Difference between revisions of "Indian National Congress" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox_Indian_Political_Party |
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[[Image:India1931flag.png|thumb|220px|right|The official flag of the Congress during the Independence struggle.]]
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  party_name = Indian National Congress |
 
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  party_logo = [[Image:INC-flag.svg|250px]]|  
 
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  chairman = [[Sonia Gandhi]]|
 
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  secretary = [[Rahul Gandhi]]|
 
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  ppchairman = [[Sonia Gandhi]]|
 
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  loksabha_leader = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]|
 
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  rajyasabha_leader = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br>[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]|
 
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  foundation = [[1885]]|
 
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  alliance = [[United Progressive Alliance]]|
 
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  ideology = [[Liberalism]]<br> [[Social Democracy]]<br>[[Populism]]|
 
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  socialpolicy = [[Centre-left|Center-left]]|
 
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  fiscalpolicy = [[Populist]]|
 
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  headquarters  = 24, Akbar Road,<br>[[New Delhi]] - 110011 |
 
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  loksabha_seats = [[145]]|
 
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  rajyasabha_seats = [[72]]|
 
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  publication = ''Congress Sandesh''|
 
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  website = [http://www.congress.org.in/ www.congress.org.in]
 
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}}
 
  
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'''Indian National Congress''', '''Congress-I''' (also known as the '''Congress Party''' and abbreviated '''INC''') is a major [[political party]] in [[India]]. Created in 1885 by [[Alan Octavian Hume|A. O. Hume]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and Sir [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]], the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the [[Indian Independence Movement|Independence Movement]], with over 15 million Indians involved in its organizations and over 70 million participants in its struggle against the [[British Empire]]. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, only challenged for leadership in more recent decades. In the 14th [[Lok Sabha]] (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the largest contingent amongst all parties, serve in the house. The party is currently the chief member of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition supported by the [[Left Front]].
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'''Indian National Congress''', '''Congress-I''' (also known as the '''Congress Party''' and abbreviated '''INC''') is a major [[political party]] in [[India]]. Created in 1885 by [[Alan Octavian Hume|A. O. Hume]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and Sir [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]], the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the [[Indian Independence Movement|Independence Movement]], with over 15 million Indians involved in its organizations and over 70 million participants in its struggle against the [[British Empire]]. During this phase, it functioned not so much as a political party than as a forum for Indians and their British supporters to express to the colonial authorities their views, opinions and to assert India’s right to self-determination. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, in power from 1947 until 1977, then from 1980 to 1999, 1991 to 1996 and winning the 2004 general election. In the 14th [[Lok Sabha]] (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the largest contingent amongst all parties, serve in the house. The party is currently the chief member of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition supported by the [[Left Front]]. Famous members include [[Annie Besant]], its first woman INC President, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (President in 1924) and [[Sarojini Naidu]], the first Indian woman President (1925) and the first woman State Governor and India’s first woman Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]].
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The INC has traditionally tried to bridge communitarian divides, regarding the secular principle as most appropriate for a multi-religious state. Concern for maintaining communal harmony had led to criticism of favoring minorities, especially [[Islam|Muslims]]. On the one hand, Congress is closely identified with pride in India’s cultural legacy. On the other, it has promoted women’s rights and social reform in such areas as untouchability and economic empowerment, tending towards socialist principles.<ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India’s first Prime Minister, associated [[capitalism]] with [[imperialism]] and did not think that it could provide answers to India’s social needs.</ref> The Congress has also had electoral success in many Indian states, controlling the majority of state governments for the first 20 years of independence. 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:  
 
The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:  
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*The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence;
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*The pre-independence era, when the organization was at the forefront of the struggle for independence;
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*The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.
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*The post-independence era, when as a political party Congress enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.
  
 
==The pre-independence era==
 
==The pre-independence era==
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{{Main|Indian National Congress - Freedom Era}}
 
  
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[[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|thumb|right|M. K Gandhi was spiritual leader of the INC and the acknowledged "father of India."]]
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Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to [[Great Britain|British]] rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a [[Scotland|Scotsman]], [[Allan Octavian Hume]], who brought about its first meeting in [[Mumbai]], with the approval of [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], the then-Viceroy.  
 
Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to [[Great Britain|British]] rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a [[Scotland|Scotsman]], [[Allan Octavian Hume]], who brought about its first meeting in [[Mumbai]], with the approval of [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], the then-Viceroy.  
  
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A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]]. By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the ''Garam Dal'' of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], or Extremists (literally "hot faction"), and the ''Naram Dal'' of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], or Moderates (literally "soft faction"), distinguished by their attitude towards the British.
 
A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]]. By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the ''Garam Dal'' of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], or Extremists (literally "hot faction"), and the ''Naram Dal'' of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], or Moderates (literally "soft faction"), distinguished by their attitude towards the British.
  
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[[Image:India1931flag.png|thumb|220px|left|The official flag of the Congress during the Independence struggle.]]
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In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] (later leader of the [[Muslim League]] and instrumental in the creation of [[Pakistan]]), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], the president of the sister [[Indian National Association]] and later the first Indian [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[British House of Commons]].
 
In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] (later leader of the [[Muslim League]] and instrumental in the creation of [[Pakistan]]), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], the president of the sister [[Indian National Association]] and later the first Indian [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[British House of Commons]].
  
