Difference between revisions of "Judo" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
m ({{Contracted}})
Line 22: Line 22:
 
| width="125" | Zyûdô
 
| width="125" | Zyûdô
 
|}
 
|}
−
'''Judo''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 柔道, ''jūdō''; "gentle way") is a [[martial art]], [[combat sport]], and [[philosophy]] which originated in [[Japan]].  Judo is the successor to [[jujutsu]] and was founded by Dr [[Jigoro Kano]] in [[1882]]. The sport became the model for the modern Japanese martial arts, [[gendai budo]], developed from old [[koryu]] schools.  Practitioners of judo are called '''judoka'''.
+
'''Judo''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 柔道, ''jūdō''; "gentle way") is a [[martial art]], combat sport, and [[philosophy]] which originated in [[Japan]].  Judo, now primarily a sport, is a system of unarmed combat.  The objective is to throw, pin, or cause the opponent to yield by applying pressure to arm joints or the neck.  Judo techniques are intended to turn an opponent’s force to one’s advantage, rather than confronting it directly.  Rituals surrounding the practice of judo promote an attitude of calm readiness and confidence.
 +
 
 +
Judo is the successor to [[jujutsu]] and was founded by Dr. Jigoro Kano in 1882. The basic philosophy is “use one’s potency for a good purpose” and “oneself and others share mutual prosperity.” The essence of judo theory is, “Weak but pliant can overcome strong and hard.” The purpose of judo is not merely to gain victory for victory’s sake, but to discipline one’s mind and body.  The sport became the model for modern Japanese martial arts, gendai budo, developed from old [[koryu]] schools.  Practitioners of judo are called '''judoka'''.
  
 
According to the '''International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles''' (FILA), '''judo''' is one of the four main forms of amateur competitive [[wrestling]] practiced internationally today, the other three being [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], [[Freestyle wrestling]] and [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] wrestling.
 
According to the '''International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles''' (FILA), '''judo''' is one of the four main forms of amateur competitive [[wrestling]] practiced internationally today, the other three being [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], [[Freestyle wrestling]] and [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] wrestling.
  
−
See '''[[Judo technique]]s'''
 
−
for a list of techniques by technique classification and
 
−
[[Judo Lists|Judo lists]] for the official Kodokan syllabus.
 
  
−
==History and philosophy==
+
== History and Philosophy ==
−
The early history of judo and that of its founder, Japanese [[polymath]] and educator [[Jigoro Kano|Kano Jigoro]] (surname first in [[Japanese name|Japanese]]) (1860-1938), are inseparable.  Kano was born into a well-to-do Japanese family.  His grandfather was a self-made man, a [[sake]] brewer from [[Shiga prefecture]] in central Japan; however, Kano's father was not the eldest son and did not inherit the business, but instead became a Shinto priest and government official, with enough influence for his son to enter the second incoming class of [[Tokyo Imperial University]].
 
  
−
Kano was a small, frail boy, who, even in his twenties, did not weigh more than a hundred pounds, and was often picked on by bullies. He first started pursuing [[jujutsu]], at that time a flourishing art, at the age of 17, but met with little success---in part due to difficulties finding a teacher who would take him on as a serious student. When he went off to the University to study literature at the age of 18, he continued his martial efforts, eventually gaining a referral to [[Hachinosuke Fukuda]], a master of the [[Tenjin Shinyo-ryu]] and ancestor of noted Japanese/American judoka [[Keiko Fukuda]], who is one of Kano's oldest surviving students. Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis of [[randori]], or free practice, in Judo.
+
Weaponry and the fighting arts have always occupied a place in Japanese culture.  The Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720 C.E..) contains one of the earliest references to Japanese combative arts, descriptions of the “chikara kurabe “(contests of strength) which had allegedly been conducted in even earlier times. After the tenth century, traditional fighting skills were passed from generation to generation and came to fruition with the bushi (classical warriors), who were responsible for the development of the classical martial arts.
  
−
Little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda became ill and later died.  Kano then became a student in another Tenjin Shinyo school, that of [[Masatomo Iso]], who put more emphasis on formal [[Kata (martial arts)|kata]] than did Fukuda.  Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title "[[shihan]]", or master, and became assistant instructor to Iso at the age of 21.  Iso, too, took ill, and Kano, feeling that he still had much to learn, took up another style, becoming a student of [[Tsunetoshi Iikubo]] of [[Kito Ryu]].  Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on free practice; on the other hand, Kito Ryu emphasized throwing techniques to a much greater degree than Tenjin Shinyo Ryu.
+
By the early sixteenth century, many martial “ryu” (schools) were in existence.  Some of these schools influenced the development of Kodokan Judo; to some extent, the design of the Judo kata (patterns of movement) were drawn from “sumo.” During the seventeenth century Japan experienced a long period of domestic peace, and the warrior class gradually lost its predominantly martial role.  The martial arts (bugai) which had originated with warriors were eclipsed by spiritual disciplines, the martial ways (budo), developed by commoners. 
 +
 
 +
“Jujutsu “is a generic term commonly applied to all Japanese systems of hand-to-hand combat in which the operator is minimally armed.  For warriors, jujutsu was a secondary form of combat to support the use of a sword or other weapon in battle.  As the warrior class became less important, jujutsu came to be characterized by methods of unarmed combat which were useful in civilian life.
 +
 
 +
== Kano Jigoro and the Beginning of Judo ==
 +
 
 +
The early history of judo and that of its founder, Japanese [[polymath]] and educator Kano Jigoro (1860-1938), are inseparable.  Kano was born into a distinguished family in Mikage village (now Kobe city in Hyogo prefecture).  His grandfather was a self-made man, a [[sake]] brewer from Shiga prefecture in central Japan.  Kano's father, Jirosaku, was not the eldest son and did not inherit the business, but became a Shinto priest and wealthy shipping agent serving the Tokugawa shogunate, under the patronage of Katsu Kaishu, a naval officer and statesman known for his role as the representative of the Tokugawa shogunate  in the surrender of Edo(Tokyo).
 +
Kano was the third son, and from his childhood was a gifted person.  When his father was called to Tokyo by the new Meiji government, Kano Jigoro accompanied him.  Kano was small and frail; even in his twenties, he did not weigh more than a hundred pounds and was often picked on by bullies.  However, Kano was extraordinarily perceptive, and also  inquisitive about the jujutsu of his day.  He first started pursuing [[jujutsu]], at that time a flourishing art, at the age of seventeen, but had difficulty finding a teacher who would take him on as a serious student. When he was eighteen, his father secured him a place in the second incoming class of  the  [[Tokyo Imperial University]] as a student of  literature.  He continued his efforts in martial arts, eventually gaining a referral to Hachinosuke Fukuda, a master of the Tenjin Shinyo-ryu and ancestor of noted Japanese/American judoka Keiko Fukuda (one of Kano's oldest surviving students). Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori, or free practice, in judo.
 +
It is said that when Kano asked Master Fukuda, during his practice session, “How do I throw my opponent down?” Master Fukuda responded, “Through much practice you will naturally understand how to do it.”  Little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda became ill and later died.  Kano then became a student in another Tenjin Shinyo school, that of Masatomo Iso, who was the third successor as head of the Tenjin Shinyo school.  Iso put more emphasis on formal [[Kata (martial arts)|kata]] than did Fukuda.  Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title "shihan", or master, and became assistant instructor to Iso at the age of twenty-one.  Iso also became ill, and Kano, feeling that he still had much to learn, took up another style, becoming a student of Tsunetoshi Iikubo of Kito Ryu.  Like Fukuda, Iikubo encouraged free practice, and Kito Ryu placed much greater emphasis on throwing techniques than Tenjin Shinyo Ryu.
  
 
[[Image:Judo03.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Formalism and strict conduct are typical of traditional Judo.]]
 
[[Image:Judo03.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Formalism and strict conduct are typical of traditional Judo.]]
−
By this time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the ''kata guruma'' ( or 'shoulder wheel', known as a fireman's carry to Western wrestlers who use(d) a slightly different form of this technique) and ''uki goshi'' (floating hip toss). His thoughts were already on doing more than expanding the canons of Kito and Tenjin Shinyo Ryu; full of new ideas, in part as a result of his education, Kano had in mind a major reformation of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles, and with focus on development of the body, mind, and character of young men in addition to development of martial prowess. At the age of 22, just about to finish his degree at the University, Kano took 9 students from Iikubo's school to study [[jujutsu]] under him at the [[Eishoji Temple]]. Although two years would pass before it would be called by that name, and Kano had not yet been accorded the title of "master" in the Kito ryu — Iikubo would come to the temple to help teach three days a week, this was the founding of the [[Kodokan]] or "place for learning the way."
+
 +
By this time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the ''kata guruma'' ( or 'shoulder wheel', known as a “fireman's carry” to Western wrestlers who use a slightly different form of this technique) and ''uki goshi'' (floating hip toss). From his experience with the teachings of Tenjin Shinyo Ryu, Kano developed his “katame” and “ate waza” skills, from the Kito Ryu teachings he derived his finesse with “nage waza”  (throwing techniques).  He determined to do more than build on the techniques of Kito and Tenjin Shinyo Ryu. Full of new ideas, partially as a result of his education, Kano had in mind a major reformation of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles, and with a focus on development of the body, mind, and character of young men in addition to development of martial prowess.  
  
−
<!--to be continued—>
+
At the age of twenty-two, when he was just about to finish his degree at the University, Kano took nine students from Iikubo's school to study [[jujutsu]] under him at the Eishoji Temple. Kano had not yet been accorded the title of "master" in the Kito Ryu, and Iikubo came to the temple to help teach three days a week.  Though it did not receive the name until two years later, in 1884, this was the founding of the [[Kodokan]] or "place for learning the way."
−
The word Judo is composed of two [[kanji]]:  "jū", which means gentleness, and "dō", way or road (the same character as the Chinese "[[tao]]").  Thus Judo literally means "the gentle way", or "the way of giving way", and may also be defined as "the way of suppleness", "the way of flexibility, or "the way of adaptability". To English speakers, Judo and Jujutsu would mean "the easy way", as in the easiest way to accomplish something. Judo takes from [[jujutsu]] ("gentle art") the principle of using one's opponent's strength against him and adapting well to changing circumstances.  For example, if the attacker was to push against his opponent he would find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing (usually with the aid of a foot to trip him up) his [[momentum]] to [[throw (grappling)|throw]] him forwards (the inverse being true for pulling). Kano saw jujutsu as a disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to some principle; he found it in the notion of "maximum efficiency". Jujutsu techniques which relied solely on superior strength were discarded or adapted in favour of those which involved redirecting the opponent's force, off balancing the opponent, or making use of superior [[leverage]].
+
 
−
<!--also will be continued—>
+
The word Judo is composed of two [[kanji]]:  "jū", which means gentleness, and "dō", way or road (the same character as the Chinese "tao").  Thus Judo literally means "the gentle way", or "the way of giving way", and may also be defined as "the way of suppleness", "the way of flexibility, or "the way of adaptability."  Judo takes from [[jujutsu]] ("gentle art") the principle of using one's opponent's strength against him and adapting well to changing circumstances.  For example, if the attacker pushes against his opponent, he will find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing (usually with the aid of a foot to trip him up) his [[momentum]] to throw him forward. Kano saw jujutsu as a disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to some principle.  He found it in the notion of "maximum efficiency." Jujutsu techniques which relied solely on superior strength were discarded or adapted in favor of those which involved redirecting the opponent's force, throwing the opponent off balance, or making use of superior leverage.
  
