John Donne

John Donne (pronounced "Dun"; 1572 – March 31, 1631) was a Jacobean metaphysical poet. His works include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, and sermons.

Life

Donne was born in 1572 and raised in a Roman Catholic family. As a traumatic event that shaped his early life, his father, also John Donne, an ironmonger, died in 1576 and left his three children and wife, Elizabeth, the daughter of John Heywood, an epigrammatist, and relative of Saint Thomas More, alone. He was initially trained for a legal or diplomatic career and his brother died of a fever in prison after harbouring a Catholic priest, and his uncle—a Jesuit priest—was executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.

Career

Donne's writings of this period, notable for their realistic and sensual style, include many songs and sonnets. His poetry is noted for the vibrancy of language and immediacy of metaphor, compared with his contemporaries'. Donne composed many satirical verses. The account of Donne's life in the 1590s from an early biographer, Izaak Walton, renders him as a young rake. Scholars believe this to be misleading, since the account was given by the older Donne, after being ordained; he may have wanted to separate, more cleanly than was possible, the younger man-about-town from the older clergyman. After a study of theology, he converted to Anglicanism in the 1590s.

After taking part in Essex's military expeditions in 1596-97, he became secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, a prominent member of the royal court, but fell in love with Egerton's niece, Anne More, and secretly married her in 1601, ruining his other hopes at the same time. When More's father found out, he used his influence to get Donne and two of his friends — one who presided over the wedding, another who witnessed it — briefly imprisoned. Egerton fired Donne. Around this time the two "Anniversaries", An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul, (1612) were written, revealing his faith in the medieval order of things, which had been disrupted by the growing political, scientific, and philosophic doubt of the times.

When released from prison Donne reunited with his bride and settled on land owned by More's cousin in Surrey. The couple struggled with their finances until 1609 when Donne received his wife's dowry after reconciling with his father-in-law. Donne's growing family prompted him to seek the favours of the King, and in 1610 and 1611, Donne wrote two anti-Catholic polemics, Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius his Conclave. The 1611 satire Ignatius his Conclave was probably the first English work to mention Galileo. King James was pleased with Donne's work, but refused to offer anything except ecclesiastical preferments. Donne resisted taking holy orders. After a long period of financial uncertainty and desperation, during which he was twice a member of Parliament (1601, 1614), Donne obeyed the King's wishes and was ordained in 1615. The tone of his poetry deepened, particularly in the "Holy Sonnets", with the death of his wife in August 15, 1617.

After his ordination, Donne wrote a number of religious works, such as Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1624) and various sermons. Several were published during his lifetime. Donne was regarded as an eloquent preacher, using his style to become known as one of the greatest preachers of the era. To this day 160 of his sermons survive. In 1621, Donne was made dean of St Paul's, a position he held until his death. The story of Donne's death is well known. He seemed to be preaching his own funeral sermon when he gave an address called Death's Duell, a high point of seventeenth-century English prose. He retired to his quarters and had a portrait made of himself in his funeral shroud. He died a few weeks later on March 31, 1631.

Style

John Donne is considered a master of the conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly unlike ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), Metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in A Valediction Forbidding Mourning where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass.

Donne's works are also remarkably witty, employing paradoxes, puns, and subtle yet remarkable logic. His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding the motives of humans and love. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love—especially in his early life, death—especially after his wife's death, and religion.

Quotes

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

John Donne

"No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a Clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie were, as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine own were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee."

—from "Meditation XVII" of Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions

Bibliography

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

John Donne

Poetry

Poems (1633)
Poems on Several Occasions (1719)
Love Poems (1905)
John Donne: Divine Poems, Sermons, Devotions and Prayers (1990)
The Complete English Poems (1991)
John Donne's Poetry (1991)
John Donne: The Major Works (2000)
The Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne (2001)

Prose

Six Sermons (1634)
Fifty Sermons (1649)
Paradoxes, Problemes, Essayes, Characters (1652)
Essayes in Divinity (1651)
Sermons Never Before Published (1661)
John Donne's 1622 Gunpowder Plot Sermon (1996)
Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions and Death's Duel (1999)

External links

Credits

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