 
With the rise of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s popularity and his [[Satyagraha]] art of revolution came [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] (the nation's first Prime Minister), [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] (the nation's first President), [[Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajgopalachari]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]] and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. The Congress under Gandhi's influence became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. At the time of the [[Quit India]] movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India. The Indian National Congress could claim to be the true representative of the Indian people.
 
With the rise of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s popularity and his [[Satyagraha]] art of revolution came [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] (the nation's first Prime Minister), [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] (the nation's first President), [[Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajgopalachari]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]] and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. The Congress under Gandhi's influence became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. At the time of the [[Quit India]] movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India. The Indian National Congress could claim to be the true representative of the Indian people.
  
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The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of INC. The 26th January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the British remained in India a number of years longer. It was to commemorate this date particularly that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949).
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The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of INC. The 26th January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the British remained in India a number of years longer. It was to commemorate this date particularly that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949).
  
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After the [[World War I|First World War]] the party became associated with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives.
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After the [[World War I|First World War]] the party became associated with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives.
  
 
==The post-independence era==
 
==The post-independence era==
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===Jawaharlal Nehru===
 
===Jawaharlal Nehru===
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Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947.<ref>Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 225.</ref> However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the [[Partition of India]] and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.
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Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947.<ref>Ignatius Jesudasan. ''A Gandhian theology of liberation.'' (Ananda India: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1987), 225. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1984 ISBN 9780883441541)</ref> However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the [[Partition of India]] and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.
  
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After the murder of Gandhi in 1948 and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became so that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively awesome majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.  
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After the murder of Gandhi in 1948 and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and he became key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively awesome majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.  
  
 
After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for [[Indira Gandhi]], Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative [[Morarji Desai]].
 
After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for [[Indira Gandhi]], Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative [[Morarji Desai]].
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===Indira Gandhi===
 
===Indira Gandhi===
 
[[Image:Inciyckolkatamural2005.jpg|thumb|right|Congress mural in [[Kolkata]]]]
 
[[Image:Inciyckolkatamural2005.jpg|thumb|right|Congress mural in [[Kolkata]]]]
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The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of [[Samyukt Vidhanayak Dal]], won control over several states in the [[Hindi belt]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], the daughter of [[Nehru]], and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the ''New Congress''. The official party became known as [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] led by [[Kamaraj]]. It was informally called the ''Old Congress''. As [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Priyadarshini]] had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the [[Election Commission of India]], although her organization was the break-away group.
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The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of [[Samyukt Vidhanayak Dal]], won control over several states in the [[Hindi belt]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], the daughter of [[Nehru]], and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the ''New Congress.'' The official party became known as [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] led by [[Kamaraj]]. It was informally called the ''Old Congress.'' As Indira Priyadarshini had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the [[Election Commission of India]], although her organization was the break-away group.
  
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The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as ''Garibi Hatao'' (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the [[Soviet Union]]. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the [[Janata Party]].
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The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as ''Garibi Hatao'' (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the [[Soviet Union]]. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the [[Janata Party]].
  
 
Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned Indira Gandhi's victory in the Parliamentary constituency. Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of [[Indian Emergency|National emergency]] in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state with herself as the supreme leader ('acting Prime Minister').
 
Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned Indira Gandhi's victory in the Parliamentary constituency. Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of [[Indian Emergency|National emergency]] in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state with herself as the supreme leader ('acting Prime Minister').
  
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After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the [[Janata Party]]. The party was able to return to power in the 1980 elections. In 1984 [[Indira Gandhi]] was assassinated by two of her [[Sikh]] bodyguards, as a revenge for [[Operation Blue Star]]. In the following days thousands of [[Sikh]]s were killed in the [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots|1984 riots]], mainly in [[Delhi]], by activists and leaders of the Congress Party. [http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20040907143130&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0&].
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After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the [[Janata Party]]. The party was able to return to power in the 1980 elections. In 1984 [[Indira Gandhi]] was assassinated by two of her [[Sikh]] bodyguards, as a revenge for [[Operation Blue Star]]. In the following days thousands of Sikhs were killed in the [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots|1984 riots]], mainly in [[Delhi]], by activists and leaders of the Congress Party. [http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20040907143130&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0&].
 
About the riots, the new PM and Indira's son, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] had infamously remarked, "When a big tree falls, the earth is bound to shake."
 
About the riots, the new PM and Indira's son, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] had infamously remarked, "When a big tree falls, the earth is bound to shake."
  
 
===The post-Indira era===
 
===The post-Indira era===
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[[Image:Congress i.JPG|left|thumb|150px|Election symbol of the Congress]]
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[[Image:Gandhisonia05052007.jpg|thumb|right|Sonia Gandhi, Leader of the INC]]
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After Indira, her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]], took over as Congress leader and led the party to victory with a large majority in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections. It governed from 1984-9 and then was defeated in the 1989 general election. Rajiv Gandhi was also assassinated by the [[LTTE]] during the course of the election campaign in 1991. Following Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, P.V. Narasimha Rao succeeded him as Congress leader and became prime minister.  
 
After Indira, her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]], took over as Congress leader and led the party to victory with a large majority in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections. It governed from 1984-9 and then was defeated in the 1989 general election. Rajiv Gandhi was also assassinated by the [[LTTE]] during the course of the election campaign in 1991. Following Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, P.V. Narasimha Rao succeeded him as Congress leader and became prime minister.  
  
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Former treasurer [[Sitaram Kesri]] took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the [[United Front]] governments that ran from 1996 - 1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of [[Congress President]], in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.  
 