 
== Combat Phases ==
 
== Combat Phases ==
  
−
Judo assumes that there are two main phases of combat: the standing (''[[grappling#Stand-up grappling|tachi-waza]]'') and the ground (''[[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]]'') phase.  Each phase requires its own mostly separate techniques, strategies, [[randori]], [[conditioning]] and so on, although some special training is devoted to 'transitional' techniques to bridge the gap.  Some [[judoka]] can become quite skilled in one phase and be rather weak in the other, depending on where their interests most lie, although most are rather balanced between the two.
+
Judo assumes that there are two main phases of combat: the standing (''tachi-waza'') and the ground (''ne-waza'') phase.  Each phase requires its own mostly separate techniques, strategies, randori, and conditioning; although some special training is devoted to 'transitional' techniques to bridge the gap.  Some judoka can be quite skilled in one phase and weak in the other, depending on their interests, although most are balanced between the two.
  
 +
Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat gives a judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up and then pin and submit them on the ground. 
 
[[Image:050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[grappling#Stand-up grappling|Tachi-waza]] ends and [[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]] starts once the judoka go to the ground.]]
 
[[Image:050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[grappling#Stand-up grappling|Tachi-waza]] ends and [[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]] starts once the judoka go to the ground.]]
  
−
===Free-Style===
+
=== Free-Style (Randori) ===
−
Judo emphasizes a free-style sparring called [[randori]] as one of its main forms of training.  Half the combat time is spent sparring on the ground, called [[ne-waza]], and the other half standing up, called [[tachi-waza]]. Sparring, albeit within safety rules, is considered to be much more effective than only practicing techniques, since using full-strength develops the muscles and [[cardio-vascular system]] on the physical side of things, and it develops strategy and reaction time on the mental side of things.
+
Judo emphasizes a free-style sparring called randori as one of its main forms of training.  Half the combat time is spent sparring on the ground (ne-waza), and the other half standing up (tachi-waza). Sparring, within certain safety restrictions, is considered to be much more effective than only practicing techniques, since using full strength develops the cardiovascular system and the muscles of the body, develops strategic thinking and improves reaction time.
  
−
===Judo's Balanced Approach===
+
== The Standing Phase: Tachi-Waza ==
  
−
Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat gives judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up and then [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|pin]] and [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]] them on the ground.  This balanced theory of combat has made Judo a popular choice for many.
+
In the standing phase, which is considered the initial phase, the opponents try to throw each other to the ground.  Even though standing joint-lock and choke/strangulation submission techniques are [http://www.ijf.org/rule/rule_referee.php?Code=2#Entryintonewaza legal] in the standing phase, they are rare due because they are much harder to apply in a standing position  than throws are.  Some judoka, however, are very skilled in combining takedowns with submissions, where a submission technique is begun standing and finished on the ground.  Strikes (punches, kicks, etc.) are not allowed due to their certainty of injury, but judoka are supposed to 'take them into consideration' while training by, for example, not fighting in a bent-over position for long, since this position is vulnerable to knee-strikes.  The main purpose of the throwing techniques (nage waza) is to take an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down onto his back where he cannot move as effectively.  Thus, the main reason for throwing the opponent is to control him and put yourself in a dominant position above him.  Another reason for throwing the opponent is to shock his body by smashing him forcefully onto the ground.  If a judoka executes a powerful yet fully-controlled throw, he can win a match outright on the grounds that he has displayed enough superiority to his opponent.  This kind of victory is very difficult to achieve if the opponents are equally matched.  Therefore points are given for lesser throws in the standing phase of combat. In real fight situations, a throw in itself can shock the opponent, and the impact can potentially knock the opponent unconscious.  
  
−
==The Standing Phase: [[Tachi-Waza]]==
+
==== Footsweeps ====
  
−
In the standing phase, which is considered the initial phase, the opponents try to [[throw (grappling)|throw]] each other to the ground.  Even though standing [[joint-lock]] and [[chokehold|choke]]/[[chokehold|strangulation]] [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission techniques]] are [http://www.ijf.org/rule/rule_referee.php?Code=2#Entryintonewaza legal] in the standing phase, they are quite rare due to the fact that they are much harder to apply standing than [[throw (grappling)|throws]] are.  Some judoka, however, are very skilled in combining [[takedown (grappling)|takedowns]] with [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submissions]], where a submission technique is begun standing and finished on the ground.  [[strike (attack)|Strikes]] (i.e. [[punch (strike)|punches]], [[kick]]s etc) are not allowed due to their certainty of [[injury]], but judoka are supposed to 'take them into consideration' while training by, for example, not fighting in a bent-over position for long, since this position is vulnerable to [[knee (strike)|knee-strikes]] and others.  The main purpose of the throwing techniques ([[nage waza]]) is to take an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down onto his back where he cannot move as effectively.  Thus, the main reason for [[throw (grappling)|throwing]] the opponent is to control him and put yourself in a [[grappling position|dominant position]] above him where you have more potential to inflict damage on him than he does on you. Be that as it may, another reason to throw the opponent is to shock his body through smashing him forcefully onto the ground.  If a judoka executes a powerful yet fully controlled [[throw (grappling)|throw]], he can win a match outright due to the theory that he has displayed enough superiority.  In actual fact, this kind of victory is very difficult to achieve if the opponents are equally matched.  Therefore points are given for lesser throws in the standing phase of combat. In real fight situations, a throw in itself can create shock to the opponent, and the impact can potentially [[knockout|knock]] the opponent [[unconscious]] (depending on how hard the ground is).
+
Footsweeps (leg trips) are used when the opponent is off-balance and, if applied at the right time, can knock down the opponent immediately. The normal footsweep is a swift swipe with the sole of the foot to the ankle of the opponent, called deashi-berai.
  
−
====Footsweeps====
+
==The Ground Phase: Newaza==
  
−
[[takedown (grappling)#Leg trip|Footsweeps]] are used when the opponent is off balance and, if applied at the right time, can knock down the opponent immediately. The normal footsweep is a swift swipe with the sole of the foot to the ankle of the opponent called Deashi-berai.
+
In the ground phase, which is considered the secondary phase of combat, the opponents try to hold, or get the opponent to submit either by using arm locks (leg locks are not allowed due to safety regulations) or chokeholds (strangulation).
  
−
==The Ground Phase: [[Newaza]]==
+
==== Osaekomi (Hold Downs) ====
  
−
In the ground phase, which is considered the secondary phase of combat, the opponents try to [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|hold]], or get the opponent to [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]] either by using [[armlock]]s ([[leglock]]s are not allowed due to safety regulations) or by [[chokehold|chokes]] and [[chokehold|strangulations]].
+
Osaekomi (hold downs) are considered important since, in a real fight, the person who has control of his opponent can hit him with fists, knees, or the head.    If osaekomi is held for twenty-five seconds, the person doing the pinning wins the match.  The reason such a long pin is required is that it is necessary to have full control over an opponent for a long time in order to be able to hit him effectively.  In a match, if a judoka pins his opponent for less than twenty-five seconds, he will get points according to the length of time held (with a minimum of ten seconds).  The theory is that ten seconds would allow enough time to strike an opponent and weaken him somewhat.  A pin can even result in a submission if the opponent is exhausted or his body frame cannot endure the pressure. This sometimes happens in competition when an already injured opponent has been pinned, and the pin has placed pressure on the injured area.
  
−
====Osaekomi (Hold downs)====
+
If the person being held down has wrapped his legs around any part of his opponent's lower body or trunk, his opponent cannot get up and flee unless the person on the bottom lets go. While his legs are wrapped around his opponent, the person on the bottom can employ various attacking techniques, including strangles, arm locks and “do-jime” (body scissors). In this position, often referred to as “the guard” in English, the man on top does not have enough control over his adversary for the position to be considered osaekomi. The man on top can try to pass his opponent's legs and pin or submit him, or he may try to break out of his opponent's guard and stand up. The man on the bottom can try to submit his opponent from his guard or roll his opponent over to get on top of him.
  
−
Osaekomi (hold downs) are considered important since in a real fight the person who has control of his opponent can hit him with [[punch (strike)|punches]], [[knee (strike)|knees]], the [[headbutt|head]] and so on.  If osaekomi is held for 25 seconds, the person doing the pinning wins the match.  The reason for requiring such a long pin is that in order to be able to hit the person underneath you effectively, you have to have full control of him for a long time.  In a match, if you pin your opponent for less than 25 seconds you get points depending on how long, with the minimum being 10 seconds.  This also flows from the theory that you will be striking a pinned opponent, and after 10 seconds will have possibly weakened him somewhat with [[strike (attack)|strikes]], at least enough to merit giving some points.  A pin can even result in a submission if the opponent is exhausted or his body frame cannot endure the pressure from the pin. This has sometimes happened in competition when an already injured opponent has been pinned, and the pin has placed pressure on the injured area, such as the ribcage.
+
====Joint Locks====
  
−
However, if the person being held down has wrapped his legs around any part of his opponent's lower body or trunk, he is pinning his opponent as much as he is being pinned, as his opponent cannot get up and flee unless the bottom man lets go. While his legs are wrapped around his opponent, the bottom man can employ various attacking techniques, including [[strangle]]s, [[armlock]]s and '[[asphyxia#Compressive asphyxia|do-jime]]' (body scissors). In this position, often referred to as the guard in English, the man on top does not have enough control over his adversary for the position to be considered osaekomi. The man on top can try to pass his opponent's legs and pin or [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]] him, or he may try to break out of his opponent's guard and stand up. The bottom man can try to submit his opponent from his guard or roll his opponent over to get on top of him.
+
Joint locks are effective combat techniques because they enable a judoka to control his opponent through pain-compliance, or if necessary, to cause breakage of the locked joint.  Joint locks on the elbow are considered safe enough to perform at nearly full-force in competition to force the submission of one's opponent.  In the past, judo allowed leg locks, wrist locks, spinal locks and various other techniques which have since been banned in competition to protect athletes' safety. It was decided that those techniques would result in many injuries to the [[athlete]]s and would cause gradual deterioration of the joints.  Even so, some judoka still enjoy learning them and fighting each other informally using the techniques that are banned from formal competitions, and many of these techniques are still actively used in other arts such as [[Sambo]] and [[Ju-Jutsu]].
  
