caused notable tension. |
| − | The Conference produced the "Casablanca Declaration," which called for the Allies to seek the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers. It also called for Allied aid to the Soviet Union in the invasion of [[Sicily]] and [[Italy]], and the recognition of joint leadership of the Free French by de Gaulle and Giraud. | + | The Conference produced the "''Casablanca Declaration,''" which called for the Allies to seek the unconditional surrender of the [[Axis Powers]]. It also called for Allied aid to the [[Soviet Union]] in the invasion of [[Sicily]] and [[Italy]], and the recognition of joint leadership of the Free French by [[Charles de Gaulle]] and [[Giraud]]. |
| − | The Casablanca Conference was followed by the [[Cairo Conference]], the [[Tehran Conference]], the [[Yalta Conference]] and the [[Potsdam Conference]]. | + | The Casablanca Conference was followed by the [[Cairo Conference]] (November 1943), the [[Tehran Conference]] (Nov. 28 - Dec., 1943), the [[Yalta Conference]] (Feb. 4 - 11, 1945) and the [[Potsdam Conference]] (July - August 1945). |
===Since independence=== | ===Since independence=== | ||
[[Morocco]] gained independence from [[France]] on March 2, 1956. Since that time Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of the nation, while [[Rabat]] is the political capital. | [[Morocco]] gained independence from [[France]] on March 2, 1956. Since that time Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of the nation, while [[Rabat]] is the political capital. | ||
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| − | + | In March 2000, women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. Forty thousand women attended, calling for a ban on [[polygamy]] and the introduction of [[Talaq (Nikah)|divorce law]] (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change begun then was influential on [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]], who enacted a new ''Mudawana,'' or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of [[women's rights]] activists. | |
| − | + | On May 16, 2003, 45 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by local Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to [[al-Qaeda]]. Several of those convicted for their roles in the bombings escaped by tunneling out of their prison.<ref> Casablanca Terrorist Bombers Tunnel Out Of Jail. ''National Terror Alert'', April 8, 2008.</ref> | |
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
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The 1956 Moroccon independence brought several years of economic hardship for Casablanca, but the city soon revived through its focus on industry and commerce. | The 1956 Moroccon independence brought several years of economic hardship for Casablanca, but the city soon revived through its focus on industry and commerce. | ||
| − | The Greater Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32 percent of the country’s production units and 56 percent of [[industrial labor]]. The region uses 30 percent of the national [[electricity]] production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes 44 percent of the nation's industrial production. Thirty-three | + | The Greater Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32 percent of the country’s production units and 56 percent of [[industrial labor]]. The region uses 30 percent of the national [[electricity]] production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes 44 percent of the nation's industrial production. Thirty-three percent of national industrial exportations, (MAD 27 billions), which is comparable with US $ 3.6 billion, come from Greater Casablanca. The majority of the nation's banking network is concentrated in the city. |
One of the most important exports is [[phosphate]]. Other industries include [[fishing]] and fish canning, [[sawmill]]ing, furniture making, building materials, [[glass]], [[textile]]s, [[electronics]], [[leather]] work, processed [[food]], [[beer]], spirits, [[soft drink]]s, and [[cigarette]]s. | One of the most important exports is [[phosphate]]. Other industries include [[fishing]] and fish canning, [[sawmill]]ing, furniture making, building materials, [[glass]], [[textile]]s, [[electronics]], [[leather]] work, processed [[food]], [[beer]], spirits, [[soft drink]]s, and [[cigarette]]s. | ||
===Port of Casablanca=== | ===Port of Casablanca=== | ||
| − | The ''Port of Casablanca'' refers to the collective facilities and [[terminal]]s that conduct [[maritime trade]] functions in the city's harbors, and which handle Casablanca's [[shipping]]. The man-made port is protected from the sea by a breakwater. Not only does it handle the majority of Morocco's foreign trade, it is also a port of call for [[Europe]]an ships. The boulevard leading to the port is lined with tourist shops. One of the largest artificial ports in the world. <ref> Tore Kjeilen | + | The ''Port of Casablanca'' refers to the collective facilities and [[terminal]]s that conduct [[maritime trade]] functions in the city's harbors, and which handle Casablanca's [[shipping]]. The man-made port is protected from the sea by a breakwater. Not only does it handle the majority of Morocco's foreign trade, it is also a port of call for [[Europe]]an ships. The boulevard leading to the port is lined with tourist shops. One of the largest artificial ports in the world. <ref> Tore Kjeilen, Casablanca ''Encyclopedia of the Orient''.</ref>, it is also the largest port within the [[Maghreb]] and [[North Africa]]. |
