Difference between revisions of "Iceberg" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | An '''iceberg''' is a large piece of freshwater [[ice]] that has broken off from a [[glacier]] or [[ice shelf]] and is floating in open water. Icebergs come in various shapes and sizes | + | An '''iceberg''' is a large piece of freshwater [[ice]] that has broken off from a [[glacier]] or [[ice shelf]] and is floating in open water. Icebergs come in various shapes and sizes—for instance, the tops of some icebergs have peaks or domes, and the tops of others are flat. Winds and currents usually confine icebergs to areas close to the coastline. |
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| − | Winds and currents usually confine icebergs to areas close to the coastline. | ||
Given that the density of pure water ice is about 920 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), and that of [[sea water]] is about 1025 kg/m³, typically only one-ninth of the volume of an iceberg is above water. The shape of the much larger portion below water is difficult to surmise by looking at the portion above the surface. This phenomenon has led to the expression "tip of the iceberg," implying that a problem or difficulty may be much greater than what is immediately apparent. | Given that the density of pure water ice is about 920 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), and that of [[sea water]] is about 1025 kg/m³, typically only one-ninth of the volume of an iceberg is above water. The shape of the much larger portion below water is difficult to surmise by looking at the portion above the surface. This phenomenon has led to the expression "tip of the iceberg," implying that a problem or difficulty may be much greater than what is immediately apparent. | ||
| + | Collision with icebergs constitutes a hazard for shipping. A well-known example is the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']], which led to the death of more than 1,500 of its 2,223 passengers. Since then, icebergs are monitored by special national and international agencies, and ships in the vicinity of icebergs are given appropriate warning. | ||
== Etymology and clarification of terms == | == Etymology and clarification of terms == | ||
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Despite their size, the icebergs of Newfoundland move an average of 17 km (about ten miles) a day<ref>[http://www.wordplay.com/tourism/icebergs/ Frequently Asked Questions with Short Answers and Pointers]. Icebergs of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref>. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western [[Greenland]], and may have an interior temperature of -15 to -20°C (5 to -4°F).<ref name="cgfoi">[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp Facts on Icebergs]. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref> | Despite their size, the icebergs of Newfoundland move an average of 17 km (about ten miles) a day<ref>[http://www.wordplay.com/tourism/icebergs/ Frequently Asked Questions with Short Answers and Pointers]. Icebergs of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref>. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western [[Greenland]], and may have an interior temperature of -15 to -20°C (5 to -4°F).<ref name="cgfoi">[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp Facts on Icebergs]. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref> | ||
| − | The largest icebergs | + | The largest icebergs are calved (broken off) from the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] of [[Antarctica]]. [[Iceberg B-15]] photographed by satellite in 2000, was the largest iceberg ever recorded. It measured 295 kilometers (km) (183 miles) in length and 37 km (23 miles) in width, with a surface area of 11,000 sq km (4,250 square miles). Its mass was estimated at around 3,000,000,000 metric tonnes. It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, [[iceberg B-15A]], with an area of 3000 km², was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces on October 27, 2005. It has been determined that the cause of the breakup was an ocean swell generated by an Alaskan storm 6 days earlier and 13,500 kilometers (8,370 miles) away!<ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news79026480.html Alaskan storm cracks giant iceberg to pieces in faraway Antarctica]. Physorg.com. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref> |
When an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound called "Bergie [[Seltzer]]." This sound is made by the popping of compressed air bubbles trapped in the iceberg. The bubbles come from air trapped in snow layers that later become glacial ice.<ref name="cgfoi"/> | When an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound called "Bergie [[Seltzer]]." This sound is made by the popping of compressed air bubbles trapped in the iceberg. The bubbles come from air trapped in snow layers that later become glacial ice.<ref name="cgfoi"/> | ||
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The first person to explain the formation of icebergs was the Russian prodigy [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. In the twentieth century, several scientific bodies were established to study and monitor icebergs. | The first person to explain the formation of icebergs was the Russian prodigy [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. In the twentieth century, several scientific bodies were established to study and monitor icebergs. | ||
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Currently, icebergs are monitored worldwide by the [[U.S.]] [[National Ice Center]] (NIC). Established in 1995, it produces analyses and forecasts of [[Arctic]], [[Antarctic]], [[Great Lakes]], and [[Chesapeake Bay]] ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth. | Currently, icebergs are monitored worldwide by the [[U.S.]] [[National Ice Center]] (NIC). Established in 1995, it produces analyses and forecasts of [[Arctic]], [[Antarctic]], [[Great Lakes]], and [[Chesapeake Bay]] ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth. | ||
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*'''C''' – longitude 90° E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, [[Wilkesland]]) | *'''C''' – longitude 90° E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, [[Wilkesland]]) | ||
*'''D''' – longitude 0° to 90° E ([[Amery Ice Shelf]], Eastern Weddell Sea) | *'''D''' – longitude 0° to 90° E ([[Amery Ice Shelf]], Eastern Weddell Sea) | ||