−
====Joint locks====
+
==== Chokes/Strangulations ====
  
−
[[Joint locks]] are effective combat techniques because they enable a judoka to control his opponent through [[grappling hold#Pain-compliance hold|pain-compliance]], or if necessary, to cause breakage of the locked joint.  [[Joint locks]] on the elbow are considered safe enough to perform at nearly full-force in competition to force [[submission (combat sport term)|submission]] from one's opponent.  Judo has, in the past, allowed [[leglock]]s, [[wristlock]]s, [[spinal lock]]s and various other techniques which have since been disallowed in competition to protect athletes' safety.  It was decided that attacking those other [[joint]]s would result in many [[injury|injuries]] to the [[athlete]]s and would cause a gradual deterioration of these [[joints]].  Even so, some Judoka still enjoy learning and fighting each other informally using these techniques that are banned from formal competitons, and many of these techniques are still actively used in other arts such as [[SAMBO]] and [[Ju-Jutsu]].
+
Chokes/strangles are Judo's deadliest techniques.  They enable the one applying the choke to force the adversary into [[unconsciousness]] and even [[death]] (though only two people have died while doing judo since 1882). The difference between a choke and a strangle is that a choke blocks the airway from the front of the neck, and a strangle cuts off the blood supply to the [[brain]] via the sides of the neck. In competition, the judoka wins the round if the opponent submits and/or fails to get out of the hold in twenty-five seconds. A properly applied judo choke can knock an opponent unconscious in three seconds.  
−
 
 
−
====Chokes/Strangulations====
 
−
 
 
−
[[chokehold|Chokes]]/[[chokehold|strangulations]] are Judo's deadliest techniques.  They enable the one applying the choke to force the adversary into [[unconsciousness]] and even [[death]] (though only two people have died while doing judo since 1882){{cn}}. The differences between a choke and a strangle is that chokes block the [[airway]] from the front of the neck, and a [[strangle]] cuts off the [[blood]] supply to the [[brain]] via the sides of the neck. In competition, the judoka wins the round if the opponent [[submission (combat sport term)|submits]] and/or fails to get out of the hold in 25 seconds. A properly applied judo choke can knock an opponent unconscious in 3 seconds.  
 
  
 
[[Image:Judo newaza.jpg|thumb|left|220px|When practising [[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]], the judoka usually starts from their knees.]]
 
[[Image:Judo newaza.jpg|thumb|left|220px|When practising [[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]], the judoka usually starts from their knees.]]
Line 88: Line 92:
 
[[Image:Judo orange belt.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[judogi]] is intended to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling]]
 
[[Image:Judo orange belt.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[judogi]] is intended to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling]]
  
−
'''Judoka''' (Judo practitioners) wear white cotton uniforms called  '''[[Judogi]]''' (which means Judo uniform in Japanese) for practicing Judo.  Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to "[[keikogi|gi]]" (uniform).  This judogi was created at the [[Kodokan]] and similar uniforms were later adopted by many other martial arts. The judogi consists of white cotton drawstring pants and a white quilted [[cotton]] [[jacket]] fastened by a colored belt indicative of [[kyu]] or [[dan rank]].  The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of [[throw (grappling)|throwing]] and [[grappling]], and is as a result much thicker than that of a karategi. Before competition, a blue judogi is assigned to one judoka for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators.  In [[Japan]], the traditional red sash (based on the flag's colors) is affixed to one judoka's belt, however in [[Europe]] and [[North America]], a colored sash is typically used for convenience in local competitions, while a blue judogi is assigned to one judoka at the regional, national, or Olympic levels where the visibility, particularly to television cameras is more important than tradition or convienence.  It should be noted that some Japanese practitioners and purists tend to look down on the use of blue judogis.
+
'''Judoka''' (judo practitioners) wear white cotton uniforms called  '''judogi''' (which means judo uniform in Japanese) for practicing judo.  Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to "gi" (uniform).  This judogi was created at the Kodokan and similar uniforms were later adopted by many other martial arts. The judogi consists of white cotton drawstring pants and a white quilted [[cotton]] jacket fastened by a colored belt indicative of kyu or dan rank.  The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling, and is as a result much thicker than that of a karategi. In competition, a blue judogi is assigned to one of the two competing judoka so that judges, referees, and spectators can distinguish between the opponents more easily..  In [[Japan]], the traditional red sash (based on the flag's colors) is affixed to one judoka's belt;  in [[Europe]] and [[North America]], a colored sash is typically used for convenience in local competitions, while a blue judogi is assigned to one judoka at the regional, national, or Olympic levels where the visibility, particularly to television cameras, is more important than tradition or convenience.  It should be noted that some Japanese practitioners and purists tend to look down on the use of blue judogis.
  
−
==Techniques==
+
== Techniques ==
 
: ''For a full list of Judo techniques, see '''[[Judo techniques]]'''.''
 
: ''For a full list of Judo techniques, see '''[[Judo techniques]]'''.''
 
[[Image:Judo_-_Ippon_Seoinage.gif|thumb|One of the first throws learned in judo - the Ippon Seoi Nage]]
 
[[Image:Judo_-_Ippon_Seoinage.gif|thumb|One of the first throws learned in judo - the Ippon Seoi Nage]]
−
While Judo includes a variety of rolls, [[breakfalls|falls]], [[throw (grappling)|throws]], [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|pins]], [[chokehold|chokes]], [[joint-lock]]s, and methods of percussion, the primary focus  is on throwing (''nage-waza'', 投げ技), and groundwork  (''[[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]]'',寝技). Nage-waza is divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques (''[[grappling#Stand-up grappling|tachi-waza]]'', 立技) and sacrifice techniques (''[[sutemi-waza]]'', 捨身技). Standing techniques are divided in hand techniques (''te-waza'', 手技), hip techniques (''koshi-waza'', 腰技) and foot/leg techniques (''ashi-waza'', 足技). Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower falls directly backwards (''ma-sutemi-waza'', 真捨身技) and those in which he falls onto his side (''yoko-sutemi-waza'', 橫捨身技).
+
While Judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, pins, chokes, joint locks, and methods of percussion, the primary focus  is on throwing (''nage-waza'', 投げ技), and groundwork  (''ne-waza'',寝技). Nage-waza is divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques (''tachi-waza'', 立技) and sacrifice techniques (''sutemi-waza'', 捨身技). Standing techniques are divided into hand techniques (''te-waza'', 手技), hip techniques (''koshi-waza'', 腰技) and foot/leg techniques (''ashi-waza'', 足技). Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower falls directly backwards (''ma-sutemi-waza'', 真捨身技) and those in which he falls onto his side (''yoko-sutemi-waza'', 橫捨身技).
  
−
The [[ground fighting|groundwork]] techniques are divided into: attacks against the [[joint]]s or [[joint lock]]s (''kansetsu-waza'', 関節技), [[chokehold|strangleholds]] or [[chokehold]]s (''[[shime-waza]]'', 絞技), and holding or [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|pinning]] techniques (''[[osaekomi-waza]]'', 押込技).
+
The groundwork techniques are divided into: attacks against the joints or joint locks (''kansetsu-waza'', 関節技), strangleholds or chokeholds (''shime-waza'', 絞技), and holding or pinning techniques (''osaekomi-waza'', 押込技).
  
−
A kind of [[sparring]] is practiced in judo, known as ''[[randori]]'' (乱取り), meaning "free practice".  In randori, players (known as ''judoka'') may attack each other with any judo [[throw (grappling)|throw]] or [[grappling]] technique.  [[strike (attack)|Striking]] techniques (called ''atemi-waza'') such as [[kick]]ing and [[punch (strike)|punching]], along with [[knife]] and [[sword]] techniques are retained in the ''kata''s taught to higher ranking judoka (for instance, in the [[kime-no-kata]]), but are forbidden in contest (and usually prohibited in randori), for reasons of safety. Also for reasons of safety, [[chokehold]]s, [[jointlocking]] - and the sacrifice (sutemi) techniques, which can be very spectacular, are often subject to age and/or rank restrictions; in the United States, one must be 13 or older to use [[chokehold]]s, and 17 or older, or hold the rank of Shodan (first degree black belt) or higher to use [[armlock]]s.
+
In randori (乱取, "free practice), ''judoka'' may attack each other with any judo throw or grappling technique.  Striking techniques (called ''atemi-waza'') such as kicking and punching, along with knife and [[sword]] techniques are retained in the ''kata''s taught to higher ranking judoka (for instance, in the kime-no-kata), but are forbidden in contest (and usually prohibited in randori), for reasons of safety. Also for reasons of safety, chokeholds, joint locking, and the sacrifice (sutemi) techniques, which can be very spectacular, are often subject to age or rank restrictions; in the United States, one must be thirteen or older to use chokeholds, and seventeen or older, or hold the rank of Shodan (first degree black belt) or higher to use arm locks.
  
−
In ''randori'' and ''shiai'' (tournament) practice, when an opponent successfully executes a [[chokehold]] or [[joint lock]], one "taps out" by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs, the match is over, and the tapping player has lost, but the [[chokehold]] or [[joint lock]] ceases. Because this allows a merciful exit to the match, injuries related to these holds are quite rare.
+
In ''randori'' and ''shiai'' (tournament) practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one "taps out" by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs, the match is over, and the tapping player has lost, but the chokehold or joint lock ceases. Because this allows a merciful exit to the match, injuries related to these holds are quite rare.
  
 
== Kata ==
 
== Kata ==
  
 
[[Kata]] are prearranged forms displaying several judo techniques.
 
[[Kata]] are prearranged forms displaying several judo techniques.
−
They have several purposes: to illustrate the basic principles of judo; to demonstrate the correct execution of a technique; to teach the philosophical tenets on which judo is based; to illustrate techniques that are not allowed in competition; to preseve ancient techniques that are historically important but not used anymore in contemporary judo.
+
They have several purposes: to illustrate the basic principles of judo; to demonstrate the correct execution of a technique; to teach the philosophical tenets on which judo is based; to illustrate techniques that are not allowed in competition; to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but not used anymore in contemporary judo.
  
 
Knowledge of different kata is a requirement for the attainment of a higher dan.
 
Knowledge of different kata is a requirement for the attainment of a higher dan.
  
