Difference between revisions of "Prayer flag" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:Prayerflags.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lungta-style prayer flags hang along a mountain path in [[Nepal]]]] | ||
| + | '''Prayer flags''' are colorful panels or rectangular [[textile|cloths]] often found strung along mountain ridges and peaks high in the Himalayas to bless the surrounding countryside or for other purposes. Unknown in other branches of Buddhism, prayer flags are believed to have originated with Bön, which predated Buddhism in [[Tibet]].<ref name="PF">{{cite web |url=http://www.prayerflags.com/download/article.pdf |title=Radiant Heart: The Prayer Flag Tradition |accessdate=2007-12-29 |format=PDF |work=prayerflags.com}}</ref> Traditionally they are [[woodblock printing|woodblock-printed]] with texts and images. | ||
| − | + | ==History== | |
| − | [[ | + | The Indian Buddhist [[Sutras]], written on cloth in India, were transmitted to other regions of the world.<ref name=Baker1>Barker, page 13</ref> These sutras, written on banners, were the origin of prayer flags.<ref name=Baker1/> Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the [[Shakyamuni Buddha]], whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the ''[[deva]]s'' against their adversaries, the ''[[asura]]s''.<ref name=Beer60>Beer, page 60</ref> The legend may have given the Indian ''[[bhikku]]'' a reason for carrying the 'heavenly' banner as a way of signyfying his commitment to ''[[ahimsa]]''.<ref name=wise-11-12>Wise, page 11-12</ref> This knowledge was carried into [[Tibet]] by 800 C.E., and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 C.E., where they were further modified.<ref name=wise-11-12/> The Indian monk [[Atisha]] (980-1054 C.E.) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet.<ref name=Beer60/> |
| − | |||
==''Lungta'' and ''Darchor'' styles== | ==''Lungta'' and ''Darchor'' styles== | ||
[[Image:Prayer flags in the wind.jpg|thumb|right|Prayer flags in the [[Qilian Mountain]], China]] | [[Image:Prayer flags in the wind.jpg|thumb|right|Prayer flags in the [[Qilian Mountain]], China]] | ||
| − | There are two kinds of prayer flags: horizontal ones, called ''lung ta'' (meaning " | + | There are two kinds of prayer flags: horizontal ones, called ''lung ta'' (meaning "[[Wind Horse]]") in [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], and the vertical ''Darchor''. "Dar" translates as "to increase life, fortune, health and wealth", "Cho" translates as "all sentient beings".<ref name="PF">{{cite web |url=http://www.prayerflags.com/download/article.pdf |title=Radiant Heart: The Prayer Flag Tradition |accessdate=2007-12-29 |format=PDF |work=prayerflags.com}}</ref> |
Lung Ta (horizontal) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread. They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects (e.g., a rock and the top of a pole) in high places such as the tops of temples, monasteries, [[stupas]] or mountain passes. | Lung Ta (horizontal) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread. They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects (e.g., a rock and the top of a pole) in high places such as the tops of temples, monasteries, [[stupas]] or mountain passes. | ||
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==Color and order== | ==Color and order== | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:0403 Prayers Colors Kathmandu Bodnath 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Prayer flags in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal]] |
| − | Traditionally, prayer flags come in sets of five, one in each of five colors. The five colors represent the elements and the [[Five Pure Lights]] and are arranged from left to right in a specific order. Different elements are associated with different colors for specific traditions, purposes and [[sadhana]]: | + | Traditionally, prayer flags come in sets of five, one in each of five colors. The five colors represent the elements,<ref name="PF"/> and the [[Five Pure Lights]] and are arranged from left to right in a specific order. Different elements are associated with different colors for specific traditions, purposes and [[sadhana]]: |
| − | *Blue | + | *Blue (symbolizing sky/space) |
| − | *White | + | *White (symbolizing air/wind) |
*Red (symbolizing fire) | *Red (symbolizing fire) | ||
| − | *Green (symbolizing | + | *Green (symbolizing water) |
| − | *Yellow (symbolizing earth) | + | *Yellow (symbolizing earth)<ref name="PF"/> |