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[[Image:Sunset icebergs at Baffin Bay.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset Icebergs in Arctic.]] | [[Image:Sunset icebergs at Baffin Bay.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset Icebergs in Arctic.]] | ||
| − | Before 1912, there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard against ship collisions. The sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] | + | Before 1912, there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard against ship collisions. The sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] created the demand for a system to observe icebergs. For the remainder of the ice season that year, the [[United States Navy]] patrolled the waters and monitored ice flow. In November 1913, The International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea met in [[London]] to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months, the participating maritime nations had formed the [[International Ice Patrol]] (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on [[meteorology]] and [[oceanography]] in order to measure currents, iceflow, ocean temperature, and salinity levels. They published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement. |
| − | + | Newer technologies continued to be deployed to help monitor icebergs. Aerial surveillance of the seas first took hold in the early 1930s, which allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945 experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of [[radar]] in detecting icebergs. A decade later numerous oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue today to serve an important role in environmental study. | |
| − | A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, [[ | + | A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, [[icebreaking]] ships were equipped with automatic transmission of [[satellite]] photographs of ice in [[Antarctica]]. Systems for optical satellites had been developed, but at this point were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting [[buoys]] were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and [[climate research]]. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents. Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions. |
On 4 November 1995, [[Canada]] launched [[RADARSAT-1]]. Developed by the [[Canadian Space Agency]], it provides images of [[Earth]] for both scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use [[Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (SAR), which sends [[microwave]] energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The [[European Space Agency]] launched [[ENVISAT]] on 1 March 2002, an environmental satellite which uses Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). This can detect changes in surface height with a high degree of accuracy. The Canadian Space Agency is currently readying [[RADARSAT-2]], which is scheduled to be launched in mid 2007. It will utilize SAR and multipolarization modes and will follow the same [[orbit]] path as RADARSAT-1.<ref>Carlson, Kathryn. [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/technology_side2.asp Technology timeline]. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref> | On 4 November 1995, [[Canada]] launched [[RADARSAT-1]]. Developed by the [[Canadian Space Agency]], it provides images of [[Earth]] for both scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use [[Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (SAR), which sends [[microwave]] energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The [[European Space Agency]] launched [[ENVISAT]] on 1 March 2002, an environmental satellite which uses Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). This can detect changes in surface height with a high degree of accuracy. The Canadian Space Agency is currently readying [[RADARSAT-2]], which is scheduled to be launched in mid 2007. It will utilize SAR and multipolarization modes and will follow the same [[orbit]] path as RADARSAT-1.<ref>Carlson, Kathryn. [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/technology_side2.asp Technology timeline]. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 23:23, 20 November 2007
_Lago_Argentino_Brazo_Norte_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG)
An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off from a glacier or ice shelf and is floating in open water. Icebergs come in various shapes and sizes—for instance, the tops of some icebergs have peaks or domes, and the tops of others are flat. Winds and currents usually confine icebergs to areas close to the coastline.
Given that the density of pure water ice is about 920 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), and that of sea water is about 1025 kg/m³, typically only one-ninth of the volume of an iceberg is above water. The shape of the much larger portion below water is difficult to surmise by looking at the portion above the surface. This phenomenon has led to the expression "tip of the iceberg," implying that a problem or difficulty may be much greater than what is immediately apparent.
Collision with icebergs constitutes a hazard for shipping. A well-known example is the sinking of the RMS Titanic, which led to the death of more than 1,500 of its 2,223 passengers. Since then, icebergs are monitored by special national and international agencies, and ships in the vicinity of icebergs are given appropriate warning.
Etymology and clarification of terms
The word iceberg is a partial loan translation from Dutch ijsberg, literally meaning mountain of ice,[1] cognate to Danish Isbjerg, Swedish Isberg, Low Saxon Iesbarg and German Eisberg.
An iceberg differs from sea ice in that an iceberg is made of freshwater whereas sea ice is produced by the freezing of seawater. As a result, they differ in density, and the depth of sea ice is far less than that of an iceberg. Closely packed pieces of sea ice are called pack ice, and scattered pieces of sea ice are called ice floes.
Characteristics
Icebergs generally range from 1 to 75 meters (about 3 to 250 feet) in height above sea level and weigh 100,000 to 200,000 metric tonnes (about 110,000-220,000 short tons). The tallest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was 168 meters (about 551 feet) above sea level, making it roughly as high as a 55-story building.
Despite their size, the icebergs of Newfoundland move an average of 17 km (about ten miles) a day[2]. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland, and may have an interior temperature of -15 to -20°C (5 to -4°F).[3]
The largest icebergs are calved (broken off) from the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Iceberg B-15 photographed by satellite in 2000, was the largest iceberg ever recorded. It measured 295 kilometers (km) (183 miles) in length and 37 km (23 miles) in width, with a surface area of 11,000 sq km (4,250 square miles). Its mass was estimated at around 3,000,000,000 metric tonnes. It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, iceberg B-15A, with an area of 3000 km², was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces on October 27, 2005. It has been determined that the cause of the breakup was an ocean swell generated by an Alaskan storm 6 days earlier and 13,500 kilometers (8,370 miles) away![4]
When an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound called "Bergie Seltzer." This sound is made by the popping of compressed air bubbles trapped in the iceberg. The bubbles come from air trapped in snow layers that later become glacial ice.[3]
Classification based on size
The following size classification is used by the International Ice Patrol:[5]
| Size Category | Height | Length |
|---|---|---|
| Growler | Less than 1 metre (3 feet) | Less than 5 metres (16 feet) |
| Bergy Bit | 1-4 meters (3-13 feet) | 5-14 meters (15-46 feet) |
| Small | 5-15 meters (14-50 feet) | 15-60 meters (47-200 feet) |
| Medium | 16-45 meters (51-150 feet) | 61-122 meters (201-400 feet) |
| Large | 46-75 meters (151-240 feet) | 123-213 meters (401-670 feet) |
| Very Large | Over 75 meters (240 feet) | Over 213 meters (670 feet) |
Classification based on shape
In addition to the above size classification, there is also a type of classification based on shape. The two basic types of iceberg forms are tabular and non-tabular. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a plateau, with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1[6]. Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes, and include[7]:
- Dome: An iceberg with a rounded top.
- Pinnacle: An iceberg with one or more spires.
- Wedge: An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.
- Dry-Dock: An iceberg that has eroded to form a slot or channel.
- Blocky: An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its shape is more like a block than a flat sheet.
Monitoring
The first person to explain the formation of icebergs was the Russian prodigy Mikhail Lomonosov. In the twentieth century, several scientific bodies were established to study and monitor icebergs.
Currently, icebergs are monitored worldwide by the U.S. National Ice Center (NIC). Established in 1995, it produces analyses and forecasts of Arctic, Antarctic, Great Lakes, and Chesapeake Bay ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth.
The NIC is the only organization that names and tracks all Antarctic icebergs. It assigns each iceberg larger than 10 nautical miles (18 km) along at least one axis a name composed of a letter indicating its point of origin and a running number. The letters used are as follows:
- A – longitude 0° to 90° W (Bellingshausen Sea, Weddell Sea)
- B – longitude 90° W to 180° (Amundsen Sea, Eastern Ross Sea)
- C – longitude 90° E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, Wilkesland)
- D – longitude 0° to 90° E (Amery Ice Shelf, Eastern Weddell Sea)
Before 1912, there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard against ship collisions. The sinking of the RMS Titanic created the demand for a system to observe icebergs. For the remainder of the ice season that year, the United States Navy patrolled the waters and monitored ice flow. In November 1913, The International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea met in London to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months, the participating maritime nations had formed the International Ice Patrol (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on meteorology and oceanography in order to measure currents, iceflow, ocean temperature, and salinity levels. They published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement.
Newer technologies continued to be deployed to help monitor icebergs. Aerial surveillance of the seas first took hold in the early 1930s, which allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945 experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of radar in detecting icebergs. A decade later numerous oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue today to serve an important role in environmental study.
A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, icebreaking ships were equipped with automatic transmission of satellite photographs of ice in Antarctica. Systems for optical satellites had been developed, but at this point were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting buoys were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and climate research. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents. Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions.
On 4 November 1995, Canada launched RADARSAT-1. Developed by the Canadian Space Agency, it provides images of Earth for both scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which sends microwave energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The European Space Agency launched ENVISAT on 1 March 2002, an environmental satellite which uses Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). This can detect changes in surface height with a high degree of accuracy. The Canadian Space Agency is currently readying RADARSAT-2, which is scheduled to be launched in mid 2007. It will utilize SAR and multipolarization modes and will follow the same orbit path as RADARSAT-1.[8]
See also
Notes
- ↑ iceberg. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ Frequently Asked Questions with Short Answers and Pointers. Icebergs of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Facts on Icebergs. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ Alaskan storm cracks giant iceberg to pieces in faraway Antarctica. Physorg.com. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ Iceberg FAQ. USCG International Ice Patrol. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ What are the sizes and shapes of icebergs? USCG International Ice Patrol. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ Gordon, Holly. The life and times of Arctic icebergs. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ↑ Carlson, Kathryn. Technology timeline. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Gosnell, Mariana. 2005. Ice: The Nature, the History, and the Uses of an Astonishing Substance. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0679426086.
- Lisitzin, Alexander P. 2002. Sea-Ice and Iceberg Sedimentation in the Ocean: Recent and Past. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540679650.
- Simon, Seymour. 1999. Icebergs and Glaciers. New York: Mulberry Books. ISBN 0688167055.
External links
- Iceberg Finder Service for east coast of Canada. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- Icebergs of The Arctic and Antarctic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
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