Casablanca's port treats a traffic of more than 21,3 million tons per annum, 38 percent of the national traffic, and carries out a sales turnover of more than 894 Million [[Moroccan Dirham]]s. With an extent of 605 hectares and extending to more than 8 kilometers in length. It can accommodate and treat more than 35 [[ship]]s at once. | Casablanca's port treats a traffic of more than 21,3 million tons per annum, 38 percent of the national traffic, and carries out a sales turnover of more than 894 Million [[Moroccan Dirham]]s. With an extent of 605 hectares and extending to more than 8 kilometers in length. It can accommodate and treat more than 35 [[ship]]s at once. | ||
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==Cityscape== | ==Cityscape== | ||
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Approximately 12 percent of Morocco's [[population]] lives in the greater Casablanca region, which is also the largest urban area in the [[Maghreb]]. A 2005 census estimate listed the population at 3.85 million, though that figure is disputed by locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work. | Approximately 12 percent of Morocco's [[population]] lives in the greater Casablanca region, which is also the largest urban area in the [[Maghreb]]. A 2005 census estimate listed the population at 3.85 million, though that figure is disputed by locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work. | ||
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=== Landmarks === | === Landmarks === | ||
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Casablanca is home to the [[Hassan II Mosque]], designed by the French architect [[Michel Pinseau]] and built by Bouygues Construction. It is situated on a [[promontory]] looking out to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard. Its [[minaret]] is the world's tallest at 210 meters. It is the second largest [[mosque]] in the world (after the [[Masjid Al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]]). | Casablanca is home to the [[Hassan II Mosque]], designed by the French architect [[Michel Pinseau]] and built by Bouygues Construction. It is situated on a [[promontory]] looking out to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard. Its [[minaret]] is the world's tallest at 210 meters. It is the second largest [[mosque]] in the world (after the [[Masjid Al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]]). | ||
Work on the mosque was started in 1980, and was intended to be completed for the 60th birthday of the former [[King of Morocco|Moroccan king]], [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]], in 1989. However, the building was not inaugurated until 1993. Authorities spent an estimated $800 million in the construction of the building. | Work on the mosque was started in 1980, and was intended to be completed for the 60th birthday of the former [[King of Morocco|Moroccan king]], [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]], in 1989. However, the building was not inaugurated until 1993. Authorities spent an estimated $800 million in the construction of the building. | ||
| − | The ''Parc de la Ligue Arabe'' (formally called ''Lyautey'') is the city's largest [[public park]]. On its edge is situated the [[Cathedrale du Sacré Coeur]], which is no longer in use, but is a splendid example of ''[[Moorish Revival|Mauresque]]'' architecture. | + | The ''Parc de la Ligue Arabe'' (formally called ''Lyautey'') is the city's largest [[public park]]. On its edge is situated the [[Cathedrale du Sacré Coeur]], built in 1930, which is no longer in use, but is a splendid example of ''[[Moorish Revival|Mauresque]]'' architecture. |
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==Transport== | ==Transport== | ||
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== Casablanca in film == | == Casablanca in film == | ||
| − | Casablanca was the setting of a 1942 film starring [[Humphrey Bogart]] (as Rick) and [[Ingrid Bergman]] as (Ilsa). Set in the [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-controlled city during [[World War II]], its focus was on Rick's conflict between, in the words of one character, [[love]] and [[virtue]]: he must choose between his love for Ilsa and doing the right thing, helping her and her [[Resistance during World War II|Resistance]] leader husband escape from Casablanca to continue his fight against the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. | + | Casablanca was the setting of a 1942 film starring [[Humphrey Bogart]] (as Rick) and [[Ingrid Bergman]] as (Ilsa). Set in the [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-controlled city during [[World War II]], its focus was on Rick's conflict between, in the words of one character, [[love]] and [[virtue]]: he must choose between his love for Ilsa and doing the right thing, helping her and her [[Resistance during World War II|Resistance]] leader husband, [[Paul Henreid]] (Victor Laszlo) escape from Casablanca to continue his fight against the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. |