−
There are seven kata that are recognized by [[Kodokan]] today:
+
There are seven kata that are recognized by Kodokan today:
  
 
* ''Randori no Kata'' (Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
 
* ''Randori no Kata'' (Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
−
** [[Nage-no-kata|Nage no Kata]] (Throwing forms)
+
** Nage-no-kata|Nage no Kata (Throwing forms)
−
** [[Katame no kata]] (Grappling forms)
+
** Katame no kata (Grappling forms)
−
* [[Kime no kata]] (Forms of decision)
+
* Kime no kata (Forms of decision)
−
* [[Kodokan Goshin Jutsu]] (Kodokan Self-defence forms)
+
* Kodokan Goshin Jutsu (Kodokan Self-defence forms)
−
* [[Ju no Kata]] (Forms of gentleness)
+
* Ju no Kata (Forms of gentleness)
−
* [[Itsutsu no Kata]] (The five forms)
+
* Itsutsu no Kata (The five forms)
−
* [[Koshiki no Kata]] (Ancient forms)
+
* Koshiki no Kata (Ancient forms)
−
* [[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata]] (Maximum-Efficiency National Physical Education Kata)
+
* Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata (Maximum-Efficiency National Physical Education Kata)
  
 
==Gradings==
 
==Gradings==
Line 139: Line 143:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Judoka are ranked according to skill and knowledge of judo, that grade being reflected by belt color: There are two divisions of grades, the student grades (''[[kyu]]''級), and the master grades (''[[dan rank|dan]]''段). Jigoro Kano was the inventor of the ''kyu'' - ''dan'' grading system that soon got adapted by other martial arts such as [[karate]]. Each organization in a country has its own colors for belt advancement, but as set up by Kano, there are 6 kyu grades, though in many countries, there are more.  The six grades are rokyu, gokyu, yonkyu, sankyu, nikyu, and ikkyu.  Kano also set up a 10 degree system for dan ranks, or black belts.  The ten degrees are shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, godan, rokudan, shichidan, hachidan, kudan, and judan. Kano also distinguished some of the dan rankings with specialized colors. Shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, and godan are all simply black.  Rokudan, shichidan, and hachidan were initially designed by Kano as having alternating red and white panels.  Kudan and judan were initially designed by Kano as being solid red.  Later, the judan belt was changed to a doubly wide version of a simple white belt, symbolizing the eternal cycle of wisdom: one can always learn more.  The tenth degree, judan, has no formal regulations - the President of the Kodokan, currently Jigoro Kano's grandson, Yukimitsu Kano, decides on individuals to promote to this rank.  Only 15 individuals have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan.  On January 6, 2006, three individuals were promoted to tenth dan simultaneously, Toshiro Daigo, Ichiro Abe, and Yoshimi Osawa - the most at the same time, and the first in 22 years. They are also the only three who are still living.   
+
Judoka are ranked according to their skill and their knowledge of judo, the grade being reflected by belt color. There are two divisions of grades, the student grades (''kyu'' 級), and the master grades (''dan' '段). Jigoro Kano was the inventor of the ''kyu'' - ''dan'' grading system that was soon adopted by other martial arts such as [[karate]]. Each organization in a country has its own colors for belt advancement; Kano set up six kyu grades, though in many countries, there are more.  The six grades are rokyu, gokyu, yonkyu, sankyu, nikyu, and ikkyu.  Kano also set up a ten degree system for dan ranks, or black belts.  The ten degrees are shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, godan, rokudan, shichidan, hachidan, kudan, and judan. Kano also distinguished some of the dan rankings with specialized colors. Shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, and godan are all simply black.  Rokudan, shichidan, and hachidan were initially designed by Kano as having alternating red and white panels.  Kudan and judan were initially designed by Kano as being solid red.  Later, the judan belt was changed to a doubly wide version of a simple white belt, symbolizing the eternal cycle of wisdom: one can always learn more.  The tenth degree, judan, has no formal regulations - the President of the Kodokan, currently Jigoro Kano's grandson, Yukimitsu Kano, decides on individuals to promote to this rank.  Only fifteen individuals have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan.  On January 6, 2006, three individuals were promoted to tenth dan simultaneously, Toshiro Daigo, Ichiro Abe, and Yoshimi Osawa, the largest number to receive the honor at the same time, and the first in twenty-two years. They are also the only three who are still living.   
  
−
In the UK and most of Europe the belt grading colors run like this: White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown and then Black. Some European countries additionally use a red belt to signify a complete beginner. In Japan, all adult kyu grades wear either white or brown belts. In the US, the colors run: White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Purple, Brown and then Black, but women's ranks sometimes bypass blue or purple. All ''dan'' grades may wear the ''[[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]]''; sixth- through eighth- ''dan''s may alternately wear a red-and-white belt, while those ranked ninth- ''dan'' and above may wear a solid red belt. Some countries also use colored tips on belts, to indicate junior age groups.  Historically, a woman's belt had a white stripe at its centre in some countries. In some countries, the nine colours run from grey through white, light blue, blue, yellow, orange, green, purple, and brown. The Kodokan Judo syllabus also leaves room for an eleventh dan (although it has never been achieved).  The judoka who attained this grade would wear a white belt of double width.
+
The UK and most of Europe use the following belt grading colors White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown and then Black. Some European countries additionally use a red belt to signify a complete beginner. In Japan, all adult kyu grades wear either white or brown belts. In the US, the colors run White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Purple, Brown and then Black, but women's ranks sometimes bypass blue or purple. All ''dan'' grades may wear the ''black belt''; sixth- through eighth- ''dan''s may alternately wear a red-and-white belt, while those ranked ninth- ''dan'' and above may wear a solid red belt. Some countries also use colored tips on belts, to indicate junior age groups.  Historically, a woman's belt had a white stripe at its centre in some countries. In some countries, the nine colors run from grey through white, light blue, blue, yellow, orange, green, purple, and brown. The Kodokan Judo syllabus also leaves room for an eleventh dan (although it has never been achieved).  The judoka who attained this grade would wear a white belt of double width.
  
−
In most Western countries, Judoka have to pass an exam which is normally assessed by the [[sensei]] (teacher) within the [[dojo]]. Judoka may also have to compete in a grading competition against people of a similar grade. If necessary for the particular rank they are advancing to, they may also be tested in [[Kata]], a display of prearranged forms or techniques.  Once all parts have been completed it is possible for a Judoka to be promoted. The ''[[dan rank|dan]]'' ([[black belt]]) ranks are awarded after doing an exam supervised by independent judges of the national judo association. However, some have been awarded black belts outside of this association. Examples include Hori Akioya from Bogota, Colombia, who was awarded a black belt after his death in a Judo match, and student prodigy Joseph Picthall from the United States who was awarded a black belt after defeating a renowned Grand Master in a tournament held in Seattle, Washington in 2000.
+
In most Western countries, judoka have to pass an exam which is normally assessed by the sensei (teacher) within the dojo (judo school). Judoka may also have to compete in a grading competition against people of a similar grade. If necessary for the particular rank they are advancing to, they may also be tested in kata, a display of prearranged forms or techniques.  Once all parts of the exam have been completed it is possible for a judoka to be promoted. The ''dan'' ([[black belt]]) ranks are awarded after doing an exam supervised by independent judges of the national judo association. However, some have been awarded black belts outside of this association. Examples include Hori Akioya from Bogota, Colombia, who was awarded a black belt after his death in a judo match, and student prodigy Joseph Picthall from the United States who was awarded a black belt after defeating a renowned Grand Master in a tournament held in Seattle, Washington in 2000.
  
−
==Styles==
+
== Styles ==
−
[[Jigoro Kano]]'s [[Kodokan Judo]] (講道館) is not the only style of judo. Kano took the name Judo from Jikishin Ryu Judo, which is an older school but not really seen outside of Japan. A sub-style of Kodokan Judo that developed in Japanese inter-scholastic competition is known as [[Kosen judo]] (高專柔道) with the same range of techniques but greater latitude permitted for ''[[grappling#Ground grappling|Ne-waza]]'' (ground technique).
+
Jigoro Kano's Kodokan judo (講道館) is not the only style of judo. Kano took the name judo from Jikishin Ryu judo, which is an older school not seen outside of Japan. A sub-style of Kodokan judo that developed in Japanese inter-scholastic competition is known as Kosen judo (高專柔道) with the same range of techniques but greater latitude permitted for ''ne-waza'' (ground technique).
  
−
Teaching in France, [[Mikonosuke Kawaishi]] developed an alternative approach to instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern competition.  In Austria, [[Julius Fleck]] and others developed a system of throwing intended to extend Judo that they called [[Judo-do]].
+
Teaching in France, Mikonosuke Kawaishi developed an alternative approach to instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern competition.  In Austria, Julius Fleck and others developed a system of throwing intended to extend judo that they called Judo-do.
  
−
[[Mitsuyo Maeda]] introduced Judo to [[Brazil]] in the early 20th Century.  At this time, [[groundfighting]] ([[newaza]]) was very popular and not yet limited by the rules.  He taught Judo to [[Carlos Gracie]] (1902-94) and others in [[Brazil]].  The terms Judo and [[Jiu-jitsu]] were at that time interchangeable.  [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] remained rather aloof to later changes in international Judo rules which added emphasis to the standing phase of the fight, and thus remains a distinctive form of Judo to this day.
+
Mitsuyo Maeda introduced Judo to [[Brazil]] in the early twentieth Century.  At this time, groundfighting (newaza) was very popular and not yet limited by the rules.  He taught Judo to Carlos Gracie (1902-94) and others in [[Brazil]].  The terms Judo and [[Jiu-jitsu]] were at that time interchangeable.  Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ignored later changes in international judo rules which added emphasis to the standing phase of the fight, and thus remains a distinctive form of judo to this day.
  
 
==Sport==
 
==Sport==
 
[[Image:Vladimir Putin martial arts.jpg|thumb|200px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] throwing a sparring partner at a training session in [[Novo-Ogaryovo]], [[16 June]] [[2002]]]]
 
[[Image:Vladimir Putin martial arts.jpg|thumb|200px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] throwing a sparring partner at a training session in [[Novo-Ogaryovo]], [[16 June]] [[2002]]]]
  
−
Although a fully featured martial art, judo has also developed as a sport. Judo became an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport for men in [[1964]] and, with the persistence of an American woman by the name of [[Rusty Kanokogi]] and many others, a sport for women as well in [[1988]].  Popular legend insists that the men's judo event in 1964 was a demonstration event, but according to [[Michel Brousse]], official researcher and historian for the [[International Judo Federation]], Judo was in fact an official sport in the 1964 games.  Thanks to Dutchman [[Anton Geesink]] who won the gold medal in the All Categories division defeating [[Aiko Kaminaga]], Japan, judo lost the image of being "Japanese only" and became an international sport. The women's event was a demonstration event in 1988, followed by becoming an official medal event 4 years later. Men and women compete separately (although they often train together), and there are several [[human weight|weight]] divisions.
+
Although a fully featured martial art, judo has also developed as a sport. Judo became an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport for men in 1964 and, through the persistence of an American woman, Rusty Kanokogi, and many others, for women as well in 1988.  Popular legend insists that the men's judo event in 1964 was a demonstration event, but according to Michel Brousse, official researcher and historian for the International Judo Federation, Judo was in fact an official sport in the 1964 games.  Thanks to Dutchman Anton Geesink who won the gold medal in the All Categories division defeating Aiko Kaminaga (Japan)  judo lost the image of being "Japanese only" and became an international sport. The women's event was a demonstration event in 1988, and became  an official medal event four years later. Men and women compete separately (although they often train together), and there are several weight divisions.
  
