Difference between revisions of "Serbian revolution" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Serbia1817.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Principality of Serbia]] in 1817]] | [[Image:Serbia1817.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Principality of Serbia]] in 1817]] | ||
| − | [[Serbian revolution]] or ''Revolutionary Serbia'' refers to the [[Révolution nationale|national]] and [[social revolution]] of the [[Serbs|Serbian people]] between 1804 and 1817, during which Serbia managed to | + | [[Serbian revolution]] or ''Revolutionary Serbia'' refers to the [[Révolution nationale|national]] and [[social revolution]] of the [[Serbs|Serbian people]] between 1804 and 1817, during which Serbia managed to emancipate from the [[Ottoman Empire]] and exist as a sovereign European [[nation-state]]. The revolution was inspired by the developing concept of the nation state itself stimulated by the [[French Revolution]]. Serbs were encouraged by [[Russia]] to re-assert their national and ethnic identity and found inspiration too in memories of their brief [[Serbian Empire|imperial past]]. The term "Serbian revolution" was invented by a famous German historian [[Leopold von Ranke]] in his book ''Die Serbische Revolution'', published in 1829.<ref>Ranke, Leopold. 1847. ''A History of Servia and the Servian Revolution''. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr. London: John Murray</ref> These events marked the foundation of [[Principality of Serbia|modern Serbia]].<ref>Stavrianos, pages 248-250.</ref> By 1817, Serbia was constituted as a Principality under the rule of Miloš Obrenović. It was not until 1878 that the Ottomans officially recognized Serbia's independence. In 1882 the Principality became a kingdom and in 1918 united with Croata, Slovenia and Bosnia to form what later became [[Yugoslavia]]. Dominated by the Serbian royal family, for many Serbs, this resurrected the Serbian Empire, or Greater Serbia. |
| − | The | + | ==Timeframe== |
| + | The revolution underwent several phases: | ||
*[[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804- 1813), led by [[Karađorđe Petrović]] | *[[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804- 1813), led by [[Karađorđe Petrović]] | ||
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*[[Second Serbian Uprising]] (1815) under [[Miloš Obrenović]] | *[[Second Serbian Uprising]] (1815) under [[Miloš Obrenović]] | ||
| − | ''[[The Proclamation]]''<ref>[http://www.douklia.net/povest/proglasenije.html Povest - Prikljucenije | + | ''[[The Proclamation]]''<ref>2002. [http://www.douklia.net/povest/proglasenije.html Povest - Prikljucenije (Proclamation)] Retrieved July 11, 2008.</ref> (1809) by Karadjordje Petrović in the capital [[Belgrade]] represented the peak of the revolution. It called for unity of the [[Serbs|Serbian nation]], emphasising the importance of [[Serbian Orthodox Church|freedom of religion]], [[Serbian history]] and [[rule of law]]- all of which [[Ottoman Empire]] couldn't- or has denied to provide, beeing a non-secular [[Muslim]] state. </ref> It also called on Serbs to stop paying [[tax|taxes]] to the [[Porte]] because they were based on religious affiliation. |
| − | The ultimate result of the uprisings was Serbia's | + | The ultimate result of the uprisings was Serbia's suzerainty from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Principality of Serbia]] was established, governed by its own Parliament, Government, Constitution and its own royal dynasty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalfamily.org/ustanak/USTANAK_ENG.htm |title=The First Serbian Uprising |accessdate= |author=Čedomir Antić |date=1998 |publisher=The Royal Family of Serbia |language=English}}</ref> Social element of the revolution was achieved through introduction of the bourgeois society values in Serbia,<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Yugoslavia/Hx_Yugoslavia.html The History of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro until 2006<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> which is why it was considered the world's easternmost bourgeois revolt,<ref>[http://www.royalfamily.org/ustanak/USTANAK_ENG.htm 200 godina ustanka<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> which culminated with the abolition of [[feudalism]] in 1806- just 15 years after the [[French revolution]].<ref>http://www.nbs.bg.ac.yu/view_file.php?file_id=57</ref> [[Milos Obrenovic|First constitution in the Balkans]] and its oldest university- [[University of Belgrade|Belgrade's Great Academy]] (1808) added to the achievements of the young Serb state.<ref>[http://www.bg.ac.yu/en_istorijat.php University of Belgrade<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> De jure independence of the Principality was internationally recognized during the second half of the 19th century. |