Former treasurer [[Sitaram Kesri]] took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the [[United Front]] governments that ran from 1996 - 1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of [[Congress President]], in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.  
  
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After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. (Where breakaway factions are active, the use of "Congress (I)" to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors continues.) There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the [[BJP]]) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin - she is Italian-born.   
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After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. (Where breakaway factions are active, the use of "Congress (I)" to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors continues.) There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the [[BJP]]) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin - she is Italian-born.   
  
 
Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house. The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party. It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004.
 
Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house. The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party. It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004.
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===Political accusations===
 
===Political accusations===
 
Since the party has dominated the political landscape of [[India]] for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. Some examples are:
 
Since the party has dominated the political landscape of [[India]] for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. Some examples are:
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* [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots|Anti-Sikh riots]] - After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by Sikh Body Guards following [[Operation Bluestar]], many Congress workers prominently including [[Jagdish Tytler]] and Sajjan Kumar were accused of inciting and participating in anti-Sikh riots that killed thousands. The Congress apologised many years later for its silence on these events, an apology that was considered inadequate by some of those concerned.
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* [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots|Anti-Sikh riots]] - After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by Sikh Body Guards following [[Operation Bluestar]], many Congress workers prominently including [[Jagdish Tytler]] and Sajjan Kumar were accused of inciting and participating in anti-Sikh riots that killed thousands. The Congress apologized many years later for its silence on these events, an [[apology]] that was considered inadequate by some of those concerned.
 
* [[Oil for Food program#Interim report results|Volcker report]] - The Independent Inquiry Committee (IIC) appointed by the United Nations in its final report released on October 27, 2005 confirms that documents state: 'Beneficiary: India: Congress Party' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels of crude' and `Beneficiary: India: Singh Mr K. Natwar' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels'.  
 
* [[Oil for Food program#Interim report results|Volcker report]] - The Independent Inquiry Committee (IIC) appointed by the United Nations in its final report released on October 27, 2005 confirms that documents state: 'Beneficiary: India: Congress Party' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels of crude' and `Beneficiary: India: Singh Mr K. Natwar' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels'.  
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* The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has repeatedly accused the Congress of showing favouritism to the [[Indian Muslim]] community and the toleration, or even promotion of, Islamic and obscurantism. Congress policy is also accused of causing fifty years of economic stagnation, following Independence, and of excessive veneration of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty.
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* The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has repeatedly accused the Congress of showing favoritism to the [[Indian Muslim]] community and the toleration, or even promotion of, Islamic and obscurantism. Congress policy is also accused of causing fifty years of economic stagnation, following Independence, and of excessive veneration of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty.
  
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==Formation of present Government of India==
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==Formation of 2004 Government of India==
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In the [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 general elections]], the [[UPA|Congress alliance]] won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], which was variously forecasted to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as ''the dropping of a political bombshell'', Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice". She backed eminent [[economist]], former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on [[22 May]] [[2004]].
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In the [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 general elections]], the [[UPA|Congress alliance]] won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], which was variously forecasted to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as ''the dropping of a political bombshell,'' Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice." She backed eminent [[economist]], former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on May 22, 2004. He became India's first [[Sikhism|Sikh]] head of government.
  
 
==Internal organization==
 
==Internal organization==
 
The organization developed by Mahatma Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.  
 
The organization developed by Mahatma Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.  
  
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In every Indian state and union territory or ''pradesh'', there is a [[Pradesh Congress Committee]], which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.  
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In every Indian state and union territory or ''pradesh,'' there is a [[Pradesh Congress Committee]], which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.  
  
 
The [[All India Congress Committee]] is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the [[Congress Working Committee]], which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.  
 
The [[All India Congress Committee]] is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the [[Congress Working Committee]], which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.  
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The [[Congress Parliamentary Party]] is the group of elected MPs in the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]. Their elected chairperson is the leader of the majority, and supposed to be the Prime Minister. However, there have been notable exceptions.
 
The [[Congress Parliamentary Party]] is the group of elected MPs in the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]. Their elected chairperson is the leader of the majority, and supposed to be the Prime Minister. However, there have been notable exceptions.
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==List of presidents of the Party==
 
==List of presidents of the Party==
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<table border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=4></td></tr> <tr bgcolor=#cccccc><th>Name of President</th><th>Life Span</th><th>Year of Presidency</th><th>Place of Conference</th></tr>
 