 
The seven divisions are (These are subject to change, by both governing bodies and age):
 
The seven divisions are (These are subject to change, by both governing bodies and age):
Line 181: Line 185:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Collegiate]] competition in the [[United States]], especially between [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and [[San Jose State]], contributed towards refining judo into the sport seen at the [[Olympic Games]] and World Championships.  In the [[1940s]] [[Henry Stone]] and [[Yosh Uchida]], the head coaches at Cal and SJSC, developed a [[weight class]] system for use in the frequent competitions between the schools. In [[1953]], Stone and Uchida successfully petitioned the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] to accept judo as a sport, with their weight class system as an official component.  In [[1961]], Uchida represented the United States at the [[International Judo Federation]] meetings in [[Paris]], where the IJF adopted weight classes for all future championships. Of course the IJF was created largely based on the earlier European Judo Union where weight classes had also been used for many years.
+
Collegiate competition in the [[United States]], especially between [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and San Jose State, contributed towards refining judo into the sport seen at the [[Olympic Games]] and World Championships.  In the 1940s Henry Stone and Yosh Uchida, the head coaches at Cal and SJSC, developed a weight class system for use in the frequent competitions between the schools. In 1953, Stone and Uchida successfully petitioned the Amateur Athletic Union to accept judo as a sport, with their weight class system as an official component.  In 1961, Uchida represented the United States at the International Judo Federation meetings in [[Paris]], where the IJF adopted weight classes for all future championships. (The IJF was created largely based on the earlier European Judo Union where weight classes had also been used for many years.)
 +
 
 +
== Scoring ==
  
−
The object in a judo match is to either throw your opponent to the ground flat on his back, to pin him to the ground on his back, or to force him to submit using a choke or an armlock. This will score an ''[[ippon]]'' (一本), a full point that wins the match. Anything else, such as landing your opponent on the hip or shoulder from a throw, will be ''waza-ari'' (技有), ''yuko'' (有効) or ''koka'' (効果) (''waza-ari'' being the highest of the 3, ''koka'' the lowest) or even no score. Technically speaking, a ''waza-ari'' is a half-point, two of which will earn the match. ''Yuko''s and ''koka''s are not fractional points in that they do not accumulate to equal a ''waza-ari'' or ''ippon''— in fact a ''waza-ari'' beats any number of ''yukos'' and a ''yuko'' beats any number of ''kokas''. Rather, they are used as tiebreakers if the match ends before an ''ippon'' is scored. At match end, if one player has scored a ''waza-ari'' and the other has not, the player with the ''waza-ari'' wins, but if they are equal in that regard (both with zero or one) ''yuko''s are used to break the tie. If they are also equal in ''yuko''s, ''koka''s break the tie. Finally, if both players have identical scores, the match is resolved by having the contestants continue fighting in a sudden death overtime called the Golden Score period where the first contestant to get any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the decision (majority vote) of the referee and two corner judges is used.
+
The object in a judo match is to either throw your opponent to the ground flat on his back, to pin him to the ground on his back, or to force him to submit using a choke or an arm lock. This will score an ''ippon'' (一本), a full point that wins the match. Anything else, such as landing your opponent on the hip or shoulder from a throw, will be ''waza-ari'' (技有), ''yuko'' (有効) or ''koka'' (効果) (''waza-ari'' being the highest of the three, ''koka'' the lowest) or even no score. Technically speaking, a ''waza-ari'' is a half-point, two of which will earn the match. ''Yuko''s and ''koka''s are not fractional points in that they do not accumulate to equal a ''waza-ari'' or ''ippon''— in fact a ''waza-ari'' beats any number of ''yukos'' and a ''yuko'' beats any number of ''kokas''. Rather, they are used as tiebreakers if the match ends before an ''ippon'' is scored. At match end, if one player has scored a ''waza-ari'' and the other has not, the player with the ''waza-ari'' wins, but if they are equal in that regard (both with zero or one) ''yuko''s are used to break the tie. If they are also equal in ''yuko''s, ''koka''s break the tie. Finally, if both players have identical scores, the match is resolved by having the contestants continue fighting in a sudden death overtime called the Golden Score period where the first contestant to get any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the decision (majority vote) of the referee and two corner judges is used.
  
−
After a [[throw (grappling)|throw]] occurs (whether or not it is scored), combat may continue on the ground. [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|Pinning]] an opponent, with both shoulders on the mat, for 25 seconds (20 if you previously scored a ''waza-ari'', since two half-points will complete your ippon) results in an ''ippon''. An automatic ''ippon'' is also granted when one's opponent [[submission (combat sport term)|submits]] (which frequently occurs when [[chokehold|strangleholds]] / [[armlock]]s are used). If there is no ''[[ippon]]'', the one with the highest score wins. Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match or using illegal techniques and fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat (''[[tatami]]'').  If the referee and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee will call ''sonomama'' (which means "do not move") and both fighters must stop in the position they are in.  When they are done, the referee says ''yoshi'' and the match continues.
+
After a throw occurs (whether or not it is scored), combat may continue on the ground. Pinning an opponent, with both shoulders on the mat, for 25 seconds (20 if you previously scored a ''waza-ari'', since two half-points will complete your ippon) results in an ''ippon''. An automatic ''ippon'' is also granted when one's opponent submits (which frequently occurs when strangleholds / arm locks are used). If there is no ''ippon,'' the one with the highest score wins. Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match or using illegal techniques, and fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat (''tatami'').  If the referee and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee will call ''sonomama'' (which means "do not move") and both fighters must stop in the position they are in.  When they are done, the referee says ''yoshi'' and the match continues.
  
 
All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can make a decision to change the score or penalty given by the referee.
 
All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can make a decision to change the score or penalty given by the referee.
  
−
==Sport and beyond==
+
== Sport and Beyond ==
−
Despite the literal meaning of ''judo'' being "the gentle way", competition judo is one the roughest and most demanding of sports. Regulation time in a World Championship or [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] match is only 5 minutes, but will leave participants exhausted; in the event of a tie, matches may also proceed to an overtime phase which lasts as long as regulation time.
+
Despite the literal meaning of ''judo'' being "the gentle way", competition judo is one the roughest and most demanding of sports. Regulation time in a World Championship or [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] match is only five minutes, but will leave participants exhausted; in the event of a tie, matches may also proceed to an overtime phase which lasts as long as regulation time.
  
−
Because competition judo does not contain the [[kick]]ing and [[punch (strike)|punching]] so common to other [[martial arts]], Judo is often portrayed as friendlier than, for instance, [[Karate]] (although some forms of Karate emphasize the control of character and aggression).  Proponents believe this contributes to judo being underrated as a method of [[self-defense]] since advanced [[kata (martial arts)|kata]] do contain defenses against [[kick]]ing, [[punch (strike)|punching]], and armed techniques, although they are mainly practiced by [[black belts]].  In addition, while throws executed with proper [[break falls]] on soft mats can seem light and graceful, their more practical application on a hard surface (and potentially with greater intent to harm) could be very dangerous.  Even in the controlled environments of a match or [[dojo]] training session, [[injuries]] can easily occur due to a lapse in focus or overzealous application of a technique.  Anecdotal evidence suggests that Judo techniques are often effective in self-defense situations.
+
Because competition judo does not contain the kicking and punching so common to other [[martial arts]], judo is often portrayed as friendlier than, for instance, [[karate]] (although some forms of karate emphasize the control of character and aggression).  Proponents believe this contributes to judo being underrated as a method of [[self-defense]] since advanced kata do contain defenses against kicking, punching, and armed techniques, although they are mainly practiced by black belts.  In addition, while throws executed with proper break falls on soft mats can seem light and graceful, their more practical application on a hard surface (and potentially with greater intent to harm) could be very dangerous.  Even in the controlled environments of a match or dojo training session, injuries can easily occur due to a lapse in focus or overzealous application of a technique.  Anecdotal evidence suggests that judo techniques are often effective in self-defense situations.
  
−
Due to their knowledge in [[ne-waza]]/[[grappling]] and [[tachi-waza]]/standing-grappling, various accomplished judo practitioners have also competed in [[mixed martial arts]] matches. [[Fedor Emelianenko]] is [[PRIDE|PRIDE Fighting Championships]]'s current heavyweight champion and consistently ranked the world's best heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter. [[Hidehiko Yoshida]], an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist in 1992 and World Judo Champion in 1999, is well-known in Pride as well. [[Karo Parisyan]], an [[Armenia|Armenian]]-born judoka now fighting in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]], has demonstrated the application of judo techniques to mixed martial arts in the [[United States]]. It should be noted that the ability to throw an opponent to his back and apply a pinning technique is of enormous importance in these kinds of competitions, as is the ability to finish off a [[downed opponent]] with [[strike (attack)|strikes]] or a [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission-move]].  Judo, uniquely among [[combat sport]]s, puts equal emphasis on the initial [[throw (grappling)|throwing]] and the final [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|pinning]] and [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submitting]] phases of combat, ideally enabling practitioners to dominate [[grappling]]-fights from the get-go.
+
Due to their knowledge in grappling (ne-waza )and standing-grappling (tachi-waza), various accomplished judo practitioners have also competed in [[mixed martial arts]] matches. Fedor Emelianenko is PRIDE Fighting Championships's current heavyweight champion and consistently ranked the world's best heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter. Hidehiko Yoshida, an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist in 1992 and World Judo Champion in 1999, is well-known in Pride as well. Karo Parisyan, an [[Armenia|Armenian]]-born judoka now fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, has demonstrated the application of judo techniques to mixed martial arts in the [[United States]]. It should be noted that the ability to throw an opponent to his back and apply a pinning technique is of enormous importance in these kinds of competitions, as is the ability to finish off a downed opponent with strikes or a submission-move.  Judo, uniquely among [[combat sport]]s, puts equal emphasis on the initial throwing and the final pinning and submitting phases of combat, ideally enabling practitioners to dominate grappling-fights from the start.
  
 
==Organization==
 
==Organization==
−
The international organization of judo is the IJF, or the [[International Judo Federation]]. In the US, there are several different national organizations. One is USA Judo, which also has state organizations which host state tournaments and other judo related activities(USA Judo is the National Governing Body to the United States Olympic Committee).  The other national organizations are USJF, United States Judo Federation, and USJA, United States Judo Association. Each national organization in the US has its own promotion requirements, but they still have the same belt rank system.  USJF and USJA are founding members of USA Judo with members often having dual membership.
+
The international organization of judo is the IJF, or the International Judo Federation. In the US, there are several different national organizations. One is USA Judo, which also has state organizations which host state tournaments and other judo related activities USA Judo is the National Governing Body to the United States Olympic Committee).  The other national organizations are USJF, United States Judo Federation, and USJA, United States Judo Association. Each national organization in the US has its own promotion requirements, but they still have the same belt rank system.  USJF and USJA are founding members of USA Judo with members often having dual membership.
  
−
In [[Great Britain]], the [[British Judo Association]] (BJA) is the largest Judo Association and the only one affiliated to the IJF. Judo clubs can also be administered by the British Judo Council (BJC), which is popular in the north of [[England]]. Some minor judo administrations exist, such as the BJC-MAC (British Judo Council - Martial Arts Circle).
+
In [[Great Britain]], the British Judo Association (BJA) is the largest judo association and the only one affiliated to the IJF. Judo clubs can also be administered by the British Judo Council (BJC), which is popular in the north of England. Some minor judo administrations exist, such as the BJC-MAC (British Judo Council - Martial Arts Circle).
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
===Places===
 
−
*[[Kodokan]]
 
−
 
 
−
===People===
 
−
*[[Neil Adams]]
 
−
*[[Keiko Fukuda]], highest ranking female Judoka
 
−
*[[James Bregman|Jim Bregman]], first American to win a medal in Olympic judo
 
−
*[[George Harris (Olympic judo player)|George Harris]], member of the first US Olympic judo team
 
−
*[[Masahiko Kimura]]
 
−
*[[Gunji Koizumi]], introduced Judo to England.
 