| − | + | {{-}} | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Symbols and prayers== | ==Symbols and prayers== | ||
| − | The center of a prayer flag traditionally features a "[[Ta (Buddhism)|Ta]]" (powerful or strong horse) bearing three flaming jewels (specifically [[cintamani|ratna]]) on its back. The Ta is a symbol of speed and the transformation of bad fortune to good fortune. The [[triratna|three flaming jewels]] symbolize the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] (Buddhist teachings), and the [[Sangha]] (Buddhist community), the three cornerstones of Tibetan philosophical tradition. | + | [[Image:Prayer Flags.jpg|thumb|300px|1905 illustration of Tibetan prayer flags.]] |
| + | The center of a prayer flag traditionally features a "[[Ta (Buddhism)|Ta]]" (powerful or strong horse) bearing three flaming jewels (specifically [[cintamani|ratna]]) on its back. The Ta is a symbol of speed and the transformation of bad fortune to good fortune. The [[triratna|three flaming jewels]] symbolize the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] (Buddhist teachings), and the [[Sangha]] (Buddhist community), the three cornerstones of Tibetan philosophical tradition. | ||
| − | Surrounding the Ta are various versions of approximately 20 traditional [[mantra]]s (powerful ritual utterances), each dedicated to a particular deity (in Tibetan, deities are not so much gods as "aspects of the divine" which are manifest in each part of the whole [[Nondualism|non-dual]] universe, including individual humans). These writings include mantras from three of the great Buddhist Bodhisattvas: [[Padmasambhava]] (Guru Rinpoche), [[Avalokiteśvara]] ( | + | Surrounding the Ta are various versions of approximately 20 traditional [[mantra]]s (powerful ritual utterances), each dedicated to a particular deity (in Tibetan, deities are not so much gods as "aspects of the divine" which are manifest in each part of the whole [[Nondualism|non-dual]] universe, including individual humans). These writings include mantras from three of the great Buddhist Bodhisattvas: [[Padmasambhava]] (Guru Rinpoche), [[Avalokiteśvara]] (Chenrezig, the [[bodhisattva]] of compassion, and the patron of the [[Tibetan people]]), and [[Manjusri]]. |
In addition to mantras, prayers for the long life and good fortune of the person who mounts the flags are often included. | In addition to mantras, prayers for the long life and good fortune of the person who mounts the flags are often included. | ||
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[[Image:gebetsflaggen-tsemo-gompa-leh.JPG|thumb|Prayer flags connect the two peaks of the peak of victory over [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. On the other peak the [[Namgyal Tsemo Gompa]] can be seen]] | [[Image:gebetsflaggen-tsemo-gompa-leh.JPG|thumb|Prayer flags connect the two peaks of the peak of victory over [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. On the other peak the [[Namgyal Tsemo Gompa]] can be seen]] | ||
| − | Traditionally, prayer flags are used to promote peace, compassion, strength, and wisdom. [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] believe the prayers and [[mantra]]s will be blown | + | Traditionally, prayer flags are used to promote peace, compassion, strength, and wisdom. The flags do not carry prayers to 'gods,' a common misconception, rather the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] believe the prayers and [[mantra]]s will be blown by the wind to spread the good will and compassion into all pervading space. Therefore, prayer flags are thought to bring benefit to all. |
By hanging flags in high places the "Wind Horse" will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings. As wind passes over the surface of the flags which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind, the air is purified and sanctified by the Mantras. | By hanging flags in high places the "Wind Horse" will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings. As wind passes over the surface of the flags which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind, the air is purified and sanctified by the Mantras. | ||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
Some believe that if the flags are hung on inauspicious [[astrology|astrological]] dates, they may bring negative results for as long as they are flying. | Some believe that if the flags are hung on inauspicious [[astrology|astrological]] dates, they may bring negative results for as long as they are flying. | ||