−
<td>[[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]]</TD><td>[[December 29]], [[1844]]- 1906</TD><td>1885</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]</TD><td>[[September 4]], [[1825]]- 1917</TD><td>1886</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Badaruddin Taiyabji]]</TD><td>[[October 10]], [[1844]]- 1906</TD><td>1887</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[George Yule]]</TD><td>1829- 1892</TD><td>1888</TD><td>[[Allahabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]]</TD><td>1838- 1918</TD><td>1889</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Pherozeshah Mehta|Sir Pherozeshah Mehta]]</TD><td>[[August 4]], [[1845]]- 1915</TD><td>1890</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[P. Ananda Charlappa]]</TD><td>August 1843- 1908</TD><td>1891</TD><td>[[Nagpur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]]</TD><td>[[December 29]], [[1844]]- 1906</TD><td>1892</TD><td>[[Allahabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]</TD><td>[[September 4]], [[1848]]- 1925</TD><td>1893</TD><td>[[Lahore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Alfred Webb]]</TD><td>1834- 1908</TD><td>1894</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Surendranath Banerjea]]</TD><td>[[November 10]], [[1848]]- 1925</TD><td>1895</TD><td>[[Poona]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]]</TD><td>[[April 5]], [[1847]]- 1902</TD><td>1896</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]]</TD><td>[[July 11]], [[1857]]- 1934</TD><td>1897</TD><td>[[Amraoti]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Ananda Mohan Bose]]</TD><td>[[September 23]], [[1847]]- 1906</TD><td>1898</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Romesh Dutt|Romesh Chunder Dutt]]</TD><td>[[August 13]], [[1848]]- 1909</TD><td>1899</TD><td>[[Lucknow]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar|Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar]]</TD><td>[[December 2]], [[1855]]- 1923</TD><td>1900</TD><td>[[Lahore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]]</TD><td>[[August 2]], [[1844]]- 1936</TD><td>1901</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Surendranath Banerjea]]</TD><td>[[November 10]], [[1825]]- 1917</TD><td>1902</TD><td>[[Ahmedabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Lalmohan Ghosh]]</TD><td>1848- 1909</TD><td>1903</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Sir Henry Cotton]]</TD><td>1845- 1915</TD><td>1904</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]</TD><td>[[May 9]], [[1866]]- 1915</TD><td>1905</TD><td>[[Benares]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]</TD><td>[[September 4]], [[1825]]- 1917</TD><td>1906</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rashbihari Ghosh]]</TD><td>[[December 23]], [[1845]]- 1921</TD><td>1907</TD><td>[[Surat]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rashbihari Ghosh]]</TD><td>[[December 23]], [[1845]]- 1921</TD><td>1908</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]</TD><td>[[December 25]], [[1861]]- 1946</TD><td>1909</TD><td>[[Lahore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]]</TD><td>1838- 1918</TD><td>1910</TD><td>[[Allahabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Bishan Narayan Dar|Pandit Bishan Narayan Dar]]</TD><td>1864- 1916</TD><td>1911</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar]]</TD><td>1857- 1921</TD><td>1912</TD><td>[[Bankipur (Bihar)|Bankipur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur]]</TD><td>?- 1919</TD><td>1913</TD><td>[[Karachi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Bhupendra Nath Bose]]</TD><td>1859- 1924</TD><td>1914</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]]</TD><td>March 1863- 1928</TD><td>1915</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Ambica Charan Mazumdar]]</TD><td>1850- 1922</TD><td>1916</TD><td>[[Lucknow]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Annie Besant]]</TD><td>[[October 1]], [[1847]]- 1933</TD><td>1917</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]</TD><td>[[December 25]], [[1861]]- 1946</TD><td>1918</TD><td>[[Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Syed Hasan Imam]]</TD><td>[[August 31]], [[1871]]- 1933</TD><td>1918</TD><td>[[Mumbai]] (Special Session)</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Motilal Nehru|Pandit Motilal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[May 6]], [[1861]]- [[February 6]], [[1931]]</TD><td>1919</TD><td>[[Amritsar]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]</TD><td>[[January 28]], [[1865]]- [[November 17]], [[1928]]</TD><td>1920</TD><td>[[Calcutta]] (Special Session)</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[C. Vijayaraghavachariar Ismail]]</TD><td>[[1852]]- [[April 19]], [[1944]]</TD><td>1920</TD><td>[[Nagpur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]</TD><td>[[1863]]- [[December 29]], [[1927]]</TD><td>1921</TD><td>[[Ahmedabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]]</TD><td>[[November 5]], [[1870]]- [[June 16]], [[1925]]</TD><td>1922</TD><td>[[Gaya]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Maulana Mohammad Ali]]</TD><td>[[December 10]], [[1878]]- [[January 4]], [[1931]]</TD><td>1923</TD><td>[[Kakinada]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]</TD><td>[[1888]]- [[February 22]], [[1958]]</TD><td>1923</TD><td>[[Delhi]] (Special Session)</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Mahatma Gandhi]]</TD><td>[[October 2]], [[1869]]- [[January 30]], [[1948]]</TD><td>1924</TD><td>[[Belgaum]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Sarojini Naidu]]</TD><td>[[February 13]], [[1879]]- [[March 2]], [[1949]]</TD><td>1925</TD><td>[[Kanpur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]]</TD><td>[[September 11]], [[1874]]- [[May 