−
*[[Charles Stuart William Palmer|Charlie Palmer]], British 10th Dan
 
−
*[[Anton Geesink]], Dutch 10th Dan
 
−
*[[Jason Morris]], 1992 Olympic silver medalist, 1993 Worlds bronze medalist, 2008 Olympic coach
 
−
*[[Jimmy Pedro]]
 
−
*[[Roylando Toliver]]
 
−
*[[Mike Swain]]
 
−
*[[Doug Rogers]]
 
−
*[[Karo Parisyan]]
 
−
*[[Hidehiko Yoshida]]（Japan）
 
−
*[[Ron Angus]] Great Canadian fighter
 
−
*[[Tazz|Peter Senerchia]] Former ECW Champion and current ECW color commentator.  3rd Degree Black Belt.
 
−
*[[Tadahiro Nomura]]（Japan）
 
−
*[[Ryoko Tani]]（Japan）
 
  
−
===Other===
 
−
*[[Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] (and similar articles for other Olympic years)
 
−
*[[Judo techniques]], full list of judo techniques
 
−
*[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo wrestling]], a Russian martial art partially based on Judo
 
−
*[[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] (BJJ), a Brazilian variant of Judo where [[grappling#Ground grappling|newaza]] is emphasized
 
−
*[[Throw (grappling)]], More on throws
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes
 
−
for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags—>
 
−
<div class="references-small">
 
−
<references />
 
−
</div>
 
  
−
* Kano, Jigoro (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/Kodokan-Judo-Jigoro-Kano/dp/4770017995/sr=8-1/qid=1157898081/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-9171546-0644653?ie=UTF8&s=books ''Kodokan Judo''] is the standard reference on judo.  ISBN 4770017995.
+
*Kano, Jigoro. Kodokan Judo. Kodansha International (JPN); Reprint edition, 1994.
−
 
+
*Mifune, Kyuzo; White, Francoise (translator). The Canon of Judo: Classic Teachings on Principles and Techniques. Kodansha America; 2Rev Ed edition Judo Formal
−
{{unreferenced}}
+
*Otaki, Tadao; Draeger, Donn F. Techniques: A Complete Guide to Kodokan Randori No Kata .Tuttle Publishing; Reprint edition
 +
*Suino, Nicklaus.  Budo Mind and Body: Training Secrets of the Japanese Martial Arts.  
 +
Weatherhill, 2006
 +
*Daigo, Toshiro; White, Francoise (translator) Kodokan Judo: Throwing Techniques. Kodansha International (JPN), 2005
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
Line 298: Line 271:
 
* [http://www.judojiujitsucee.org Judo and Jiujitsu Club of the European Communities - Luxemburg]
 
* [http://www.judojiujitsucee.org Judo and Jiujitsu Club of the European Communities - Luxemburg]
  
−
==Suggested Reading==
+
==See also==
−
*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0834805685 "Budo Mind and Body : Training Secrets of the Japanese Martial Arts"] by Nicklaus Suino.
+
 
 +
===People===
 +
*[[Neil Adams]]
 +
*[[Keiko Fukuda]], highest ranking female Judoka
 +
*[[James Bregman|Jim Bregman]], first American to win a medal in Olympic judo
 +
*[[George Harris (Olympic judo player)|George Harris]], member of the first US Olympic judo team
 +
*[[Masahiko Kimura]]
 +
*[[Gunji Koizumi]], introduced Judo to England.  
 +
*[[Charles Stuart William Palmer|Charlie Palmer]], British 10th Dan
 +
*[[Anton Geesink]], Dutch 10th Dan
 +
*[[Jason Morris]], 1992 Olympic silver medalist, 1993 Worlds bronze medalist, 2008 Olympic coach
 +
*[[Jimmy Pedro]]
 +
*[[Roylando Toliver]]
 +
*[[Mike Swain]]
 +
*[[Doug Rogers]]
 +
*[[Karo Parisyan]]
 +
*[[Hidehiko Yoshida]]（Japan）
 +
*[[Ron Angus]] Great Canadian fighter
 +
*[[Tazz|Peter Senerchia]] Former ECW Champion and current ECW color commentator. 3rd Degree Black Belt.
 +
*[[Tadahiro Nomura]]（Japan）
 +
*[[Ryoko Tani]]（Japan）
 +
 
 +
===Other===
 +
*[[Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] (and similar articles for other Olympic years)
 +
*[[Judo techniques]], full list of judo techniques
 +
*[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo wrestling]], a Russian martial art partially based on Judo
 +
*[[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] (BJJ), a Brazilian variant of Judo where [[grappling#Ground grappling|newaza]] is emphasized
 +
*[[Throw (grappling)]], More on throws
 +
*[[Judo technique]]s for a list of techniques by technique classification and
 +
*[[Judo Lists|Judo lists]] for the official Kodokan syllabus.
 +
 
  
 
[[Category:Combat sports]]
 
[[Category:Combat sports]]

Revision as of 16:55, 9 October 2006

Judo
Judo01cropped.jpg
Japanese Name
Japanese 柔道
Kana spelling じゅうどう
Modified Hepburn Jūdō
Kunrei-shiki Zyûdô
Nihon-shiki Zyûdô

Judo (Japanese: 柔道, jūdō; "gentle way") is a martial art, combat sport, and philosophy which originated in Japan. Judo, now primarily a sport, is a system of unarmed combat. The objective is to throw, pin, or cause the opponent to yield by applying pressure to arm joints or the neck. Judo techniques are intended to turn an opponent’s force to one’s advantage, rather than confronting it directly. Rituals surrounding the practice of judo promote an attitude of calm readiness and confidence.

Judo is the successor to jujutsu and was founded by Dr. Jigoro Kano in 1882. The basic philosophy is “use one’s potency for a good purpose” and “oneself and others share mutual prosperity.” The essence of judo theory is, “Weak but pliant can overcome strong and hard.” The purpose of judo is not merely to gain victory for victory’s sake, but to discipline one’s mind and body. The sport became the model for modern Japanese martial arts, gendai budo, developed from old koryu schools. Practitioners of judo are called judoka.

According to the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA), judo is one of the four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced internationally today, the other three being Greco-Roman wrestling, Freestyle wrestling and Sambo wrestling.


History and Philosophy

Weaponry and the fighting arts have always occupied a place in Japanese culture. The Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720 C.E.) contains one of the earliest references to Japanese combative arts, descriptions of the “chikara kurabe “(contests of strength) which had allegedly been conducted in even earlier times. After the tenth century, traditional fighting skills were passed from generation to generation and came to fruition with the bushi (classical warriors), who were responsible for the development of the classical martial arts.

By the early sixteenth century, many martial “ryu” (schools) were in existence. Some of these schools influenced the development of Kodokan Judo; to some extent, the design of the Judo kata (patterns of movement) were drawn from “sumo.” During the seventeenth century Japan experienced a long period of domestic peace, and the warrior class gradually lost its predominantly martial role. The martial arts (bugai) which had originated with warriors were eclipsed by spiritual disciplines, the martial ways (budo), developed by commoners. 

“Jujutsu “is a generic term commonly applied to all Japanese systems of hand-to-hand combat in which the operator is minimally armed.  For warriors, jujutsu was a secondary form of combat to support the use of a sword or other weapon in battle.  As the warrior class became less important, jujutsu came to be characterized by methods of unarmed combat which were useful in civilian life.

Kano Jigoro and the Beginning of Judo

The early history of judo and that of its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kano Jigoro (1860-1938), are inseparable. Kano was born into a distinguished family in Mikage village (now Kobe city in Hyogo prefecture). His grandfather was a self-made man, a sake brewer from Shiga prefecture in central Japan. Kano's father, Jirosaku, was not the eldest son and did not inherit the business, but became a Shinto priest and wealthy shipping agent serving the Tokugawa shogunate, under the patronage of Katsu Kaishu, a naval officer and statesman known for his role as the representative of the Tokugawa shogunate in the surrender of Edo(Tokyo). Kano was the third son, and from his childhood was a gifted person. When his father was called to Tokyo by the new Meiji government, Kano Jigoro accompanied him. Kano was small and frail; even in his twenties, he did not weigh more than a hundred pounds and was often picked on by bullies. However, Kano was extraordinarily perceptive, and also inquisitive about the jujutsu of his day. He first started pursuing jujutsu, at that time a flourishing art, at the age of seventeen, but had difficulty finding a teacher who would take him on as a serious student. When he was eighteen, his father secured him a place in the second incoming class of the Tokyo Imperial University as a student of literature. He continued his efforts in martial arts, eventually gaining a referral to Hachinosuke Fukuda, a master of the Tenjin Shinyo-ryu and ancestor of noted Japanese/American judoka Keiko Fukuda (one of Kano's oldest surviving students). Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori, or free practice, in judo. It is said that when Kano asked Master Fukuda, during his practice session, “How do I throw my opponent down?” Master Fukuda responded, “Through much practice you will naturally understand how to do it.” Little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda became ill and later died. Kano then became a student in another Tenjin Shinyo school, that of Masatomo Iso, who was the third successor as head of the Tenjin Shinyo school. Iso put more emphasis on formal kata than did Fukuda. Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title "shihan", or master, and became assistant instructor to Iso at the age of twenty-one. Iso also became ill, and Kano, feeling that he still had much to learn, took up another style, becoming a student of Tsunetoshi Iikubo of Kito Ryu. Like Fukuda, Iikubo encouraged free practice, and Kito Ryu placed much greater emphasis on throwing techniques than Tenjin Shinyo Ryu.

Formalism and strict conduct are typical of traditional Judo.

By this time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the kata guruma ( or 'shoulder wheel', known as a “fireman's carry” to Western wrestlers who use a slightly different form of this technique) and uki goshi (floating hip toss). From his experience with the teachings of Tenjin Shinyo Ryu, Kano developed his “katame” and “ate waza” skills, from the Kito Ryu teachings he derived his finesse with “nage waza” (throwing techniques). He determined to do more than build on the techniques of Kito and Tenjin Shinyo Ryu. Full of new ideas, partially as a result of his education, Kano had in mind a major reformation of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles, and with a focus on development of the body, mind, and character of young men in addition to development of martial prowess.

At the age of twenty-two, when he was just about to finish his degree at the University, Kano took nine students from Iikubo's school to study jujutsu under him at the Eishoji Temple. Kano had not yet been accorded the title of "master" in the Kito Ryu, and Iikubo came to the temple to help teach three days a week. Though it did not receive the name until two years later, in 1884, this was the founding of the Kodokan or "place for learning the way."