==Background (1791-1804)== | ==Background (1791-1804)== | ||
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[[Image:Kara-Djordje Petrovic.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Karadjordje Petrovic]], leader of the [[First Serbian Uprising|1st Serbian Uprising]]]] | [[Image:Kara-Djordje Petrovic.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Karadjordje Petrovic]], leader of the [[First Serbian Uprising|1st Serbian Uprising]]]] | ||
| − | During almost 10 years of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804-1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 300 years of [[History of Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman]] and short-lasting [[Treaty of Belgrade|Austrian occupations]]. Revolutionary Serbia responded to the Ottoman [[Massacre of Serbian knights]] by establishing its separate institutions, such as the [[government]] ''(Praviteljstvujusci Sovjet)'', Serbian [[Karadjordje|Prince]], [[Parliament]] ''(Zbor)'' and [[University of Belgrade]]. Following the French invasion in 1812 the [[Russian Empire]] witdrew its support for the Serb rebels; unwilling to accept [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conditions, Serbs were fought into submission following the brutal Ottoman incursion into Serbia.<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Yugoslavia/Hx_Yugoslavia.html The History of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro until 2006 | + | During almost 10 years of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804-1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 300 years of [[History of Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman]] and short-lasting [[Treaty of Belgrade|Austrian occupations]]. Revolutionary Serbia responded to the Ottoman [[Massacre of Serbian knights]] by establishing its separate institutions, such as the [[government]] ''(Praviteljstvujusci Sovjet)'', Serbian [[Karadjordje|Prince]], [[Parliament]] ''(Zbor)'' and [[University of Belgrade]]. Following the French invasion in 1812 the [[Russian Empire]] witdrew its support for the Serb rebels; unwilling to accept [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conditions, Serbs were fought into submission following the brutal Ottoman incursion into Serbia.<ref> [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Yugoslavia/Hx_Yugoslavia.html The History of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro until 2006] Third World Traveler. Retrieved July 11, 2008.</ref> |
===Hadži Prodanova buna=== | ===Hadži Prodanova buna=== | ||
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==Second Serbian Uprising== | ==Second Serbian Uprising== | ||
[[Image:MilosObrenovic 1848.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Milos Obrenovic]], leader of the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] and first Prince of Serbia]] | [[Image:MilosObrenovic 1848.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Milos Obrenovic]], leader of the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] and first Prince of Serbia]] | ||
| − | |||
The [[Second Serbian Uprising]] (1815-1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the [[Serbs]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionarry council proclaimed an uprising in [[Takovo]] on April 23 1815, with Milos Obrenović chosen as the leader. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubic, Čačak, Palez, Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer the [[Pashaluk of Belgrade]]. | The [[Second Serbian Uprising]] (1815-1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the [[Serbs]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionarry council proclaimed an uprising in [[Takovo]] on April 23 1815, with Milos Obrenović chosen as the leader. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubic, Čačak, Palez, Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer the [[Pashaluk of Belgrade]]. | ||
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In mid 1815, the first negotiations began between Obrenović and Marashli Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor. The result was acknowledgment of a [[Serbian Principality]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Although a [[suzerainty|suzerain]] of the Porte (yearly tax tribute), it was, in most means, an independent state. | In mid 1815, the first negotiations began between Obrenović and Marashli Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor. The result was acknowledgment of a [[Serbian Principality]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Although a [[suzerainty|suzerain]] of the Porte (yearly tax tribute), it was, in most means, an independent state. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
By 1817, Obrenović succeeded in forcing Marashli Ali Pasha to negotiate an unwritten agreement, thus ending the [[Second Serbian uprising]]. The same year, Karadjordje, the leader of the First Uprising (and Obrenović's rival for the throne) returned to Serbia and was assassinated by Obrenović's orders; Obrenović consequently received the title of ''Prince of Serbia''. | By 1817, Obrenović succeeded in forcing Marashli Ali Pasha to negotiate an unwritten agreement, thus ending the [[Second Serbian uprising]]. The same year, Karadjordje, the leader of the First Uprising (and Obrenović's rival for the throne) returned to Serbia and was assassinated by Obrenović's orders; Obrenović consequently received the title of ''Prince of Serbia''. | ||
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* Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 2002. ''Serbia: the history of an idea''. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814767085 | * Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 2002. ''Serbia: the history of an idea''. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814767085 | ||
* Petrovich, Michael Boro. 1976. ''A history of modern Serbia, 1804-1918''. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151409501 | * Petrovich, Michael Boro. 1976. ''A history of modern Serbia, 1804-1918''. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151409501 | ||
| + | * Stavrianos, L. S. 2000. ''The Balkans since 1453.'' London: Hurst and Co. ISBN 9780030096853</ref> | ||
[[Category:History]] | [[Category:History]] | ||
{{Credit|216397027}} | {{Credit|216397027}} | ||
Revision as of 17:02, 11 July 2008
Serbian revolution or Revolutionary Serbia refers to the national and social revolution of the Serbian people between 1804 and 1817, during which Serbia managed to emancipate from the Ottoman Empire and exist as a sovereign European nation-state. The revolution was inspired by the developing concept of the nation state itself stimulated by the French Revolution. Serbs were encouraged by Russia to re-assert their national and ethnic identity and found inspiration too in memories of their brief imperial past. The term "Serbian revolution" was invented by a famous German historian Leopold von Ranke in his book Die Serbische Revolution, published in 1829.[1] These events marked the foundation of modern Serbia.[2] By 1817, Serbia was constituted as a Principality under the rule of Miloš Obrenović. It was not until 1878 that the Ottomans officially recognized Serbia's independence. In 1882 the Principality became a kingdom and in 1918 united with Croata, Slovenia and Bosnia to form what later became Yugoslavia. Dominated by the Serbian royal family, for many Serbs, this resurrected the Serbian Empire, or Greater Serbia.
Timeframe
The revolution underwent several phases:
- First Serbian Uprising (1804- 1813), led by Karađorđe Petrović
- Hadži Prodan's revolt (1814)
- Second Serbian Uprising (1815) under Miloš Obrenović
The Proclamation[3] (1809) by Karadjordje Petrović in the capital Belgrade represented the peak of the revolution. It called for unity of the Serbian nation, emphasising the importance of freedom of religion, Serbian history and rule of law- all of which Ottoman Empire couldn't- or has denied to provide, beeing a non-secular Muslim state. </ref> It also called on Serbs to stop paying taxes to the Porte because they were based on religious affiliation.
The ultimate result of the uprisings was Serbia's suzerainty from the Ottoman Empire. Principality of Serbia was established, governed by its own Parliament, Government, Constitution and its own royal dynasty.[4] Social element of the revolution was achieved through introduction of the bourgeois society values in Serbia,[5] which is why it was considered the world's easternmost bourgeois revolt,[6] which culminated with the abolition of feudalism in 1806- just 15 years after the French revolution.[7] First constitution in the Balkans and its oldest university- Belgrade's Great Academy (1808) added to the achievements of the young Serb state.[8] De jure independence of the Principality was internationally recognized during the second half of the 19th century.
Background (1791-1804)
The withdrawal of the Austrians from Serbia in 1791 marked the end of the Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion, which was ignited by Austria. Ottoman Empire annexed the Pashaluk of Belgrade, retaliated against the perpertrators of the uprising and their families, thus forcing thousands into exile in Austria. Reforms made by the Porte to ease the pressure on Serbs were only temporary; by 1799 the Janissary corps have returned, suspended the Serb autonomy and drastically increased taxes, enforcing martial law in Serbia.
Serb leaders from both sides of the Danube began to conspire against the dahias. When they found out, they rounded up and murdered tens of Serbian noblemen on the main square of Valjevo in an event known today as Seča knezova (Massacre of Serbian knights on February 4, 1804). The massacre outraged the Serbian people and incited the revolt across the Pashaluk of Belgrade. Within days, in the small Šumadija village of Orašac, the Serbs gathered to proclaim the uprising, electing Karađorđe Petrović as the leader. That afternoon, a Turkish inn (caravanserai) in Orašac was burned and its residents fled or were killed, followed by similar actions country-wide. Soon the cities Valjevo and Požarevac were liberated, and the siege of Belgrade launched.
Revolution erupts: First Serbian Uprising
During almost 10 years of the First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 300 years of Ottoman and short-lasting Austrian occupations. Revolutionary Serbia responded to the Ottoman Massacre of Serbian knights by establishing its separate institutions, such as the government (Praviteljstvujusci Sovjet), Serbian Prince, Parliament (Zbor) and University of Belgrade. Following the French invasion in 1812 the Russian Empire witdrew its support for the Serb rebels; unwilling to accept Ottoman conditions, Serbs were fought into submission following the brutal Ottoman incursion into Serbia.[9]
Hadži Prodanova buna
Despite the lost battle, the tensions nevertheless persisted. In 1814 an unsuccessful Hadži Prodan's revolt was launched by Hadži Prodan Gligorijević, one of the veterans of the First Serbian Uprising. He knew the Turks would arrest him, so he thought it would be the best to resist the Ottomans; Milos Obrenović, another veteran, felt the time was not right for an uprising and did not provide assistance.
Hadži Prodan's Uprising soon failed and he fled to Austria. After the failure of this revolt, the Turks inflicted more persecution against the Serbs, such as high taxation, forced labor, and rape. In March 1815, Serbs had several meetings and decided upon a new revolt.
Second Serbian Uprising
The Second Serbian Uprising (1815-1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionarry council proclaimed an uprising in Takovo on April 23 1815, with Milos Obrenović chosen as the leader. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubic, Čačak, Palez, Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer the Pashaluk of Belgrade.
Negotiations with the Porte
In mid 1815, the first negotiations began between Obrenović and Marashli Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor. The result was acknowledgment of a Serbian Principality by the Ottoman Empire. Although a suzerain of the Porte (yearly tax tribute), it was, in most means, an independent state.
By 1817, Obrenović succeeded in forcing Marashli Ali Pasha to negotiate an unwritten agreement, thus ending the Second Serbian uprising. The same year, Karadjordje, the leader of the First Uprising (and Obrenović's rival for the throne) returned to Serbia and was assassinated by Obrenović's orders; Obrenović consequently received the title of Prince of Serbia.
The Convention of Ackerman (1828), the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) and finally, the Hatt-i Sharif (1830), formally recognised the suzerainty of Principality of Serbia with Miloš Obrenović I as its hereditary Prince.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Ranke, Leopold. 1847. A History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr. London: John Murray
- ↑ Stavrianos, pages 248-250.
- ↑ 2002. Povest - Prikljucenije (Proclamation) Retrieved July 11, 2008.
- ↑ Čedomir Antić (1998). The First Serbian Uprising (in English). The Royal Family of Serbia.
- ↑ The History of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro until 2006
- ↑ 200 godina ustanka
- ↑ http://www.nbs.bg.ac.yu/view_file.php?file_id=57
- ↑ University of Belgrade
- ↑ The History of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro until 2006 Third World Traveler. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
References
- Cox, John K. 2002. The history of Serbia. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312908
- Forbes, Nevill, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, David Mitrany, and D. G. Hogarth. 1915. The Balkans; a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey. Oxford: Clarendon Press New York. ISBN 9780404024574
- Jelavich, Barbara. 1991. Russia's Balkan entanglements, 1806-1914. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521401265
- Kardosch, Velizar M. 1996. The principality of Serbia: postal history and postage stamps, 1830-1882. Romanshorn, Switzerland: V.M. Kardosch. ISBN 9783952108314
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 2002. Serbia: the history of an idea. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814767085
- Petrovich, Michael Boro. 1976. A history of modern Serbia, 1804-1918. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151409501
- Stavrianos, L. S. 2000. The Balkans since 1453. London: Hurst and Co. ISBN 9780030096853</ref>
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