The film won three Oscars in 1943, including the [[Academy Award|Academy Award for Best Picture]], and was nominated in five additional categories. The characters, quotes, and [[music]] have become iconic, and the film has grown in popularity as time has gone by. It now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time, and has made ''Casablanca'' a household word. | The film won three Oscars in 1943, including the [[Academy Award|Academy Award for Best Picture]], and was nominated in five additional categories. The characters, quotes, and [[music]] have become iconic, and the film has grown in popularity as time has gone by. It now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time, and has made ''Casablanca'' a household word. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
| − | * Atkinson, Rick | + | * Atkinson, Rick. ''An army at dawn the war in North Africa, 1942-1943.'' New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002. ISBN 978-0805062885 |
| − | * Cahill, Marie | + | *Bahiyyih Maroon, “Leisure Space: Thematic Style and Cultural Exclusion in Casablanca,” 137-151. in Scott A. Lukas, ''The themed space: locating culture, nation, and self.'' Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007. ISBN 0739121421 |
| − | * Koch, Howard, and Julius J. Epstein | + | * Cahill, Marie. ''Casablanca.'' (Hollywood classics.) New York, NY: Smithmark, 1991. ISBN 978-0831745745 |
| − | * | + | * Koch, Howard, and Julius J. Epstein. ''Casablanca; script and legend.'' Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1973. ISBN 0879510064 |
| − | * Porch, Douglas | + | * Pennell, C.R. ''Morocco: from empire to independence,'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009. ISBN 1851686347 |
| + | * Porch, Douglas. ''The conquest of Morocco''. New York: Knopf, 1983. ISBN 978-0394511580 | ||
== External Links == | == External Links == | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 29, 2023. | |
| − | + | * [http://www.morocco-guide.com/casablanca/ Casablanca Travel Guide]. ''Morocco-Guide'' | |
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[[Category:Geography]] | [[Category:Geography]] | ||
[[Category:Middle East]] | [[Category:Middle East]] | ||
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| − | {{ | + | {{credits|Casablanca|217572737|Casablanca_(film)|218123567|Casablanca_Conference|211921706|Port_of_Casablanca|199740616}} |
Latest revision as of 14:16, 29 November 2023
| Casablanca Anfa / الدار البيضاء Dar-el-Baida |
|
.jpg) |
|
  Casablanca |
|
| Coordinates: 33°32′N 7°35′W | |
|---|---|
| Country | Morocco |
| administrative region | Greater Casablanca |
| First settled | Seventh century |
| reconstructed | 1756 |
| Area | |
| - City | 324 km² (125.1 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| - City | 3,359,818 (2,014) |
| - Metro | 4,270,750 |
| Postal code | 20000-20200 |
| Website: www.casablancacity.ma | |
Casablanca (Spanish for "whitehouse"; Amazigh: Anfa; Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda) is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. Casablanca is Morocco's largest city as well as its chief port. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb and the sixth largest city on the African continent. It is often and justifiably referred to as the economic capital, although Morocco's political capital is Rabat. The Port of Casablanca is its nation's chief port, the largest of the Maghreb and North Africa, and is one of the largest artificial ports in the world.
Its location on the coast of Morocco has rendered it an important port-city since its inception. During the Second World War, the city served as a desperate "whistle stop" on the underground railway to Lisbon for those seeking escape from the Nazism which was spreading across Europe.
Casablanca is home to the grand Hassan II Mosque, the second largest mosque in the world (after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca). It is situated on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshipers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard.
The city was made famous in the 1942 film, "Casablanca," which starred Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. A story of the conflict between love and virtue, the film has grown in popularity as the years have passed. The movie's characters, quotes, and music have become iconic. It now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time, and has made Casablanca a household word.
History
Pre-French Protectorate era
The area which is today Casablanca was settled by seminomadic Berbers by at least the seventh century.[1] A small independent kingdom arose in the area then named Anfa in response to Arab Muslim rule, and continued until it was conquered by the Almoravid Dynasty in 1068.