19]], [[1941]]</TD><td>1926</TD><td>[[Gauhati]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari|Dr. M A Ansari]]</TD><td>[[December 25]], [[1880]]- [[May 10]], [[1936]]</TD><td>1927</TD><td>[[Madras]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Motilal Nehru|Pandit Motilal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[May 6]], [[1861]]- [[February 6]], [[1931]]</TD><td>1928</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1929 & 30</TD><td>[[Lahore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]</TD><td>[[October 31]], [[1875]]- [[December 15]], [[1950]]</TD><td>1931</TD><td>[[Karachi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]</TD><td>[[December 25]], [[1861]]- 1946</TD><td>1932</TD><td>[[Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]</TD><td>[[December 25]], [[1861]]- 1946</TD><td>1933</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Nellie Sengupta]]</TD><td>1886- 1973</TD><td>1933</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]]</TD><td>[[December 3]], [[1884]]- [[February 28]], [[1963]]</TD><td>1934 & 35</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1936</TD><td>[[Lucknow]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1936& 37</TD><td>[[Faizpur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Subhash Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]</TD><td>[[January 23]], [[1897]]- [[August 18]], [[1945]]?</TD><td>1938</TD><td>[[Haripura]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Subhash Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]</TD><td>[[January 23]], [[1897]]- [[August 18]], [[1945]]?</TD><td>1939</TD><td>[[Tripuri]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]</TD><td>[[1888]]- [[February 22]], [[1958]]</TD><td>1940-46</TD><td>[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jivatram Kripalani|Acharya J.B. Kripalani]]</TD><td>[[1888]]- [[March 19]], [[1982]]</TD><td>1947</TD><td>[[Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya|Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya]]</TD><td>[[December 24]], [[1880]]- [[December 17]], [[1959]]</TD><td>1948 & 49</TD><td>[[Jaipur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Purushottam Das Tandon]]</TD><td>[[August 1]], [[1882]]- [[July 1]], [[1961]]</TD><td>1950</TD><td>[[Nasik]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1951 & 52</TD><td>[[New Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1953</TD><td>[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]</TD><td>[[November 14]], [[1889]]- [[May 27]], [[1964]]</TD><td>1954</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[U N Dhebar]]</TD><td>[[September 21]], [[1905]]- 1977</TD><td>1955</TD><td>[[Avadi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[U N Dhebar]]</TD><td>[[September 21]], [[1905]]- 1977</TD><td>1956</TD><td>[[Amritsar]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[U N Dhebar]]</TD><td>[[September 21]], [[1905]]- 1977</TD><td>1957</TD><td>[[Indore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[U N Dhebar]]</TD><td>[[September 21]], [[1905]]- 1977</TD><td>1958</TD><td>[[Gauhati]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[U N Dhebar]]</TD><td>[[September 21]], [[1905]]- 1977</TD><td>1959</TD><td>[[Nagpur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Indira Gandhi]]</TD><td>[[November 19]], [[1917]]- [[October 31]], [[1984]]</TD><td>1959</TD><td>[[New Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]</TD><td>[[May 19]], [[1913]]- [[June 1]], [[1996]]</TD><td>1960</TD><td>[[Bangalore]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]</TD><td>[[May 19]], [[1913]]- [[June 1]], [[1996]]</TD><td>1961</TD><td>[[Bhavnagar]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]</TD><td>[[May 19]], [[1913]]- [[June 1]], [[1996]]</TD><td>1962 & 63</TD><td>[[Patna]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[K. Kamaraj]]</TD><td>[[July 15]], [[1903]]- [[October 2]], [[1975]]</TD><td>1964</TD><td>[[Bhubaneswar]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[K. Kamaraj]]</TD><td>[[July 15]], [[1903]]- [[October 2]], [[1975]]</TD><td>1965</TD><td>[[Durgapur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[K. Kamaraj]]</TD><td>[[July 15]], [[1903]]- [[October 2]], [[1975]]</TD><td>1966 & 67</TD><td>[[Jaipur]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[S. Nijalingappa]]</TD><td>[[December 10]], [[1902]]- [[August 9]], [[2000]]</TD><td>1968</TD><td>[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[S. Nijalingappa]]</TD><td>[[December 10]], [[1902]]- [[August 9]], [[2000]]</TD><td>1969</TD><td>[[Faridabad]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Jagjivan Ram]]</TD><td>[[April 5]], [[1908]]- [[July 6]], [[1986]]</TD><td>1970 & 71</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Shankar Dayal Sharma|Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma]]</TD><td>[[August 19]], [[1918]]- [[December 26]], [[1999]]</TD><td>1972- 74</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Dev Kant Baruah]]</TD><td>[[February 22]], [[1914]]- 1996</TD><td>1975- 77</TD><td>[[Chandigarh]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Indira Gandhi]]</TD><td>[[November 19]], [[1917]]- [[October 31]], [[1984]]</TD><td>1978- 83</TD><td>[[New Delhi]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Indira Gandhi]]</TD><td>[[November 19]], [[1917]]- [[October 31]], [[1984]]</TD><td>1983 -84</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Rajiv Gandhi]]</TD><td>[[August 20]], [[1944]]- [[May 21]], [[1991]]</TD><td>1985 -91</TD><td>[[Mumbai]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]</TD><td>[[June 28]], [[1921]]- [[December 23]], [[2004]]</TD><td>1992 -96</TD><td>[[Tirupati]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Sitaram Kesri]]</TD><td>November 1919- [[October 24]], [[2000]]</TD><td>1997 -98</TD><td>[[Calcutta]]</TD></TR>
 