| − | The best | + | The best times to put up new prayer flags are in the mornings on sunny, windy days. |
[[Image:Prayer flag col.jpg|thumb|left|A darchor-style prayer flag in northern India]] | [[Image:Prayer flag col.jpg|thumb|left|A darchor-style prayer flag in northern India]] | ||
| − | Sets of five coloured flags should be put in the order: blue, white, red, green, yellow from left to right. The colours represent the [[Five Buddha Families]] and the [[five elements]]. The origin of Prayer flags may be traced to the ancient "[[Bön]]" tradition of Tibet where [[shamanism|shamanistic]] Bonpo used [[primary color|primary-colored]] plain flags in healing ceremonies. According to [[Traditional Tibetan medicine]], health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements. | + | Sets of five coloured flags should be put in the order: blue, white, red, green, yellow from left to right. The colours represent the [[Five Buddha Families]] and the [[five elements]]. The origin of Prayer flags may be traced to the ancient "[[Bön]]" tradition of Tibet where [[shamanism|shamanistic]] Bonpo used [[primary color|primary-colored]] plain flags in healing ceremonies. According to [[Traditional Tibetan medicine]], health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements.<ref name="PF"/> |
Old prayer flags are replaced with new ones annually on the [[Losar|Tibetan New Year]]. | Old prayer flags are replaced with new ones annually on the [[Losar|Tibetan New Year]]. | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
*[[Phurba]] | *[[Phurba]] | ||
*[[Namkha]] | *[[Namkha]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | * Barker, Dian (2003). ''Tibetan Prayer Flags''. Connections Book Publishing. ISBN 1859061060. | ||
| + | * Beer, Robert (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs''. Serindia Publications Inc. ISBN 1932476105 | ||
| + | * Wise, Tad (2002). ''Blessings on the Wind: The Mystery & Meaning of Tibetan Prayer Flags''. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0811834352. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | {{commonscat|Prayer flags}} | |
*[http://www.yolmoflags.com/information.php?info_id=3 Yolmo Lungta House & Exports] | *[http://www.yolmoflags.com/information.php?info_id=3 Yolmo Lungta House & Exports] | ||
*[http://www.dharmacollection.com/information.php?info_id=3 DharmaCollection.com] | *[http://www.dharmacollection.com/information.php?info_id=3 DharmaCollection.com] | ||
| Line 75: | Line 83: | ||
{{Buddhism2}} | {{Buddhism2}} | ||
| − | {{credits| | + | {{credits|233583289}} |
Revision as of 01:09, 29 August 2008
Prayer flags are colorful panels or rectangular cloths often found strung along mountain ridges and peaks high in the Himalayas to bless the surrounding countryside or for other purposes. Unknown in other branches of Buddhism, prayer flags are believed to have originated with Bön, which predated Buddhism in Tibet.[1] Traditionally they are woodblock-printed with texts and images.
History
The Indian Buddhist Sutras, written on cloth in India, were transmitted to other regions of the world.[2] These sutras, written on banners, were the origin of prayer flags.[2] Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the Shakyamuni Buddha, whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the devas against their adversaries, the asuras.[3] The legend may have given the Indian bhikku a reason for carrying the 'heavenly' banner as a way of signyfying his commitment to ahimsa.[4] This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 C.E., and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 C.E., where they were further modified.[4] The Indian monk Atisha (980-1054 C.E.) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet.[3]
Lungta and Darchor styles
There are two kinds of prayer flags: horizontal ones, called lung ta (meaning "Wind Horse") in Tibetan, and the vertical Darchor. "Dar" translates as "to increase life, fortune, health and wealth", "Cho" translates as "all sentient beings".[1]
Lung Ta (horizontal) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread. They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects (e.g., a rock and the top of a pole) in high places such as the tops of temples, monasteries, stupas or mountain passes.
Darchor (vertical) prayer flags are usually large single rectangles attached to poles along their vertical edge. Darchor are commonly planted in the ground, mountains, cairns or on rooftops and are iconographically and symbolically related to the Dhvaja.