During the fourteenth century, while under the Merinids, Anfa rose in importance as a port. In the early fifteenth century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbor for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who destroyed the town in 1468.
The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called "Casabranca," meaning "White House" in Portuguese. Between 1580 and 1640, the city was under Spanish rule, to be later transferred back to Portugal, who eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following near complete destruction by an earthquake.
The town was finally reconstructed by sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah (1756-1790), the grandson of Moulay Ismail and ally of George Washington. The town was called Dar el Beida (white house) in Arabic and Casa Blanca in Spanish.
In the nineteenth century, the area's population grew as Casablanca became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing Morocco's now famous national drink, gunpowder tea). By the 1860s, there were around 5000 residents, with the population increasing to approximately 10,000 by the late 1880s.[2] Casablanca remained a modestly-sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in the town, at first administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1906. By 1921, this was to rise to 110,000,[2] largely through the development of bidonvilles.
French rule
In June 1907, the French attempted to build a light railway near the port, passing through a graveyard. Residents attacked the French workers, and riots ensued. French troops were landed in order to restore order, which was achieved only after severe damage to the town. The French then took control of Casablanca. This effectively began the process of colonialization, although French control of Casablanca was not formalized until 1910. During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major center of anti-French rioting.
The Casablanca Conference
Casablanca was an important strategic port during World War II and the site of a large American air base, which was the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theater of Operations.
The city hosted the important Casablanca Conference[3]- considered by some to be the turning point of the war - in January 1943 in which Churchill and Roosevelt met to analyze the progress and discuss further strategy of the war. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been invited to attend, but declined. General Charles de Gaulle had initially refused to come but changed his mind when Churchill threatened to recognize Henri Giraud as head of the Free French Forces in his place. Giraud was also present at Casablanca, which reportedly caused notable tension.
The Conference produced the "Casablanca Declaration," which called for the Allies to seek the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers. It also called for Allied aid to the Soviet Union in the invasion of Sicily and Italy, and the recognition of joint leadership of the Free French by Charles de Gaulle and Giraud.
The Casablanca Conference was followed by the Cairo Conference (November 1943), the Tehran Conference (Nov. 28 - Dec., 1943), the Yalta Conference (Feb. 4 - 11, 1945) and the Potsdam Conference (July - August 1945).
Since independence
Morocco gained independence from France on March 2, 1956. Since that time Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of the nation, while Rabat is the political capital.
In March 2000, women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. Forty thousand women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change begun then was influential on King Mohammed VI, who enacted a new Mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.
On May 16, 2003, 45 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by local Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda. Several of those convicted for their roles in the bombings escaped by tunneling out of their prison.[4]
Economy
The 1956 Moroccon independence brought several years of economic hardship for Casablanca, but the city soon revived through its focus on industry and commerce.
The Greater Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32 percent of the country’s production units and 56 percent of industrial labor. The region uses 30 percent of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes 44 percent of the nation's industrial production. Thirty-three percent of national industrial exportations, (MAD 27 billions), which is comparable with US $ 3.6 billion, come from Greater Casablanca. The majority of the nation's banking network is concentrated in the city.
One of the most important exports is phosphate. Other industries include fishing and fish canning, sawmilling, furniture making, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, beer, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.
Port of Casablanca
The Port of Casablanca refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade functions in the city's harbors, and which handle Casablanca's shipping. The man-made port is protected from the sea by a breakwater. Not only does it handle the majority of Morocco's foreign trade, it is also a port of call for European ships. The boulevard leading to the port is lined with tourist shops. One of the largest artificial ports in the world. [5], it is also the largest port within the Maghreb and North Africa.
Casablanca's port treats a traffic of more than 21,3 million tons per annum, 38 percent of the national traffic, and carries out a sales turnover of more than 894 Million Moroccan Dirhams. With an extent of 605 hectares and extending to more than 8 kilometers in length. It can accommodate and treat more than 35 ships at once.
The port is located near Hassan II Mosque.
Cityscape
Approximately 12 percent of Morocco's population lives in the greater Casablanca region, which is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb. A 2005 census estimate listed the population at 3.85 million, though that figure is disputed by locals, who point to a number between 5 and 6 million, citing recent drought years as a reason for many people moving into the city to find work.