−
<td>[[Sonia Gandhi]]</TD><td>born 1946</td><td>1998-present</td><td></td></tr>
 
−
 
−
</TABLE>
 
−
 
−
==Congress Party in the states==
 
−
===Sikkim===
 
−
After the merger of [[Sikkim]] with [[India]] in [[1975]], Kazi Lendup Dorjee's [[Sikkim National Congress]] merged with the [[Indian National Congress]]. The Congress Party in Sikkim lost power in 1979. At the last elections in May 2004, it won 1 out of 32 seats in the state assembly, with all other seats going to the ruling [[Sikkim Democratic Front]].
 
−
 
−
==Election history==
 
−
{{Main|Statewise Election history of Congress Party}}
 
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
{{refimprove|date=March 2007}}
 
−
{{commons|Indian National Congress}}
 
−
* [[Nehru-Gandhi Family]]
 
−
* [[List of political parties in India]]
 
−
* [[Politics of India]]
 
  
−
==External links==
+
*[[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]] 1885
−
*[http://www.congress.org.in/ Official Indian National Congress website]
+
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] 1886
−
*[http://www.congress4india.com/ Indian National Congress Discussion Group]
+
*[[Badaruddin Taiyabji]] 1887
 +
*[[George Yule]] 1888
 +
*[[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]] 1889
 +
*[[Pherozeshah Mehta|Sir Pherozeshah Mehta]] 1890
 +
*[[P. Ananda Charlappa]] 1891
 +
*[[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]] 1892
 +
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] 1893
 +
*[[Alfred Webb]] 1894
 +
*[[Surendranath Banerjea]] 1895
 +
*[[Rahimtulla M. Sayani]] 1896
 +
*[[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]] 1897
 +
*[[Ananda Mohan Bose]] 1898
 +
*[[Romesh Dutt|Romesh Chunder Dutt]] 1899
 +
*[[Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar|Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar]] 1900
 +
*[[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]] 1901
 +
*[[Surendranath Banerjea]] 1902
 +
*[[Lalmohan Ghosh]] 1903
 +
*[[Sir Henry Cotton]] 1904
 +
*[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] 1905
 +
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] 1906
 +
*[[Rashbihari Ghosh]] 1907 -1908
 +
*[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] 1909
 +
*[[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]] 1910
 +
*[[Bishan Narayan Dar|Pandit Bishan Narayan Dar]] 1911
 +
*[[Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar]] 1912
 +
*[[Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur]] 1913
 +
*[[Bhupendra Nath Bose]] 1914
 +
*[[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] 1915
 +
*[[Ambica Charan Mazumdar]] 1916
 +
*[[Annie Besant]] 1917
 +
*[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] 1918
 +
*[[Syed Hasan Imam]] 1918
 +
*[[Motilal Nehru|Pandit Motilal Nehru]] 1919
 +
*[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] 1920
 +
*[[C. Vijayaraghavachariar Ismail]] 1920
 +
*[[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] 1921
 +
*[[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]] 1922
 +
*[[Maulana Mohammad Ali]] 1923
 +
*[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] 1923
 +
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]] 1924
 +
*[[Sarojini Naidu]] 1925
 +
*[[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] 1926
 +
*[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari|Dr. M A Ansari]] 1927
 +
*[[Motilal Nehru|Pandit Motilal Nehru]] 1928-1930
 +
*[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]1931
 +
*[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] 1932-1933
 +
*[[Nellie Sengupta]] 1933]
 +
*[[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] 1934 & 35
 +
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] 1936-37
 +
*[[Subhash Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] 1938-1939
 +
*[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] 1940-46
 +
*[[Jivatram Kripalani|Acharya J.B. Kripalani]] 1947
 +
*[[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya|Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya]] 1948 & 49
 +
*[[Purushottam Das Tandon]] 1950
 +
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] 1951-1954
 +
*[[U N Dhebar]] 1955-1958
 +
*[[Indira Gandhi]] 1959
 +
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] 1960
 +
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] 1961
 +
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] 1962 & 63
 +
*[[K. Kamaraj]] 1964
 +
*[[K. Kamaraj]] 1965
 +
*[[K. Kamaraj]] 1966 & 67
 +
*[[S. Nijalingappa]] 1968
 +
*[[S. Nijalingappa]] 1969
 +
*[[Jagjivan Ram]] 1970 & 71
 +
*[[Shankar Dayal Sharma|Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma]] 1972- 74
 +
*[[Dev Kant Baruah]] 1975- 77
 +
*[[Indira Gandhi]] 1978- 83
 +
*[[Indira Gandhi]] 1983 -84
 +
*[[Rajiv Gandhi]] 1985 -91
 +
*[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] 1992 -96
 +
*[[Sitaram Kesri]] 1997 -98
 +
*[[Sonia Gandhi]] 1998-present
  
−
{{Indian political parties}}
+
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
{{reflist|2}}
 
−
Freedom Struggle,by Bipan Chandra,Amales Tripathi,Barun De. Publisher: National Book Struggle, India
 
−
ISBN 81-237-0249-X.
 
  
−
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
+
* Chandra, Bipan, Amales Tripathi, and De, Barun. ''Freedom Struggle.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1982. ISBN 812370249X.
−
[[Category:Political parties established in 1885]]
+
* Jesudasan, Ignatius. ''A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India.'' Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1984 ISBN 9780883441541
−
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
+
* Martin, Briton. ''New India, 1885; British Official Policy and the Emergence of the Indian National Congress.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. ISBN 9780520015807
−
[[Category:Socialist parties]]
+
* McLane, John R. ''Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977 ISBN 9780691031132
−
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
+
* Mehrotra, S. R. ''The Emergence of the Indian National Congress.'' Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1971. ISBN 9780706900804
−
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]
+
* Robb, Peter. ''A History of India.'' Palgrave essential histories. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002. ISBN 9780333691281
  
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[[bg:Индийски национален конгрес]]
 
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[[cs:Indický národní kongres]]
 
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[[de:Indischer Nationalkongress]]
 
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[[es:Congreso Nacional Indio]]
 
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[[fa:کنگره ملی هند]]
 
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[[fr:Parti du Congrès]]
 
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[[hi:भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस]]
 
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[[hr:Indijski nacionalni kongres]]
 
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[[id:Kongres Nasional India]]
 
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[[it:Indian National Congress Party]]
 
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[[he:הקונגרס הלאומי ההודי]]
 
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[[kn:ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್]]
 
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[[nl:Congrespartij]]
 
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[[ne:भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कंग्रेस]]
 
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[[ja:インド国民会議]]
 
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[[no:Indias Nasjonale Kongress]]
 
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[[pms:INC]]
 
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[[pl:Indyjski Kongres Narodowy]]
 
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[[pt:Partido do Congresso Nacional Indiano]]
 
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[[ro:Indian National Congress]]
 
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[[ru:Индийский национальный конгресс]]
 
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[[sh:Indijski nacionalni kongres]]
 
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[[fi:Indian National Congress]]
 
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[[sv:Kongresspartiet]]
 
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[[ta:இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரஸ்]]
 
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[[te:భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెసు]]
 
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[[tr:Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi]]
 
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[[ur:کانگریس پارٹی]]
 
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[[zh:印度国民大会党]]
 
  
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[[Category:History]]
 
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Latest revision as of 16:49, 10 April 2014

The official flag of the Congress during the Independence struggle.

Indian National Congress, Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. Created in 1885 by A. O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the Independence Movement, with over 15 million Indians involved in its organizations and over 70 million participants in its struggle against the British Empire. During this phase, it functioned not so much as a political party than as a forum for Indians and their British supporters to express to the colonial authorities their views, opinions and to assert India’s right to self-determination. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, in power from 1947 until 1977, then from 1980 to 1999, 1991 to 1996 and winning the 2004 general election. In the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the largest contingent amongst all parties, serve in the house. The party is currently the chief member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition supported by the Left Front. Famous members include Annie Besant, its first woman INC President, Mahatma Gandhi (President in 1924) and Sarojini Naidu, the first Indian woman President (1925) and the first woman State Governor and India’s first woman Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.

The INC has traditionally tried to bridge communitarian divides, regarding the secular principle as most appropriate for a multi-religious state. Concern for maintaining communal harmony had led to criticism of favoring minorities, especially Muslims. On the one hand, Congress is closely identified with pride in India’s cultural legacy. On the other, it has promoted women’s rights and social reform in such areas as untouchability and economic empowerment, tending towards socialist principles.[1] The Congress has also had electoral success in many Indian states, controlling the majority of state governments for the first 20 years of independence.

History

The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:

  • The pre-independence era, when the organization was at the forefront of the struggle for independence;
  • The post-independence era, when as a political party Congress enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.

The pre-independence era

M. K Gandhi was spiritual leader of the INC and the acknowledged "father of India."

Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Mumbai, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy.

Womesh Chandra Bonerjee was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Mumbai. The first Session of INC was held from 28-31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.

A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the Garam Dal of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists (literally "hot faction"), and the Naram Dal of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates (literally "soft faction"), distinguished by their attitude towards the British.


In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the sister Indian National Association and later the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons.

With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha art of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr. Rajendra Prasad (the nation's first President), Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The Congress under Gandhi's influence became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. At the time of the Quit India movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India. The Indian National Congress could claim to be the true representative of the Indian people.

The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of INC. The 26th January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the British remained in India a number of years longer. It was to commemorate this date particularly that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949).

After the First World War the party became associated with Mahatma Gandhi, who remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives.

The post-independence era

The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the national level) in 1977.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947.[2] However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the Partition of India and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.

After the murder of Gandhi in 1948 and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and he became key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively awesome majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.

After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai.

In 1955 in Awadi session the party adopted a socialistic pattern of society for India.

Indira Gandhi

Congress mural in Kolkata

The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of Samyukt Vidhanayak Dal, won control over several states in the Hindi belt. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the New Congress. The official party became known as Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj. It was informally called the Old Congress. As Indira Priyadarshini had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the Election Commission of India, although her organization was the break-away group.

The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the Soviet Union. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the Janata Party.

Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned Indira Gandhi's victory in the Parliamentary constituency. Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of National emergency in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state with herself as the supreme leader ('acting Prime Minister').

After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party. The party was able to return to power in the 1980 elections. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, as a revenge for Operation Blue Star. In the following days thousands of Sikhs were killed in the 1984 riots, mainly in Delhi, by activists and leaders of the Congress Party. [1]. About the riots, the new PM and Indira's son, Rajiv Gandhi had infamously remarked, "When a big tree falls, the earth is bound to shake."

The post-Indira era

Sonia Gandhi, Leader of the INC

After Indira, her son Rajiv Gandhi, took over as Congress leader and led the party to victory with a large majority in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections. It governed from 1984-9 and then was defeated in the 1989 general election. Rajiv Gandhi was also assassinated by the LTTE during the course of the election campaign in 1991. Following Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, P.V. Narasimha Rao succeeded him as Congress leader and became prime minister.

The 1990s was a period of prolonged crisis for the Congress. After gradually losing political influence the party asked the Rajiv Gandhi's widow, Sonia, to accept the position as Congress President. Refusing in 1991, the Congress stuck with Narasimha Rao. Rao dramatically changed the party's traditionally socialist policies and introduced major economic reforms and liberalization, with the help of then Finance minister (and future Prime Minister) Manmohan Singh. Nonetheless, his involvement in the bribery of members of parliament was a major issue which led to the downfall of the Congress in 1996, and subsequently his own disgraced exit from politics.

Former treasurer Sitaram Kesri took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the United Front governments that ran from 1996 - 1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of Congress President, in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.

After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party. (Where breakaway factions are active, the use of "Congress (I)" to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors continues.) There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the BJP) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin - she is Italian-born.

Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house. The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party. It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004.

Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party

  • Jawaharlal Nehru (1947 - 1964)
  • Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June1964, January 1966)
  • Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964 - 1966)
  • Indira Gandhi (1966 - 1977, 1980 - 1984)
  • Rajiv Gandhi (1984 - 1989)
  • P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991 - 1996)
  • Manmohan Singh (2004 -)

Political accusations

Since the party has dominated the political landscape of India for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. Some examples are:

  • Anti-Sikh riots - After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by Sikh Body Guards following Operation Bluestar, many Congress workers prominently including Jagdish Tytler and Sajjan Kumar were accused of inciting and participating in anti-Sikh riots that killed thousands. The Congress apologized many years later for its silence on these events, an apology that was considered inadequate by some of those concerned.
  • Volcker report - The Independent Inquiry Committee (IIC) appointed by the United Nations in its final report released on October 27, 2005 confirms that documents state: 'Beneficiary: India: Congress Party' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels of crude' and `Beneficiary: India: Singh Mr K. Natwar' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels'.
  • The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party has repeatedly accused the Congress of showing favoritism to the Indian Muslim community and the toleration, or even promotion of, Islamic and obscurantism. Congress policy is also accused of causing fifty years of economic stagnation, following Independence, and of excessive veneration of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty.

Formation of 2004 Government of India

In the 2004 general elections, the Congress alliance won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which was variously forecasted to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice." She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr. Manmohan Singh for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on May 22, 2004. He became India's first Sikh head of government.

Internal organization

The organization developed by Mahatma Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.

In every Indian state and union territory or pradesh, there is a Pradesh Congress Committee, which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.

The All India Congress Committee is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.

The President of the Indian National Congress is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the Prime Minister of India.

Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC. However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as an emergency measure.

The Congress Parliamentary Party is the group of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Their elected chairperson is the leader of the majority, and supposed to be the Prime Minister. However, there have been notable exceptions.

List of presidents of the Party

  • Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1885
  • Dadabhai Naoroji 1886
  • Badaruddin Taiyabji 1887
  • George Yule 1888
  • Sir William Wedderburn 1889
  • Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 1890
  • P. Ananda Charlappa 1891
  • Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1892
  • Dadabhai Naoroji 1893
  • Alfred Webb 1894
  • Surendranath Banerjea 1895
  • Rahimtulla M. Sayani 1896
  • Sir C. Sankaran Nair 1897
  • Ananda Mohan Bose 1898
  • Romesh Chunder Dutt 1899
  • Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar 1900
  • Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 1901
  • Surendranath Banerjea 1902
  • Lalmohan Ghosh 1903
  • Sir Henry Cotton 1904
  • Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1905
  • Dadabhai Naoroji 1906
  • Rashbihari Ghosh 1907 -1908
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1909
  • Sir William Wedderburn 1910
  • Pandit Bishan Narayan Dar 1911
  • Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1912
  • Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur 1913
  • Bhupendra Nath Bose 1914
  • Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha 1915
  • Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1916
  • Annie Besant 1917
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1918
  • Syed Hasan Imam 1918
  • Pandit Motilal Nehru 1919
  • Lala Lajpat Rai 1920
  • C. Vijayaraghavachariar Ismail 1920
  • Hakim Ajmal Khan 1921
  • Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 1922
  • Maulana Mohammad Ali 1923
  • Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1923
  • Mahatma Gandhi 1924
  • Sarojini Naidu 1925
  • S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1926
  • Dr. M A Ansari 1927
  • Pandit Motilal Nehru 1928-1930
  • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel1931
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 1932-1933
  • Nellie Sengupta 1933]
  • Dr. Rajendra Prasad 1934 & 35
  • Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 1936-37
  • Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose 1938-1939
  • Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1940-46
  • Acharya J.B. Kripalani 1947
  • Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 1948 & 49
  • Purushottam Das Tandon 1950
  • Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 1951-1954
  • U N Dhebar 1955-1958
  • Indira Gandhi 1959
  • Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1960
  • Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1961
  • Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1962 & 63
  • K. Kamaraj 1964
  • K. Kamaraj 1965
  • K. Kamaraj 1966 & 67
  • S. Nijalingappa 1968
  • S. Nijalingappa 1969
  • Jagjivan Ram 1970 & 71
  • Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma 1972- 74
  • Dev Kant Baruah 1975- 77
  • Indira Gandhi 1978- 83
  • Indira Gandhi 1983 -84
  • Rajiv Gandhi 1985 -91
  • P. V. Narasimha Rao 1992 -96
  • Sitaram Kesri 1997 -98
  • Sonia Gandhi 1998-present

Notes

  1. ↑ Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, associated capitalism with imperialism and did not think that it could provide answers to India’s social needs.
  2. ↑ Ignatius Jesudasan. A Gandhian theology of liberation. (Ananda India: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1987), 225. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1984 ISBN 9780883441541)

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Chandra, Bipan, Amales Tripathi, and De, Barun. Freedom Struggle. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1982. ISBN 812370249X.
  • Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1984 ISBN 9780883441541
  • Martin, Briton. New India, 1885; British Official Policy and the Emergence of the Indian National Congress. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. ISBN 9780520015807
  • McLane, John R. Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977 ISBN 9780691031132
  • Mehrotra, S. R. The Emergence of the Indian National Congress. Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1971. ISBN 9780706900804
  • Robb, Peter. A History of India. Palgrave essential histories. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002. ISBN 9780333691281

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