Color and order
Traditionally, prayer flags come in sets of five, one in each of five colors. The five colors represent the elements,[1] and the Five Pure Lights and are arranged from left to right in a specific order. Different elements are associated with different colors for specific traditions, purposes and sadhana:
- Blue (symbolizing sky/space)
- White (symbolizing air/wind)
- Red (symbolizing fire)
- Green (symbolizing water)
- Yellow (symbolizing earth)[1]
Symbols and prayers
The center of a prayer flag traditionally features a "Ta" (powerful or strong horse) bearing three flaming jewels (specifically ratna) on its back. The Ta is a symbol of speed and the transformation of bad fortune to good fortune. The three flaming jewels symbolize the Buddha, the Dharma (Buddhist teachings), and the Sangha (Buddhist community), the three cornerstones of Tibetan philosophical tradition.
Surrounding the Ta are various versions of approximately 20 traditional mantras (powerful ritual utterances), each dedicated to a particular deity (in Tibetan, deities are not so much gods as "aspects of the divine" which are manifest in each part of the whole non-dual universe, including individual humans). These writings include mantras from three of the great Buddhist Bodhisattvas: Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), Avalokiteśvara (Chenrezig, the bodhisattva of compassion, and the patron of the Tibetan people), and Manjusri.
In addition to mantras, prayers for the long life and good fortune of the person who mounts the flags are often included.
Images (or the names) of four powerful animals (also known as the Four Dignities), the dragon, the garuda (a wise eagle-like bird), the tiger, and the Snowlion, adorn each corner of a flag.
Symbolism and tradition
Traditionally, prayer flags are used to promote peace, compassion, strength, and wisdom. The flags do not carry prayers to 'gods,' a common misconception, rather the Tibetans believe the prayers and mantras will be blown by the wind to spread the good will and compassion into all pervading space. Therefore, prayer flags are thought to bring benefit to all.
By hanging flags in high places the "Wind Horse" will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings. As wind passes over the surface of the flags which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind, the air is purified and sanctified by the Mantras.
The prayers of a flag become a permanent part of the universe as the images fade from exposure to the elements. Just as life moves on and is replaced by new life, Tibetans renew their hopes for the world by continually mounting new flags alongside the old. This act symbolizes a welcoming of life changes and an acknowledgment that all beings are part of a greater ongoing cycle.
Timing of Hanging and Taking Down
Some believe that if the flags are hung on inauspicious astrological dates, they may bring negative results for as long as they are flying.
The best times to put up new prayer flags are in the mornings on sunny, windy days.
Sets of five coloured flags should be put in the order: blue, white, red, green, yellow from left to right. The colours represent the Five Buddha Families and the five elements. The origin of Prayer flags may be traced to the ancient "Bön" tradition of Tibet where shamanistic Bonpo used primary-colored plain flags in healing ceremonies. According to Traditional Tibetan medicine, health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements.[1]
Old prayer flags are replaced with new ones annually on the Tibetan New Year.
Because the symbols and mantras on prayer flags are sacred, they should be treated with respect. They should not be placed on the ground or used in clothing. Old prayer flags should be burned.
During the Cultural Revolution, prayer flags were discouraged but not entirely eliminated. Many traditional designs may have been lost. Currently, different styles of prayer flags can be seen all across the Tibetan region.
Most of the traditional prayer flags today are made in Nepal and India by Tibetan refugees or by Nepali Buddhists. The flags are also manufactured in Bhutan for local use.
See also
- Prayer beads
- Prayer wheel
- Stupa
- Phurba
- Namkha
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Barker, Dian (2003). Tibetan Prayer Flags. Connections Book Publishing. ISBN 1859061060.
- Beer, Robert (2004). Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs. Serindia Publications Inc. ISBN 1932476105
- Wise, Tad (2002). Blessings on the Wind: The Mystery & Meaning of Tibetan Prayer Flags. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0811834352.
External links
- Yolmo Lungta House & Exports
- DharmaCollection.com
- TibetanPrayerFlag.com
- Four Gates: The Meaning and Construction of Tibetan Prayer Flags
- Dharma Shop: Glossary
Template:Buddhism2
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