The area surrounding the Port is lined with tourist shops. Inland from the harbor is the original Arab town, known as the Old Medina. This area is partially enclosed by the original rampart walls, and is a maze of narrow streets and stone houses. It attracts fewer tourists than the medinas of other Moroccan towns, such as Fes and Marrakech. However, it has undergone some restoration in recent years. Included in this project have been the western walls of the medina, its skala, or bastion, and its colonial-period clock tower.
Built in a semicircle just outside these walls is the town built by the French, known as the French period New Town. Designed by the French architect Henri Prost, it a model of a new town at that time. The main streets of the New Town radiate south and east from Place des Nations Unies, where the main market of Anfa had been. The New Town is possibly the most impressive in Morocco. Former admistrative buildings and modern hotels populate the area. Their style is a combination of Hispano-Mauresque and Art Deco styles.
Landmarks
Casablanca is home to the Hassan II Mosque, designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau and built by Bouygues Construction. It is situated on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's courtyard. Its minaret is the world's tallest at 210 meters. It is the second largest mosque in the world (after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca).
Work on the mosque was started in 1980, and was intended to be completed for the 60th birthday of the former Moroccan king, Hassan II, in 1989. However, the building was not inaugurated until 1993. Authorities spent an estimated $800 million in the construction of the building.
The Parc de la Ligue Arabe (formally called Lyautey) is the city's largest public park. On its edge is situated the Cathedrale du Sacré Coeur, built in 1930, which is no longer in use, but is a splendid example of Mauresque architecture.
Transport
- Air
Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, and Tangier, Laayoune as well as other cities.
Casablanca is well served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York, Dakar and Dubai are important primary destinations.
The older, smaller Casablanca Anfa airport to the west of the city which served certain destinations including Sydney, Damascus, and Tunis is scheduled closed to civilian traffic in 2006.
- Rail
Casablanca is served by two rail stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF. The main long haul station is Casa-Voyageurs, from which trains run south to Marrakech or El Jadida and north to Rabat, and then on either to Tangier or Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda. A dedicated airport shuttle service to Mohammed V International Airport also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.
The second station, Casa-Port, serves primarily commuter trains running the Casablanca - Kenitra corridor, with some connecting trains running to Gare de Casa-Voyageurs
Casablanca in film
Casablanca was the setting of a 1942 film starring Humphrey Bogart (as Rick) and Ingrid Bergman as (Ilsa). Set in the Vichy-controlled city during World War II, its focus was on Rick's conflict between, in the words of one character, love and virtue: he must choose between his love for Ilsa and doing the right thing, helping her and her Resistance leader husband, Paul Henreid (Victor Laszlo) escape from Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis.
The film won three Oscars in 1943, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, and was nominated in five additional categories. The characters, quotes, and music have become iconic, and the film has grown in popularity as time has gone by. It now consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time, and has made Casablanca a household word.
Notes
- ↑ Jewish Virtual Library. Casablanca Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 C. R. Pennell, Morocco: from empire to independence (Oxford: Oneworld, 2009).
- ↑ Casablanca Conference (1943). US State dept. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ↑ Casablanca Terrorist Bombers Tunnel Out Of Jail. National Terror Alert, April 8, 2008.
- ↑ Tore Kjeilen, Casablanca Encyclopedia of the Orient.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Atkinson, Rick. An army at dawn the war in North Africa, 1942-1943. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002. ISBN 978-0805062885
- Bahiyyih Maroon, “Leisure Space: Thematic Style and Cultural Exclusion in Casablanca,” 137-151. in Scott A. Lukas, The themed space: locating culture, nation, and self. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007. ISBN 0739121421
- Cahill, Marie. Casablanca. (Hollywood classics.) New York, NY: Smithmark, 1991. ISBN 978-0831745745
- Koch, Howard, and Julius J. Epstein. Casablanca; script and legend. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1973. ISBN 0879510064
- Pennell, C.R. Morocco: from empire to independence, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009. ISBN 1851686347
- Porch, Douglas. The conquest of Morocco. New York: Knopf, 1983. ISBN 978-0394511580
External Links
All links retrieved November 29, 2023.
- Casablanca Travel Guide. Morocco-Guide
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