Difference between revisions of "Intifada" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | [[Image:Israel.png|thumb|Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights highlighted in green. West Bank and Gaza are under the control of the Palestinian National Authority. Golan, annexed by Israel, is | + | [[Image:Israel.png|thumb|Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights highlighted in green. West Bank and Gaza are under the control of the Palestinian National Authority. Golan, annexed by Israel, is Syrian.]] |
| − | '''Intifada''' (also '''Intefadah''' or '''Intifadah'''; from {{Ar|انتفاضة}} ''{{ArabDIN|intifāḍah}}'' "shaking off") is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for "[[Rebellion|uprising]]". The word was first widely used to describe the popular uprising of Palestinian refugees against their situation in 1987, when the political, diplomatic peace process had failed to improve their living conditions in what since the [[Six-day war]] had been referred to as Israeli occupied territory, that is, the West Bank of the river Jordan and thr Gaza Strip. Following the Declaration of the State of Israel on May 14th, 1948 when the surrounding Arab countries, who did not recognize Israel, attacked, the West Bank and the Gaza strip has been occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 6-day war, they were occupied by Israel. Men, boys, women and girls took to the streets, throwing stones and petrol bombs as the occupying Isreali forces. While the 1979 [[Camp David Accords|Agreement]] had normalized relations between Israel and Egypt and had placed the proposal for a soverign Palestinian state on the table, in the years between 1980 and 87, no progress was made. Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement), which rejected negotiation and non-violence, was founded at the beginning of the Intifada. The [[Oslo Accords|Oslo peace process]] began as the international community responded to the Intifada, made possible when [[Yasser Arafat]], the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization agreed to remove reference to the destruction of Israel from its charter and to renounce violence. However, following the establishmenjt of the Palestinain National Authority in 1993 and the subsequent normalization of relations with Jordan (1994), the expected progress towards full sovereignty did not follow nor did the living conditions of the Palestinians improve. Consequently, the second Intifada erupted in 2000 following the visit to the Temple Mount in [[Jerusalem]] of Israeli Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon. Increasingly, suicide bombing of Israeli targets became a popular method of resistance. Hamas's election as the government of the PNA in January 2006 has resulted in another umpasse in peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine and in the development of a viable and sovereign Palestinian state with guarantees for the security of the State of Israel. Hamas does not recognize Israel and, unlike the PLO and other Palestinian factions, remains committed to the total | + | '''Intifada''' (also '''Intefadah''' or '''Intifadah'''; from {{Ar|انتفاضة}} ''{{ArabDIN|intifāḍah}}'' "shaking off") is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term for "[[Rebellion|uprising]]". The word was first widely used to describe the popular uprising of Palestinian refugees against their situation in 1987, when the political, diplomatic peace process had failed to improve their living conditions in what since the [[Six-day war]] had been referred to as Israeli occupied territory, that is, the West Bank of the river Jordan and thr Gaza Strip. Following the Declaration of the State of Israel on May 14th, 1948 when the surrounding Arab countries, who did not recognize Israel, attacked, the West Bank and the Gaza strip has been occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 6-day war, they were occupied by Israel. Men, boys, women and girls took to the streets, throwing stones and petrol bombs as the occupying Isreali forces. While the 1979 [[Camp David Accords|Agreement]] had normalized relations between Israel and Egypt and had placed the proposal for a soverign Palestinian state on the table, in the years between 1980 and 87, no progress was made. Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement), which rejected negotiation and non-violence, was founded at the beginning of the Intifada. The [[Oslo Accords|Oslo peace process]] began as the international community responded to the Intifada, made possible when [[Yasser Arafat]], the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization agreed to remove reference to the destruction of Israel from its charter and to renounce violence. However, following the establishmenjt of the Palestinain National Authority in 1993 and the subsequent normalization of relations with Jordan (1994), the expected progress towards full sovereignty did not follow nor did the living conditions of the Palestinians improve. Consequently, the second Intifada erupted in 2000 following the visit to the Temple Mount in [[Jerusalem]] of Israeli Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon. Increasingly, suicide bombing of Israeli targets became a popular method of resistance. Hamas's election as the government of the PNA in January 2006 has resulted in another umpasse in peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine and in the development of a viable and sovereign Palestinian state with guarantees for the security of the State of Israel. Hamas does not recognize Israel and, unlike the PLO and other Palestinian factions, remains committed to the total destuction of Israel<ref>. See Hamas' charter, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)", MidEast Web Historical Documents 18 August 1988 [http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)] retrieved 23-03-2007</ref>. |
==History of the Term== | ==History of the Term== | ||
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The second Intifada is also referred to as the '''al-Aqsa Intifada''' because it was sparked by the Israeli Prime Minister's visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, or Temple Mount. The term has also been used to describe a wave of demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan occupied territory of [[Western Sahara]] that has been styled the '''"[[Independence Intifada]]"''' or the "[[El Aaiún|El-Aaiun]] Intifada" by pro-independence [[Sahrawi]] demonstrators, a usage also applied by activists to earlier incidents in the territory in 1999 (the Smara Intifada), and 1970 (the Zemla Intifada, against [[Spain |Spanish]] occupation), although the usage was not widely adopted outside separatist activist circles. | The second Intifada is also referred to as the '''al-Aqsa Intifada''' because it was sparked by the Israeli Prime Minister's visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, or Temple Mount. The term has also been used to describe a wave of demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan occupied territory of [[Western Sahara]] that has been styled the '''"[[Independence Intifada]]"''' or the "[[El Aaiún|El-Aaiun]] Intifada" by pro-independence [[Sahrawi]] demonstrators, a usage also applied by activists to earlier incidents in the territory in 1999 (the Smara Intifada), and 1970 (the Zemla Intifada, against [[Spain |Spanish]] occupation), although the usage was not widely adopted outside separatist activist circles. | ||
| − | === | + | ===Earlier Intifadas=== |
In 1952, citizens of [[Baghdad]] had engaged in a series of large-scale protests against the [[Iraq]]i government, widely referred to as "the Intifada". Following the United States–led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr, a militant [[Shia]] cleric, launched an uprising which he also referred to as the '''"Iraqi Intifada"''' [http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=585] aimed at ending the US-led foreign military presence in Iraq. | In 1952, citizens of [[Baghdad]] had engaged in a series of large-scale protests against the [[Iraq]]i government, widely referred to as "the Intifada". Following the United States–led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr, a militant [[Shia]] cleric, launched an uprising which he also referred to as the '''"Iraqi Intifada"''' [http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=585] aimed at ending the US-led foreign military presence in Iraq. | ||
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"Intifada of Independence" is also the term used by the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] media to refer to the events that occurred after [[Rafiq Hariri]]'s [[assassination]]. It is also known as the '''"Cedar Revolution"'''. | "Intifada of Independence" is also the term used by the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] media to refer to the events that occurred after [[Rafiq Hariri]]'s [[assassination]]. It is also known as the '''"Cedar Revolution"'''. | ||
| − | ==The Israel-Palestinian Conflict== | + | ==The Intifada in the Context of the Israel-Palestinian Conflict== |
| − | + | ==Notes== | |
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | * Baroud, Ramzy, Christison, Kathleen (Foreword), Christison, Bill (Foreword), Turk, Mahfouz Abu (Illustrator), Cassel, Matthew (Illustrator), Loewenstein, Jennifer (Introduction) ''The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People's Struggle'', London: Pluto Press, 2006 ISBN 978-0745325477 | ||
| + | * Bucaille, Laetitia ''Growing Up Palestinian: Israeli Occupation and the Intifada Generation'' (Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics),Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006 ISBN 978-0691126111 | ||
| + | * Carey, Roane (Editor), Chomsky, Noam (Author), Svirsky, Gila (Author), Weir, Alison (Author) ''The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid'', London & NY: Verso, 2001 ISBN 978-1859843772 | ||
| + | * Hiltermann, Joost R ''Behind the Intifada'', Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993 ISBN 978-0691024806 | ||
[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
Revision as of 02:55, 24 March 2007
Intifada (also Intefadah or Intifadah; from انتفاضة intifāḍah "shaking off") is an Arabic term for "uprising". The word was first widely used to describe the popular uprising of Palestinian refugees against their situation in 1987, when the political, diplomatic peace process had failed to improve their living conditions in what since the Six-day war had been referred to as Israeli occupied territory, that is, the West Bank of the river Jordan and thr Gaza Strip. Following the Declaration of the State of Israel on May 14th, 1948 when the surrounding Arab countries, who did not recognize Israel, attacked, the West Bank and the Gaza strip has been occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 6-day war, they were occupied by Israel. Men, boys, women and girls took to the streets, throwing stones and petrol bombs as the occupying Isreali forces. While the 1979 Agreement had normalized relations between Israel and Egypt and had placed the proposal for a soverign Palestinian state on the table, in the years between 1980 and 87, no progress was made. Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement), which rejected negotiation and non-violence, was founded at the beginning of the Intifada. The Oslo peace process began as the international community responded to the Intifada, made possible when Yasser Arafat, the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization agreed to remove reference to the destruction of Israel from its charter and to renounce violence. However, following the establishmenjt of the Palestinain National Authority in 1993 and the subsequent normalization of relations with Jordan (1994), the expected progress towards full sovereignty did not follow nor did the living conditions of the Palestinians improve. Consequently, the second Intifada erupted in 2000 following the visit to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem of Israeli Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon. Increasingly, suicide bombing of Israeli targets became a popular method of resistance. Hamas's election as the government of the PNA in January 2006 has resulted in another umpasse in peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine and in the development of a viable and sovereign Palestinian state with guarantees for the security of the State of Israel. Hamas does not recognize Israel and, unlike the PLO and other Palestinian factions, remains committed to the total destuction of Israel[1].
History of the Term
The term Intifada came into common usage in English as the popularised name for two Palestinian campaigns directed at ending the Israeli military occupation. These two uprisings, the first starting in 1987 and the second in 2000 have been significant aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in recent years: The First Intifada began in 1987. Violence declined in 1991 and came to an end with the signing of the Oslo accords (August 1993) and the creation of the Palestinian National Authority. The second Intifada is also referred to as the al-Aqsa Intifada because it was sparked by the Israeli Prime Minister's visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, or Temple Mount. The term has also been used to describe a wave of demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan occupied territory of Western Sahara that has been styled the "Independence Intifada" or the "El-Aaiun Intifada" by pro-independence Sahrawi demonstrators, a usage also applied by activists to earlier incidents in the territory in 1999 (the Smara Intifada), and 1970 (the Zemla Intifada, against Spanish occupation), although the usage was not widely adopted outside separatist activist circles.
Earlier Intifadas
In 1952, citizens of Baghdad had engaged in a series of large-scale protests against the Iraqi government, widely referred to as "the Intifada". Following the United States–led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr, a militant Shia cleric, launched an uprising which he also referred to as the "Iraqi Intifada" [1] aimed at ending the US-led foreign military presence in Iraq.
The 1990s Intifada was a popular uprising in Bahrain demanding a return to democratic rule.
"Intifada of Independence" is also the term used by the Lebanese media to refer to the events that occurred after Rafiq Hariri's assassination. It is also known as the "Cedar Revolution".
The Intifada in the Context of the Israel-Palestinian Conflict
Notes
- ↑ . See Hamas' charter, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)", MidEast Web Historical Documents 18 August 1988 The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) retrieved 23-03-2007
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Baroud, Ramzy, Christison, Kathleen (Foreword), Christison, Bill (Foreword), Turk, Mahfouz Abu (Illustrator), Cassel, Matthew (Illustrator), Loewenstein, Jennifer (Introduction) The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People's Struggle, London: Pluto Press, 2006 ISBN 978-0745325477
- Bucaille, Laetitia Growing Up Palestinian: Israeli Occupation and the Intifada Generation (Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics),Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006 ISBN 978-0691126111
- Carey, Roane (Editor), Chomsky, Noam (Author), Svirsky, Gila (Author), Weir, Alison (Author) The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid, London & NY: Verso, 2001 ISBN 978-1859843772
- Hiltermann, Joost R Behind the Intifada, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993 ISBN 978-0691024806
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