The word Judo is composed of two kanji: "jū", which means gentleness, and "dō", way or road (the same character as the Chinese "tao"). Thus Judo literally means "the gentle way", or "the way of giving way", and may also be defined as "the way of suppleness", "the way of flexibility, or "the way of adaptability." Judo takes from jujutsu ("gentle art") the principle of using one's opponent's strength against him and adapting well to changing circumstances. For example, if the attacker pushes against his opponent, he will find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing (usually with the aid of a foot to trip him up) his momentum to throw him forward. Kano saw jujutsu as a disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to some principle. He found it in the notion of "maximum efficiency." Jujutsu techniques which relied solely on superior strength were discarded or adapted in favor of those which involved redirecting the opponent's force, throwing the opponent off balance, or making use of superior leverage.

Combat Phases

Judo assumes that there are two main phases of combat: the standing (tachi-waza) and the ground (ne-waza) phase. Each phase requires its own mostly separate techniques, strategies, randori, and conditioning; although some special training is devoted to 'transitional' techniques to bridge the gap. Some judoka can be quite skilled in one phase and weak in the other, depending on their interests, although most are balanced between the two.

Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat gives a judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up and then pin and submit them on the ground.

Tachi-waza ends and ne-waza starts once the judoka go to the ground.

Free-Style (Randori)

Judo emphasizes a free-style sparring called randori as one of its main forms of training. Half the combat time is spent sparring on the ground (ne-waza), and the other half standing up (tachi-waza). Sparring, within certain safety restrictions, is considered to be much more effective than only practicing techniques, since using full strength develops the cardiovascular system and the muscles of the body, develops strategic thinking and improves reaction time.

The Standing Phase: Tachi-Waza

In the standing phase, which is considered the initial phase, the opponents try to throw each other to the ground. Even though standing joint-lock and choke/strangulation submission techniques are legal in the standing phase, they are rare due because they are much harder to apply in a standing position than throws are. Some judoka, however, are very skilled in combining takedowns with submissions, where a submission technique is begun standing and finished on the ground. Strikes (punches, kicks, etc.) are not allowed due to their certainty of injury, but judoka are supposed to 'take them into consideration' while training by, for example, not fighting in a bent-over position for long, since this position is vulnerable to knee-strikes. The main purpose of the throwing techniques (nage waza) is to take an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down onto his back where he cannot move as effectively. Thus, the main reason for throwing the opponent is to control him and put yourself in a dominant position above him. Another reason for throwing the opponent is to shock his body by smashing him forcefully onto the ground. If a judoka executes a powerful yet fully-controlled throw, he can win a match outright on the grounds that he has displayed enough superiority to his opponent. This kind of victory is very difficult to achieve if the opponents are equally matched. Therefore points are given for lesser throws in the standing phase of combat. In real fight situations, a throw in itself can shock the opponent, and the impact can potentially knock the opponent unconscious.

Footsweeps

Footsweeps (leg trips) are used when the opponent is off-balance and, if applied at the right time, can knock down the opponent immediately. The normal footsweep is a swift swipe with the sole of the foot to the ankle of the opponent, called deashi-berai.

The Ground Phase: Newaza

In the ground phase, which is considered the secondary phase of combat, the opponents try to hold, or get the opponent to submit either by using arm locks (leg locks are not allowed due to safety regulations) or chokeholds (strangulation).

Osaekomi (Hold Downs)

Osaekomi (hold downs) are considered important since, in a real fight, the person who has control of his opponent can hit him with fists, knees, or the head. If osaekomi is held for twenty-five seconds, the person doing the pinning wins the match. The reason such a long pin is required is that it is necessary to have full control over an opponent for a long time in order to be able to hit him effectively. In a match, if a judoka pins his opponent for less than twenty-five seconds, he will get points according to the length of time held (with a minimum of ten seconds). The theory is that ten seconds would allow enough time to strike an opponent and weaken him somewhat. A pin can even result in a submission if the opponent is exhausted or his body frame cannot endure the pressure. This sometimes happens in competition when an already injured opponent has been pinned, and the pin has placed pressure on the injured area.

If the person being held down has wrapped his legs around any part of his opponent's lower body or trunk, his opponent cannot get up and flee unless the person on the bottom lets go. While his legs are wrapped around his opponent, the person on the bottom can employ various attacking techniques, including strangles, arm locks and “do-jime” (body scissors). In this position, often referred to as “the guard” in English, the man on top does not have enough control over his adversary for the position to be considered osaekomi. The man on top can try to pass his opponent's legs and pin or submit him, or he may try to break out of his opponent's guard and stand up. The man on the bottom can try to submit his opponent from his guard or roll his opponent over to get on top of him.

Joint Locks

Joint locks are effective combat techniques because they enable a judoka to control his opponent through pain-compliance, or if necessary, to cause breakage of the locked joint. Joint locks on the elbow are considered safe enough to perform at nearly full-force in competition to force the submission of one's opponent. In the past, judo allowed leg locks, wrist locks, spinal locks and various other techniques which have since been banned in competition to protect athletes' safety. It was decided that those techniques would result in many injuries to the athletes and would cause gradual deterioration of the joints. Even so, some judoka still enjoy learning them and fighting each other informally using the techniques that are banned from formal competitions, and many of these techniques are still actively used in other arts such as Sambo and Ju-Jutsu.

Chokes/Strangulations

Chokes/strangles are Judo's deadliest techniques. They enable the one applying the choke to force the adversary into unconsciousness and even death (though only two people have died while doing judo since 1882). The difference between a choke and a strangle is that a choke blocks the airway from the front of the neck, and a strangle cuts off the blood supply to the brain via the sides of the neck. In competition, the judoka wins the round if the opponent submits and/or fails to get out of the hold in twenty-five seconds. A properly applied judo choke can knock an opponent unconscious in three seconds.

When practising ne-waza, the judoka usually starts from their knees.

Uniform

File:Judo orange belt.JPG
The judogi is intended to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling

Judoka (judo practitioners) wear white cotton uniforms called judogi (which means judo uniform in Japanese) for practicing judo. Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to "gi" (uniform). This judogi was created at the Kodokan and similar uniforms were later adopted by many other martial arts. The judogi consists of white cotton drawstring pants and a white quilted cotton jacket fastened by a colored belt indicative of kyu or dan rank. The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling, and is as a result much thicker than that of a karategi. In competition, a blue judogi is assigned to one of the two competing judoka so that judges, referees, and spectators can distinguish between the opponents more easily.. In Japan, the traditional red sash (based on the flag's colors) is affixed to one judoka's belt; in Europe and North America, a colored sash is typically used for convenience in local competitions, while a blue judogi is assigned to one judoka at the regional, national, or Olympic levels where the visibility, particularly to television cameras, is more important than tradition or convenience. It should be noted that some Japanese practitioners and purists tend to look down on the use of blue judogis.

Techniques

For a full list of Judo techniques, see Judo techniques.
One of the first throws learned in judo - the Ippon Seoi Nage

While Judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, pins, chokes, joint locks, and methods of percussion, the primary focus is on throwing (nage-waza, 投げ技), and groundwork (ne-waza,寝技). Nage-waza is divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques (tachi-waza, 立技) and sacrifice techniques (sutemi-waza, 捨身技). Standing techniques are divided into hand techniques (te-waza, 手技), hip techniques (koshi-waza, 腰技) and foot/leg techniques (ashi-waza, 足技). Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower falls directly backwards (ma-sutemi-waza, 真捨身技) and those in which he falls onto his side (yoko-sutemi-waza, 橫捨身技).

The groundwork techniques are divided into: attacks against the joints or joint locks (kansetsu-waza, 関節技), strangleholds or chokeholds (shime-waza, 絞技), and holding or pinning techniques (osaekomi-waza, 押込技).

In randori (乱取, "free practice), judoka may attack each other with any judo throw or grappling technique. Striking techniques (called atemi-waza) such as kicking and punching, along with knife and sword techniques are retained in the katas taught to higher ranking judoka (for instance, in the kime-no-kata), but are forbidden in contest (and usually prohibited in randori), for reasons of safety. Also for reasons of safety, chokeholds, joint locking, and the sacrifice (sutemi) techniques, which can be very spectacular, are often subject to age or rank restrictions; in the United States, one must be thirteen or older to use chokeholds, and seventeen or older, or hold the rank of Shodan (first degree black belt) or higher to use arm locks.

In randori and shiai (tournament) practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one "taps out" by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs, the match is over, and the tapping player has lost, but the chokehold or joint lock ceases. Because this allows a merciful exit to the match, injuries related to these holds are quite rare.

Kata

Kata are prearranged forms displaying several judo techniques. They have several purposes: to illustrate the basic principles of judo; to demonstrate the correct execution of a technique; to teach the philosophical tenets on which judo is based; to illustrate techniques that are not allowed in competition; to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but not used anymore in contemporary judo.

Knowledge of different kata is a requirement for the attainment of a higher dan.

There are seven kata that are recognized by Kodokan today:

  • Randori no Kata (Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
    • Nage-no-kata|Nage no Kata (Throwing forms)
    • Katame no kata (Grappling forms)
  • Kime no kata (Forms of decision)
  • Kodokan Goshin Jutsu (Kodokan Self-defence forms)
  • Ju no Kata (Forms of gentleness)
  • Itsutsu no Kata (The five forms)
  • Koshiki no Kata (Ancient forms)
  • Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata (Maximum-Efficiency National Physical Education Kata)

Gradings

Typical European judo belt colours
White  
Yellow  
Orange  
Green  
Blue  
Brown  
Black  

Judoka are ranked according to their skill and their knowledge of judo, the grade being reflected by belt color. There are two divisions of grades, the student grades (kyu 級), and the master grades (dan' '段). Jigoro Kano was the inventor of the kyu - dan grading system that was soon adopted by other martial arts such as karate. Each organization in a country has its own colors for belt advancement; Kano set up six kyu grades, though in many countries, there are more. The six grades are rokyu, gokyu, yonkyu, sankyu, nikyu, and ikkyu. Kano also set up a ten degree system for dan ranks, or black belts. The ten degrees are shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, godan, rokudan, shichidan, hachidan, kudan, and judan. Kano also distinguished some of the dan rankings with specialized colors. Shodan, nidan, sandan, yodan, and godan are all simply black. Rokudan, shichidan, and hachidan were initially designed by Kano as having alternating red and white panels. Kudan and judan were initially designed by Kano as being solid red. Later, the judan belt was changed to a doubly wide version of a simple white belt, symbolizing the eternal cycle of wisdom: one can always learn more. The tenth degree, judan, has no formal regulations - the President of the Kodokan, currently Jigoro Kano's grandson, Yukimitsu Kano, decides on individuals to promote to this rank. Only fifteen individuals have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan. On January 6, 2006, three individuals were promoted to tenth dan simultaneously, Toshiro Daigo, Ichiro Abe, and Yoshimi Osawa, the largest number to receive the honor at the same time, and the first in twenty-two years. They are also the only three who are still living.

