Difference between revisions of "Winnebago" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | The [[Ho-Chunk language]] is part of the [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] [[language family]], and is closely related to the languages of the [[Iowa tribe|Iowa]], [[Missouri tribe|Missouri]], and [[Oto tribe|Oto]]. | ||
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| + | The '''Winnebago language''' is the language of [[Winnebago (tribe)|Winnebago]] and [[Ho Chunk]] Winnebago tribes of [[Native Americans in the United States]]. The language is part of the [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] [[language family]], and is closely related to the languages of the [[Iowa tribe|Iowa]], [[Missouri tribe|Missouri]], and [[Oto tribe|Oto]]. The language can be written using the [[Great Lakes Aboriginal Syllabics|"Pa-Pe-Pi-Po" syllabics]], although as of 1994 the official orthography of the [[Ho-Chunk|Ho-Chunk Nation]] is an adaptation of the [[Roman alphabet]]. Although the language is highly endangered, there are currently vigorous efforts underway to keep it alive, primarily through the Hocąk Wazija Haci Language Division. | ||
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| + | ==History== | ||
The Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around [[Bay of Green Bay|Green Bay]] in [[Wisconsin]], reaching beyond [[Lake Winnebago]] to the [[Wisconsin River]] and to the [[Rock River (Illinois)|Rock River]] in [[Illinois]]. The influx of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] fleeing eastern intertribal wars reduced their lands and brought [[European]] diseases which severely reduced the tribal population. The tribe traditionally practiced [[maize|corn]] agriculture in addition to hunting. They were not advanced in agriculture but living on Green Bay they would fish, collect wild rice, gather sugar from maple trees, and would hunt game. | The Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around [[Bay of Green Bay|Green Bay]] in [[Wisconsin]], reaching beyond [[Lake Winnebago]] to the [[Wisconsin River]] and to the [[Rock River (Illinois)|Rock River]] in [[Illinois]]. The influx of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] fleeing eastern intertribal wars reduced their lands and brought [[European]] diseases which severely reduced the tribal population. The tribe traditionally practiced [[maize|corn]] agriculture in addition to hunting. They were not advanced in agriculture but living on Green Bay they would fish, collect wild rice, gather sugar from maple trees, and would hunt game. | ||
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was moved to reservations in [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]] and finally in [[Nebraska]]. Through these moves, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially to Wisconsin despite repeated roundups and removals. The U.S. government finally allowed the Wisconsin Winnebago to homestead land there. The Nebraska tribe members are today the separate ''Winnebago tribe''. | Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was moved to reservations in [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]] and finally in [[Nebraska]]. Through these moves, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially to Wisconsin despite repeated roundups and removals. The U.S. government finally allowed the Wisconsin Winnebago to homestead land there. The Nebraska tribe members are today the separate ''Winnebago tribe''. | ||
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[[Image:YellowThunder.jpg|frame|right|Yellow Thunder]] | [[Image:YellowThunder.jpg|frame|right|Yellow Thunder]] | ||
'''Yellow Thunder''' (Ho-chunk name '''Wahkanjahzeegah''' also given as '''Wakunchakookah''', born in 1774) was a chief of the Ho-Chunk tribe. Historians state{{Fact|date=June 2007}}that he and his fellow chiefs were persuaded to sign their lands over to whites without realizing what they were doing. After signing over their lands, in what is now the area of [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], the tribe was given eight months to leave. Yellow Thunder and other chiefs traveled to [[Washington D.C.]] in 1837 to assert their claims, but President [[Andrew Jackson]] would not meet with them. | '''Yellow Thunder''' (Ho-chunk name '''Wahkanjahzeegah''' also given as '''Wakunchakookah''', born in 1774) was a chief of the Ho-Chunk tribe. Historians state{{Fact|date=June 2007}}that he and his fellow chiefs were persuaded to sign their lands over to whites without realizing what they were doing. After signing over their lands, in what is now the area of [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], the tribe was given eight months to leave. Yellow Thunder and other chiefs traveled to [[Washington D.C.]] in 1837 to assert their claims, but President [[Andrew Jackson]] would not meet with them. | ||
Yellow Thunder and his people refused to move, and in 1840, troops arrived to force them to do so. Yellow Thunder was briefly chained, but released, as he and his fellow chiefs realized that further resistance would lead to violence against their people and agreed to cooperate. Yellow Thunder would eventually move off the [[Iowa]] reservation and onto a forty-acre farm in [[Wisconsin]], where he died in 1874. | Yellow Thunder and his people refused to move, and in 1840, troops arrived to force them to do so. Yellow Thunder was briefly chained, but released, as he and his fellow chiefs realized that further resistance would lead to violence against their people and agreed to cooperate. Yellow Thunder would eventually move off the [[Iowa]] reservation and onto a forty-acre farm in [[Wisconsin]], where he died in 1874. | ||
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===Ho-Chunk Sovereign Nation=== | ===Ho-Chunk Sovereign Nation=== | ||
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The tribe at one point asked to be moved near to the Oto tribe but were not accommodated. The Ho-Chunk were the first people to welcome [[France|French]] explorer [[Jean Nicolet]] when he arrived at what is now [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] in 1634. | The tribe at one point asked to be moved near to the Oto tribe but were not accommodated. The Ho-Chunk were the first people to welcome [[France|French]] explorer [[Jean Nicolet]] when he arrived at what is now [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] in 1634. | ||
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The '''Winnebago War''', also referred as the '''Le Fèvre Indian War''', was an armed conflict that took place in 1827, in the southwest region of the state of [[Wisconsin]], between members of the [[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]] (known also as the Ho-Chunk) tribe, local [[militia]]s and the [[U.S. Army]]. Although losses in terms of lives were minimal, the Winnebago War was an immediate and determinant precedent to the much larger conflict known as the [[Black Hawk War]]. | The '''Winnebago War''', also referred as the '''Le Fèvre Indian War''', was an armed conflict that took place in 1827, in the southwest region of the state of [[Wisconsin]], between members of the [[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]] (known also as the Ho-Chunk) tribe, local [[militia]]s and the [[U.S. Army]]. Although losses in terms of lives were minimal, the Winnebago War was an immediate and determinant precedent to the much larger conflict known as the [[Black Hawk War]]. | ||
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A [[Treaty of Prairie du Chien|treaty of peace]] had been signed at [[Prairie du Chien]] on August 19, 1825, by the terms of which all the common boundaries between the white settlers, the Winnebago, [[Potawatomi]], [[Sioux]], [[Sauk]], [[Fox tribe|Fox]] and other tribes, were defined. While the situation remained generally tense but peaceful between settlers who arrived in Wisconsin during the [[lead]] boom and the local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], violence eventually broke out. The different tribes not only commenced a warfare among themselves in regard to their respective territorial limits, but they extended their hostilities to the white settlements as response for the increasing occupation of their lands. | A [[Treaty of Prairie du Chien|treaty of peace]] had been signed at [[Prairie du Chien]] on August 19, 1825, by the terms of which all the common boundaries between the white settlers, the Winnebago, [[Potawatomi]], [[Sioux]], [[Sauk]], [[Fox tribe|Fox]] and other tribes, were defined. While the situation remained generally tense but peaceful between settlers who arrived in Wisconsin during the [[lead]] boom and the local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], violence eventually broke out. The different tribes not only commenced a warfare among themselves in regard to their respective territorial limits, but they extended their hostilities to the white settlements as response for the increasing occupation of their lands. | ||
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On July 5, Lewis Cass, the governor of [[Michigan Territory]], was in Galena, Illinois, where he learned of the ongoing conflict. He ordered Lt. Thomas Martin and Abner Field, who were also in Galena at the time, to gather a milita in Illinois and then join with the volunteers Prairie du Chien. On July 10, Cass wrote to the Secretary of War to inform him of the activities on the frontier. Col. Snelling arrived at Prairie du Chien on the same day, bringing with him federal troops to reoccupy Fort Crawford. More federal troops were mustered from [[Jefferson Barracks]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], on July 15, and sent towards Wisconsin under the command of Brig. Gen. [[Henry Atkinson]]. Later, on July 27, Illinois Governor [[Ninian Edwards]] issued an order to Gen. [[James Harrison]]'s brigade, located on the east side of the [[Illinois River]], to detach one-fourth of the regiments and prepare to meet any attack by the Indians. He also wrote to Col. [[Thomas M. Neale]] of the 20th Regiment, located in [[Sangamon County, Illinois|Sangamon County]] to recruit 600 volunteers. Groups of militia were organized from the settlers and miners and placed under the command of Gen. [[Henry Dodge]], and formed an auxiliary force to the command of Brig. Gen. Atkinson, who arrived at Fort Crawford on July 29. A month later, his force began its way up the Wisconsin River towards [[Portage, Wisconsin]], in the heart of Indian country, hoping that the show of force would force the Winnebago to surrender. | On July 5, Lewis Cass, the governor of [[Michigan Territory]], was in Galena, Illinois, where he learned of the ongoing conflict. He ordered Lt. Thomas Martin and Abner Field, who were also in Galena at the time, to gather a milita in Illinois and then join with the volunteers Prairie du Chien. On July 10, Cass wrote to the Secretary of War to inform him of the activities on the frontier. Col. Snelling arrived at Prairie du Chien on the same day, bringing with him federal troops to reoccupy Fort Crawford. More federal troops were mustered from [[Jefferson Barracks]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], on July 15, and sent towards Wisconsin under the command of Brig. Gen. [[Henry Atkinson]]. Later, on July 27, Illinois Governor [[Ninian Edwards]] issued an order to Gen. [[James Harrison]]'s brigade, located on the east side of the [[Illinois River]], to detach one-fourth of the regiments and prepare to meet any attack by the Indians. He also wrote to Col. [[Thomas M. Neale]] of the 20th Regiment, located in [[Sangamon County, Illinois|Sangamon County]] to recruit 600 volunteers. Groups of militia were organized from the settlers and miners and placed under the command of Gen. [[Henry Dodge]], and formed an auxiliary force to the command of Brig. Gen. Atkinson, who arrived at Fort Crawford on July 29. A month later, his force began its way up the Wisconsin River towards [[Portage, Wisconsin]], in the heart of Indian country, hoping that the show of force would force the Winnebago to surrender. | ||
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On September 27, the uprising came to an end before the arrival of the American troops in Indian country when Red Bird, White Cloud and five other leading warriors surrendered in [[Portage, Wisconsin|Portage]], rather than facing the threat of open warfare with the U. S. military. Red Bird died while in confinement and a few local leaders who had taken part in the actions were executed on December 26. White Cloud and other chiefs and warriors, including [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]], were pardoned by the President and released. Later, in August, 1828, in a treaty signed at [[Green Bay]] the Winnebago (along with other tribes) ceded northern Illinois for $540,000. | On September 27, the uprising came to an end before the arrival of the American troops in Indian country when Red Bird, White Cloud and five other leading warriors surrendered in [[Portage, Wisconsin|Portage]], rather than facing the threat of open warfare with the U. S. military. Red Bird died while in confinement and a few local leaders who had taken part in the actions were executed on December 26. White Cloud and other chiefs and warriors, including [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]], were pardoned by the President and released. Later, in August, 1828, in a treaty signed at [[Green Bay]] the Winnebago (along with other tribes) ceded northern Illinois for $540,000. | ||
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| + | ===Orthography=== | ||
| + | The current official orthography derives from an [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. As such its graphemes broadly resemble those of IPA, and there is a close one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes. | ||
| + | ==Mythology== | ||
| + | The [[Ho-Chunk]] and [[Winnebago (tribe)|Winnebago]] are tribes of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], which were once a single tribe living in [[Wisconsin]]. | ||
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| + | [[Kokopelli]] is a god worshipped in many tribes. He is a humpbacked [[flute|flutist]]. | ||
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| + | A [[Menominee]] chief saw a vision on the beach of [[Lake Michigan]]. A huge flock of [[raven]]s flew past him, shining brightly with color, unlike ordinary ravens. One landed and turned into a naked man. The chief ordered his people to give him clothing, for he deduced that he was a great chieftain. The rest of the ravens also turned into people and became the Winnebago. | ||
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| + | ==Contemporary Winnebago== | ||
| + | As of 2003 there are two Ho-Chunk/Winnebago tribes officially recognised by the U.S. [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]: | ||
| + | * The ''Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin'' (formerly the ''Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe'') | ||
| + | * The ''Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska'' ([[Thurston County, Nebraska]], and [[Woodbury County, Iowa]]) | ||
| + | *[[Emerson, Nebraska]] (part, population 261) | ||
| + | *[[Thurston, Nebraska]] | ||
| + | *[[Winnebago, Nebraska]] | ||
==Famous Ho-Chunk People== | ==Famous Ho-Chunk People== | ||
Revision as of 14:15, 25 September 2007
| Ho-Chunk |
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| Flag of the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin |
| Total population |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States (Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin) |
| Languages |
| English, Hocąk |
| Religions |
| Christianity, other |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Ioway, Omaha, and other Siouan peoples |
Ho-Chunk or Winnebago (as they are commonly called) are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what are now Wisconsin and Illinois. The term "Winnebago" originally came from a name given to them by neighbouring Algonquian tribes, which meant something like "people of the stagnant water" (c.f. Ojibwe: Wiinibiigoo), though the exact translation is disputed. The French called them the Puans, translated into English as "Stinkards," based on the information given by rival groups of natives. The more correct, but less common English name for the tribe is "Ho-Chunk," from their original native name Hotcâŋgara, meaning "big fish people" (Radin 1990 p.5). The big fish in this case is probably sturgeon, once abundant in Lake Winnebago.
Language
The Ho-Chunk language is part of the Siouan language family, and is closely related to the languages of the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto.
The Winnebago language is the language of Winnebago and Ho Chunk Winnebago tribes of Native Americans in the United States. The language is part of the Siouan language family, and is closely related to the languages of the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto. The language can be written using the "Pa-Pe-Pi-Po" syllabics, although as of 1994 the official orthography of the Ho-Chunk Nation is an adaptation of the Roman alphabet. Although the language is highly endangered, there are currently vigorous efforts underway to keep it alive, primarily through the Hocąk Wazija Haci Language Division.
History
The Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to the Wisconsin River and to the Rock River in Illinois. The influx of Native Americans fleeing eastern intertribal wars reduced their lands and brought European diseases which severely reduced the tribal population. The tribe traditionally practiced corn agriculture in addition to hunting. They were not advanced in agriculture but living on Green Bay they would fish, collect wild rice, gather sugar from maple trees, and would hunt game.
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was moved to reservations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota and finally in Nebraska. Through these moves, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially to Wisconsin despite repeated roundups and removals. The U.S. government finally allowed the Wisconsin Winnebago to homestead land there. The Nebraska tribe members are today the separate Winnebago tribe.
Yellow Thunder (Ho-chunk name Wahkanjahzeegah also given as Wakunchakookah, born in 1774) was a chief of the Ho-Chunk tribe. Historians state[citation needed]that he and his fellow chiefs were persuaded to sign their lands over to whites without realizing what they were doing. After signing over their lands, in what is now the area of Green Bay, Wisconsin, the tribe was given eight months to leave. Yellow Thunder and other chiefs traveled to Washington D.C. in 1837 to assert their claims, but President Andrew Jackson would not meet with them. Yellow Thunder and his people refused to move, and in 1840, troops arrived to force them to do so. Yellow Thunder was briefly chained, but released, as he and his fellow chiefs realized that further resistance would lead to violence against their people and agreed to cooperate. Yellow Thunder would eventually move off the Iowa reservation and onto a forty-acre farm in Wisconsin, where he died in 1874.
Ho-Chunk Sovereign Nation
The tribe located primarily in Wisconsin changed its official name in 1994 to the Ho-Chunk Sovereign Nation (meaning People of the Big Voice). There are 6,159 tribe members as of 2001. The tribe does not have a formal reservation; however, the tribe owns 4,602 acres (18.625 km²) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one county in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in Jackson County, Clark County, and Monroe County in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in Adams, Crawford, Dane, Juneau, La Crosse, Marathon, Sauk, Shawano, and Wood Counties in Wisconsin, as well as Houston County, Minnesota. The administrative center is in Black River Falls, Wisconsin, in Jackson County. The tribe also operates several casinos in Wisconsin: the Ho-Chunk Casino in Baraboo, Majestic Pines Casino in Black River Falls and the Rainbow Casino in Nekoosa. Additionally, the tribe owns and operates DeJope Gaming in Madison. The tribe also has been purchasing land in the Chicago suburb of Lynwood, Illinois to construct its largest casino and resort yet. The current status of this project is pending the US Department of the Interior to place the land into a federal trust.
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
The tribe has a reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa. The Winnebago Indian Reservation lies primarily in the northern part of Thurston County, but small parts extend into southeastern Dixon County and Woodbury County, Iowa. There is even a small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acres in southern Craig Township in Burt County, Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km² (176.78 sq mi). The 2000 census reported a population of 2,588 persons living on these lands. The largest community is the village of Winnebago.
The Omaha also has a reservation in Thurston County. Together, both tribes cover the whole land area of Thurston County. The Winnebago tribe operates the WinnaVegas Casino in the Iowa portion of the reservation. This land was west of the Missouri, but due to the meandering and changing course of the Missouri River, had switched sides. So, although the state of Iowa is east of the Missouri River, the tribe successfully argued that this land belonged to them under the terms of a predated deed. This land has a postal address of Sloan, Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office.
The tribe at one point asked to be moved near to the Oto tribe but were not accommodated. The Ho-Chunk were the first people to welcome French explorer Jean Nicolet when he arrived at what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1634.
Winnebago War
The Winnebago War, also referred as the Le Fèvre Indian War, was an armed conflict that took place in 1827, in the southwest region of the state of Wisconsin, between members of the Winnebago (known also as the Ho-Chunk) tribe, local militias and the U.S. Army. Although losses in terms of lives were minimal, the Winnebago War was an immediate and determinant precedent to the much larger conflict known as the Black Hawk War.
A treaty of peace had been signed at Prairie du Chien on August 19, 1825, by the terms of which all the common boundaries between the white settlers, the Winnebago, Potawatomi, Sioux, Sauk, Fox and other tribes, were defined. While the situation remained generally tense but peaceful between settlers who arrived in Wisconsin during the lead boom and the local Native Americans, violence eventually broke out. The different tribes not only commenced a warfare among themselves in regard to their respective territorial limits, but they extended their hostilities to the white settlements as response for the increasing occupation of their lands.
The Winnebago War has its immediate roots in the alleged murder of the Method family of Prairie du Chien in spring, 1826, when the family was gathering Maple syrup near the Yellow River in present day Iowa. Following the discovery of the deaths, six Winnebago men were arrested in Prairie du Chien and accused of the murders. While four of the men were soon released, two were jailed in Prairie du Chien's Fort Crawford. Later during the same year, Col. Josiah Snelling, commander of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, ordered the garrison at Fort Crawford to relocate to Fort Snelling, leaving Prairie du Chien undefended by federal troops. During the relocation, the two Winnebago prisoners were also moved to Fort Snelling, but misinformation spread among the Winnebago that the men had been killed. This further heightened the tensions between the Winnebago and the white settlers of southwest Wisconsin.
Hostilities
On June 27, 1827, a band of Winnebago led by a war chief named Red Bird and a Prophet called White Cloud (Wabokieshiek, who would later have an important role in the events surrounding the Black Hawk War) entered Prairie du Chien seeking revenge for what they believed were the executions of the Winnebago prisoners by the U.S. Army. Red Bird, White Cloud, and their followers first entered the home of local merchant James Lockwood, but finding that he wasn't home, they proceeded to the home of Registe Gagnier, a few miles southwest of Prairie du Chien. The Gagnier family knew Red Bird, and welcomed him and his companions into the house, offering them a meal. Soon, though, the Winnebago men turned violent. They first shot Rigeste Gagnier, and then turned their attention towards Solomon Lipcap, a hired man who was working in a garden outside the home. Gagnier's wife took this opportunity to take her three year old son and flee to the home of a neighbor. Still inside the house was the Gagnier's one year old daughter. After the Winnebagos had succeeded in killing and scalping both Rigeste Gagnier and Solomon Lipcap, they returned to the house and found the infant, whom they scalped and left for dead. Then they quickly fled the scene, for an alarm had been raised in the town and a crowd of men were on their way to the house. By the time they arrived, Red Bird and his companions were long gone. Remarkably, the infant girl was found alive, and she was brought to the village to recover.
Following these murders at Prairie du Chien, widespread fear spread among white settlers in the region, and a volunteer militia was formed to protect the town against further attack. Meanwhile, Red Bird and his men went north to what is now La Crosse, Wisconsin. In early July, they would attack two keel-boats carrying supplies to Fort Snelling up the Mississippi River, killing two of the crew and wounding four white men. Seven Winnebago also perished in the attack. A series of further attacks and guerrilla actions against the local white population ensued. Red Bird and his followers killed some settlers along the lower Wisconsin River and struck the lead mines near Galena. Several members of other local tribes joined the actions, like the Potawatomi and the Sauk.
On July 5, Lewis Cass, the governor of Michigan Territory, was in Galena, Illinois, where he learned of the ongoing conflict. He ordered Lt. Thomas Martin and Abner Field, who were also in Galena at the time, to gather a milita in Illinois and then join with the volunteers Prairie du Chien. On July 10, Cass wrote to the Secretary of War to inform him of the activities on the frontier. Col. Snelling arrived at Prairie du Chien on the same day, bringing with him federal troops to reoccupy Fort Crawford. More federal troops were mustered from Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 15, and sent towards Wisconsin under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Atkinson. Later, on July 27, Illinois Governor Ninian Edwards issued an order to Gen. James Harrison's brigade, located on the east side of the Illinois River, to detach one-fourth of the regiments and prepare to meet any attack by the Indians. He also wrote to Col. Thomas M. Neale of the 20th Regiment, located in Sangamon County to recruit 600 volunteers. Groups of militia were organized from the settlers and miners and placed under the command of Gen. Henry Dodge, and formed an auxiliary force to the command of Brig. Gen. Atkinson, who arrived at Fort Crawford on July 29. A month later, his force began its way up the Wisconsin River towards Portage, Wisconsin, in the heart of Indian country, hoping that the show of force would force the Winnebago to surrender.
On September 27, the uprising came to an end before the arrival of the American troops in Indian country when Red Bird, White Cloud and five other leading warriors surrendered in Portage, rather than facing the threat of open warfare with the U. S. military. Red Bird died while in confinement and a few local leaders who had taken part in the actions were executed on December 26. White Cloud and other chiefs and warriors, including Black Hawk, were pardoned by the President and released. Later, in August, 1828, in a treaty signed at Green Bay the Winnebago (along with other tribes) ceded northern Illinois for $540,000.
The general sense of unease among the local Native American population was severely increased due to the Winnebago War and the treaty that was forced upon the tribe afterwards. The hostilities, as well as the surmounting immigration of white settlers that ensued, made the possibilities of reaching a peaceful agreement extremely difficult. The resulting tension inevitably led to another armed conflict, the Black Hawk War of 1832, this time with the neighboring Sauk and Fox, and in which many members of the local tribes who had been involved at the Winnebago War would take part.
Orthography
The current official orthography derives from an Americanist version of the International Phonetic Alphabet. As such its graphemes broadly resemble those of IPA, and there is a close one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes.
Mythology
The Ho-Chunk and Winnebago are tribes of Native Americans, which were once a single tribe living in Wisconsin.
Kokopelli is a god worshipped in many tribes. He is a humpbacked flutist.
A Menominee chief saw a vision on the beach of Lake Michigan. A huge flock of ravens flew past him, shining brightly with color, unlike ordinary ravens. One landed and turned into a naked man. The chief ordered his people to give him clothing, for he deduced that he was a great chieftain. The rest of the ravens also turned into people and became the Winnebago.
Contemporary Winnebago
As of 2003 there are two Ho-Chunk/Winnebago tribes officially recognised by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs:
- The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe)
- The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska (Thurston County, Nebraska, and Woodbury County, Iowa)
- Emerson, Nebraska (part, population 261)
- Thurston, Nebraska
- Winnebago, Nebraska
Famous Ho-Chunk People
- Glory of the Morning
- Hononegah
- Mountain Wolf Woman
- Red Bird
- Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr.
- Chief Waukon Decorah
- Yellow Thunder
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (University of Nebraska Press 1990) ISBN 0-8032-5710-4.
- Ho-Chunk Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Wisconsin/Minnesota United States Census Bureau
- Winnebago Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Nebraska/Iowa United States Census Bureau
- "Famous Indian Chiefs, page 19" from Axel-jacob.de URL accessed 04/01/06
External links
- Ho-Chunk Nation web site
- The Encyclopedia of Hotcâk (Winnebago) Mythology
- Catholic Encyclopedia entry
- WinnaVegas Casino
- Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
- Paul Radin's Winnebago Notebooks at the American Philosophical Library
- First Nations Histories: Winnebago
- Chronology of the Winnebago War
- Overview of the Winnebago War, including firsthand accounts and source material
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- Winnebago_language history
- Ho-Chunk_mythology history
- Winnebago_War history
- Yellow_Thunder history
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