The UK and most of Europe use the following belt grading colors White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown and then Black. Some European countries additionally use a red belt to signify a complete beginner. In Japan, all adult kyu grades wear either white or brown belts. In the US, the colors run White, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Purple, Brown and then Black, but women's ranks sometimes bypass blue or purple. All dan grades may wear the black belt; sixth- through eighth- dans may alternately wear a red-and-white belt, while those ranked ninth- dan and above may wear a solid red belt. Some countries also use colored tips on belts, to indicate junior age groups. Historically, a woman's belt had a white stripe at its centre in some countries. In some countries, the nine colors run from grey through white, light blue, blue, yellow, orange, green, purple, and brown. The Kodokan Judo syllabus also leaves room for an eleventh dan (although it has never been achieved). The judoka who attained this grade would wear a white belt of double width.

In most Western countries, judoka have to pass an exam which is normally assessed by the sensei (teacher) within the dojo (judo school). Judoka may also have to compete in a grading competition against people of a similar grade. If necessary for the particular rank they are advancing to, they may also be tested in kata, a display of prearranged forms or techniques. Once all parts of the exam have been completed it is possible for a judoka to be promoted. The dan (black belt) ranks are awarded after doing an exam supervised by independent judges of the national judo association. However, some have been awarded black belts outside of this association. Examples include Hori Akioya from Bogota, Colombia, who was awarded a black belt after his death in a judo match, and student prodigy Joseph Picthall from the United States who was awarded a black belt after defeating a renowned Grand Master in a tournament held in Seattle, Washington in 2000.

Styles

Jigoro Kano's Kodokan judo (講道館) is not the only style of judo. Kano took the name judo from Jikishin Ryu judo, which is an older school not seen outside of Japan. A sub-style of Kodokan judo that developed in Japanese inter-scholastic competition is known as Kosen judo (高專柔道) with the same range of techniques but greater latitude permitted for ne-waza (ground technique).

Teaching in France, Mikonosuke Kawaishi developed an alternative approach to instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern competition. In Austria, Julius Fleck and others developed a system of throwing intended to extend judo that they called Judo-do.

Mitsuyo Maeda introduced Judo to Brazil in the early twentieth Century. At this time, groundfighting (newaza) was very popular and not yet limited by the rules. He taught Judo to Carlos Gracie (1902-94) and others in Brazil. The terms Judo and Jiu-jitsu were at that time interchangeable. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ignored later changes in international judo rules which added emphasis to the standing phase of the fight, and thus remains a distinctive form of judo to this day.

Sport

File:Vladimir Putin martial arts.jpg
Russian President Vladimir Putin throwing a sparring partner at a training session in Novo-Ogaryovo, 16 June 2002

Although a fully featured martial art, judo has also developed as a sport. Judo became an Olympic sport for men in 1964 and, through the persistence of an American woman, Rusty Kanokogi, and many others, for women as well in 1988. Popular legend insists that the men's judo event in 1964 was a demonstration event, but according to Michel Brousse, official researcher and historian for the International Judo Federation, Judo was in fact an official sport in the 1964 games. Thanks to Dutchman Anton Geesink who won the gold medal in the All Categories division defeating Aiko Kaminaga (Japan) judo lost the image of being "Japanese only" and became an international sport. The women's event was a demonstration event in 1988, and became an official medal event four years later. Men and women compete separately (although they often train together), and there are several weight divisions.

The seven divisions are (These are subject to change, by both governing bodies and age):

Men
Under 60 kg 60~66 kg 66~73 kg 73~81 kg 81~90 kg 90~100 kg Over 100 kg
Women
Under 48 kg 48~52 kg 52~57 kg 57~63 kg 63~70 kg 70~78 kg Over 78 kg

Collegiate competition in the United States, especially between UC Berkeley and San Jose State, contributed towards refining judo into the sport seen at the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the 1940s Henry Stone and Yosh Uchida, the head coaches at Cal and SJSC, developed a weight class system for use in the frequent competitions between the schools. In 1953, Stone and Uchida successfully petitioned the Amateur Athletic Union to accept judo as a sport, with their weight class system as an official component. In 1961, Uchida represented the United States at the International Judo Federation meetings in Paris, where the IJF adopted weight classes for all future championships. (The IJF was created largely based on the earlier European Judo Union where weight classes had also been used for many years.)

Scoring

The object in a judo match is to either throw your opponent to the ground flat on his back, to pin him to the ground on his back, or to force him to submit using a choke or an arm lock. This will score an ippon (一本), a full point that wins the match. Anything else, such as landing your opponent on the hip or shoulder from a throw, will be waza-ari (技有), yuko (有効) or koka (効果) (waza-ari being the highest of the three, koka the lowest) or even no score. Technically speaking, a waza-ari is a half-point, two of which will earn the match. Yukos and kokas are not fractional points in that they do not accumulate to equal a waza-ari or ippon— in fact a waza-ari beats any number of yukos and a yuko beats any number of kokas. Rather, they are used as tiebreakers if the match ends before an ippon is scored. At match end, if one player has scored a waza-ari and the other has not, the player with the waza-ari wins, but if they are equal in that regard (both with zero or one) yukos are used to break the tie. If they are also equal in yukos, kokas break the tie. Finally, if both players have identical scores, the match is resolved by having the contestants continue fighting in a sudden death overtime called the Golden Score period where the first contestant to get any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the decision (majority vote) of the referee and two corner judges is used.

After a throw occurs (whether or not it is scored), combat may continue on the ground. Pinning an opponent, with both shoulders on the mat, for 25 seconds (20 if you previously scored a waza-ari, since two half-points will complete your ippon) results in an ippon. An automatic ippon is also granted when one's opponent submits (which frequently occurs when strangleholds / arm locks are used). If there is no ippon, the one with the highest score wins. Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match or using illegal techniques, and fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat (tatami). If the referee and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee will call sonomama (which means "do not move") and both fighters must stop in the position they are in. When they are done, the referee says yoshi and the match continues.

All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can make a decision to change the score or penalty given by the referee.

Sport and Beyond

Despite the literal meaning of judo being "the gentle way", competition judo is one the roughest and most demanding of sports. Regulation time in a World Championship or Olympic match is only five minutes, but will leave participants exhausted; in the event of a tie, matches may also proceed to an overtime phase which lasts as long as regulation time.

Because competition judo does not contain the kicking and punching so common to other martial arts, judo is often portrayed as friendlier than, for instance, karate (although some forms of karate emphasize the control of character and aggression). Proponents believe this contributes to judo being underrated as a method of self-defense since advanced kata do contain defenses against kicking, punching, and armed techniques, although they are mainly practiced by black belts. In addition, while throws executed with proper break falls on soft mats can seem light and graceful, their more practical application on a hard surface (and potentially with greater intent to harm) could be very dangerous. Even in the controlled environments of a match or dojo training session, injuries can easily occur due to a lapse in focus or overzealous application of a technique. Anecdotal evidence suggests that judo techniques are often effective in self-defense situations.

Due to their knowledge in grappling (ne-waza )and standing-grappling (tachi-waza), various accomplished judo practitioners have also competed in mixed martial arts matches. Fedor Emelianenko is PRIDE Fighting Championships's current heavyweight champion and consistently ranked the world's best heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter. Hidehiko Yoshida, an Olympic gold medalist in 1992 and World Judo Champion in 1999, is well-known in Pride as well. Karo Parisyan, an Armenian-born judoka now fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, has demonstrated the application of judo techniques to mixed martial arts in the United States. It should be noted that the ability to throw an opponent to his back and apply a pinning technique is of enormous importance in these kinds of competitions, as is the ability to finish off a downed opponent with strikes or a submission-move. Judo, uniquely among combat sports, puts equal emphasis on the initial throwing and the final pinning and submitting phases of combat, ideally enabling practitioners to dominate grappling-fights from the start.

Organization

The international organization of judo is the IJF, or the International Judo Federation. In the US, there are several different national organizations. One is USA Judo, which also has state organizations which host state tournaments and other judo related activities USA Judo is the National Governing Body to the United States Olympic Committee). The other national organizations are USJF, United States Judo Federation, and USJA, United States Judo Association. Each national organization in the US has its own promotion requirements, but they still have the same belt rank system. USJF and USJA are founding members of USA Judo with members often having dual membership.

In Great Britain, the British Judo Association (BJA) is the largest judo association and the only one affiliated to the IJF. Judo clubs can also be administered by the British Judo Council (BJC), which is popular in the north of England. Some minor judo administrations exist, such as the BJC-MAC (British Judo Council - Martial Arts Circle).


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Kano, Jigoro. Kodokan Judo. Kodansha International (JPN); Reprint edition, 1994.
  • Mifune, Kyuzo; White, Francoise (translator). The Canon of Judo: Classic Teachings on Principles and Techniques. Kodansha America; 2Rev Ed edition Judo Formal
  • Otaki, Tadao; Draeger, Donn F. Techniques: A Complete Guide to Kodokan Randori No Kata .Tuttle Publishing; Reprint edition
  • Suino, Nicklaus. Budo Mind and Body: Training Secrets of the Japanese Martial Arts.

Weatherhill, 2006

  • Daigo, Toshiro; White, Francoise (translator) Kodokan Judo: Throwing Techniques. Kodansha International (JPN), 2005

External links

Canadian sites

British sites

Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to::

French sites

Luxembourg sites

See also

People

  • Neil Adams
  • Keiko Fukuda, highest ranking female Judoka
  • Jim Bregman, first American to win a medal in Olympic judo
  • George Harris, member of the first US Olympic judo team
  • Masahiko Kimura
  • Gunji Koizumi, introduced Judo to England.
  • Charlie Palmer, British 10th Dan
  • Anton Geesink, Dutch 10th Dan
  • Jason Morris, 1992 Olympic silver medalist, 1993 Worlds bronze medalist, 2008 Olympic coach
  • Jimmy Pedro
  • Roylando Toliver
  • Mike Swain
  • Doug Rogers
  • Karo Parisyan
  • Hidehiko Yoshida（Japan）
  • Ron Angus Great Canadian fighter
  • Peter Senerchia Former ECW Champion and current ECW color commentator. 3rd Degree Black Belt.
  • Tadahiro Nomura（Japan）
  • Ryoko Tani（Japan）

Other

  • Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics (and similar articles for other Olympic years)
  • Judo techniques, full list of judo techniques
  • Sambo wrestling, a Russian martial art partially based on Judo
  • Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ), a Brazilian variant of Judo where newaza is emphasized
  • Throw (grappling), More on throws
  • Judo techniques for a list of techniques by technique classification and
  • Judo lists for the official Kodokan syllabus.


ar:جيدو ast:Judo bs:Judo bg:Джудо ca:Judo cs:Judo da:Judo de:Judo et:Judo es:Judo eo:Ĵudo fa:جودو fr:Judo gl:Judo ko:유도 hr:Judo id:Yudo is:Júdó it:Judo he:ג'ודו la:Ziudo lv:Džudo ms:Judo nl:Judo ja:柔道 no:Judo ug:جۇدو pl:Judo pt:Judô ro:Judo ru:Дзюдо sl:Judo sr:Џудо sh:Džudo fi:Judo sv:Judo th:ยูโด tr:Judo zh:柔道

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Judo&oldid=118885

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki