Difference between revisions of "Hotspot (geology)" - New World Encyclopedia
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:''This article is about the geologic term.'' | :''This article is about the geologic term.'' | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Hawaii hotspot.jpg|thumb|350px|Over millions of years, the [[Pacific Plate]] has moved over the [[Hawaii hotspot]], creating [[Emperor Seamounts|a trail of underwater mountains]] that stretch across the Pacific.]] |
| − | In [[geology]], a '''hotspot ''' is | + | In [[geology]], a '''hotspot''' is an area in the [[Earth]]'s [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] where a column of hot [[magma]] rises up to melt through the [[crust (geology)|crust]], resulting in [[volcano|volcanic]] activity. The term ''hotspot'' is also used when referring to the location on the Earth's surface where such volcanism has been taking place. In 1963, [[J. Tuzo Wilson]] came up with the idea that volcanic chains like the [[Hawaiian Islands]] result from the slow movement of a [[tectonic plate]] across a "fixed" hotspot deep beneath the surface of the planet. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Geologists have identified some 40–50 hotspots around the globe. Of these, [[Hawaii hotspot|Hawaii]], [[Réunion hotspot|Réunion]], [[Yellowstone hotspot|Yellowstone]], [[Galápagos hotspot|Galápagos]], and [[Iceland hotspot|Iceland]] overlie those that are currently most active. | |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | By studying hotspots, geologists have been able to track the movement of the Earth's crustal plates. In addition, by examining [[lava]] flows from a series of volcanic eruptions, they have come to the conclusion that there is a reversal of Earth's [[magnetism|magnetic poles]] at intervals of about 5,000 years. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Formation of a hotspot == | ||
| + | |||
| + | For a long time, geologists have thought that a hotspot is caused by a narrow stream of [[heat|hot]] [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], called a [[mantle plume]], [[convection|rising]] up from near the Earth's [[core-mantle boundary]].<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html "Hotspots": Mantle Thermal Plumes]. ''U.S. Geological Survey''. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</ref> With the formation of a plume, magma builds up under a [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]], eventually erupting with [[basalt]]ic rock, forming what are called Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). The resultant volcano then continues to pour out [[lava]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | However, recent evidence indicates that the upper mantle is hotter and more fluid than what was once believed. As a result, a number of geologists attribute hotspots to convection in the upper mantle, formulating an alternative to the plume model.<ref>Laura Wright, Nov. 2000. [http://www.geotimes.org/nov00/hotspot.html Earth's interior: Raising hot spots]. ''Geotimes. American Geological Institute''. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</ref><ref>Robert L. Christiansen, G.R. Foulger, and John R. Evans. October 2002. [http://www.dur.ac.uk/g.r.foulger/Offprints/Yellowstone.pdf Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot.] ''GSA Bulletin'' 114 (10): 1245–1256. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</ref> It has been suggested that the term "hotspot" be replaced by the term "melting anomaly." | ||
| + | |||
| + | Either model provides an explanation of how volcanoes can occur far from the edges of [[tectonic plate]]s, where plates are [[subduction|subducted]] into the mantle. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Along with these models, there has been a revival of what has been called the "antipodal pair impact hypothesis." It is the idea that pairs of opposite hotspots may result from the impact of a large [[meteor]].<ref>Jonathan T. Hagstrum, 2005. [http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Antip_hot.pdf Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large-body impacts the cause?] ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters''. 236 (1-2): 13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Most hotspot volcanoes are basaltic because they erupt through oceanic [[lithosphere]] (such as [[Hawaiian Islands#Geology|Hawaii]], [[Tahiti]]). As a result, they are less explosive than [[subduction zone]] volcanoes, in which water is trapped under the overriding plate. Where hotspots occur under [[continental crust]], [[basalt]]ic [[magma]] is trapped in the less dense continental crust, which is heated and melts to form [[rhyolite]]s. These rhyolites can be quite hot and form violent eruptions, despite their low water content. For example, the [[Yellowstone Caldera]] was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history. However, when rhyolitic magma is completely erupted, it may eventually turn into basaltic magma because it is no longer trapped in the less dense continental crust. An example of this activity is the [[Ilgachuz Range]] in British Columbia, which was created by an early complex series of [[trachyte]] and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows.<ref>Peter Holbek, November 1983. Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim Group.</ref> | ||
==Following the trail of a hotspot== | ==Following the trail of a hotspot== | ||
| + | [[Image:Hotspot(geology)-1.svg|thumb|170px|Diagram showing the formation of a series of volcanoes when a crustal plate moves over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle.]] | ||
| + | |||
As the continents and [[seafloor]] drift across the [[mantle plume]], "hotspot" volcanoes generally leave unmistakable evidence of their passage through seafloor or continental crust. In the case of the Hawaiian hotspot, the islands themselves are the remnant evidence of the movement of the seafloor over the hotspot in the Earth's mantle. The [[Yellowstone]] hotspot emerged in the [[Columbia Plateau]] of the US [[Pacific Northwest]]. The [[Deccan Traps]] of India are the result of the emergence of the hotspot currently under [[Réunion Island]], off the coast of eastern Africa. | As the continents and [[seafloor]] drift across the [[mantle plume]], "hotspot" volcanoes generally leave unmistakable evidence of their passage through seafloor or continental crust. In the case of the Hawaiian hotspot, the islands themselves are the remnant evidence of the movement of the seafloor over the hotspot in the Earth's mantle. The [[Yellowstone]] hotspot emerged in the [[Columbia Plateau]] of the US [[Pacific Northwest]]. The [[Deccan Traps]] of India are the result of the emergence of the hotspot currently under [[Réunion Island]], off the coast of eastern Africa. | ||
| − | Geologists use hotspots to help track the movement of the Earth's plates. Such hotspots are so active that they often record step-by-step changes in the direction of the Earth's [[Paleomagnetism|magnetic poles]]. Thanks to [[lava]] flows from a series of eruptions in the [[Columbia Plateau]], scientists now know that the [[Magnetic reversal|reversal of magnetic poles]] takes about | + | Geologists use hotspots to help track the movement of the Earth's plates. Such hotspots are so active that they often record step-by-step changes in the direction of the Earth's [[Paleomagnetism|magnetic poles]]. Thanks to [[lava]] flows from a series of eruptions in the [[Columbia Plateau]], scientists now know that the [[Magnetic reversal|reversal of magnetic poles]] takes about 5000 years, fading until there is no detectable [[magnetism]], then reforming in near-opposite directions. |
==Hotspots versus island arcs== | ==Hotspots versus island arcs== | ||
| − | Hotspot volcanoes should not be confused with [[island arc]] volcanoes. | + | |
| + | Hotspot volcanoes should not be confused with [[island arc]] volcanoes. Although each will appear as a string of volcanic islands, island arcs are formed by the [[Subduction|subduction]] of converging tectonic plates. When one oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This plate releases water into the base of the overriding plate as it is subducted, and this water causes some rock to melt. This process results in a chain of volcanoes, such as the [[Aleutian Islands]] near [[Alaska]] and [[Sweden]]. | ||
==List of hotspots == | ==List of hotspots == | ||
| − | [[Image:Hotspots.jpg|right|thumb| | + | [[Image:Hotspots.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Distribution of 45 selected hotspots around the globe. The numbers in the figure are shown in parentheses in the list of hotspots on the left.]] |
| − | [[Image:Tectonic plates hotspots-en.svg|right|thumb|350px|World map showing the locations of selected prominent hotspots. 1) Divergent plate boundaries, 2) Transform plate boundaries, 3) Convergent plate boundaries, 4) Plate boundary zones, 5) Selected prominent hotspots | + | [[Image:Tectonic plates hotspots-en.svg|right|thumb|350px|World map showing the locations of selected prominent hotspots. (1) Divergent plate boundaries, (2) Transform plate boundaries, (3) Convergent plate boundaries, (4) Plate boundary zones, (5) Selected prominent hotspots.]] |
| − | |||
[[Image:Kodiak-Bowie Seamounts.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the [[Bowie hotspot]], creating the [[Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain]] in the [[Gulf of Alaska]].]] | [[Image:Kodiak-Bowie Seamounts.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the [[Bowie hotspot]], creating the [[Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain]] in the [[Gulf of Alaska]].]] | ||
| − | Below is a list of hotspots around the globe.<ref> | + | Below is a list of hotspots around the globe.<ref>Bernhard Steinberger, 2000. [http://www.geodynamics.no/STEINBERGER/papers/jgr00.pdf Plumes in a convecting mantle: Models and observations for individual hotspots]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' 105 (B5): 11127–11152. doi:10.1029/1999JB900398. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</ref> The numbers in parentheses correspond to the numbered hotspots in the figure on the right. |
* [[Afar hotspot]] | * [[Afar hotspot]] | ||
* [[Amsterdam hotspot]] | * [[Amsterdam hotspot]] | ||
| Line 98: | Line 113: | ||
* Jackson, Ian. 2000. ''The Earth's Mantle: Composition, Structure, and Evolution.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521785669 | * Jackson, Ian. 2000. ''The Earth's Mantle: Composition, Structure, and Evolution.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521785669 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich. 2004. ''Volcanism.'' Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3540436508 | ||
* Sigurdsson, Haraldur, et al. 2000. ''Encyclopedia of Volcanoes.'' San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 012643140X | * Sigurdsson, Haraldur, et al. 2000. ''Encyclopedia of Volcanoes.'' San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 012643140X | ||
| − | * Turcotte, Donald Lawson, and Gerald Schubert. 2002. ''Geodynamics'' | + | * Turcotte, Donald Lawson, and Gerald Schubert. 2002. ''Geodynamics,'' 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521666244 |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved January 14, 2018. | |
| − | * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html | + | * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html "Hotspots": Mantle Thermal Plumes]. U.S. Geological Survey. |
| − | * [http://www.geotimes.org/nov00/hotspot.html Raising | + | * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/world_map.html Prominent Hotspots on World Map]. U.S. Geological Survey. |
| − | * [http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/ Large Igneous Provinces | + | * [http://www.geotimes.org/nov00/hotspot.html Raising hot spots]. Geotimes. |
| + | * [http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/ Large Igneous Provinces]. Large Igneous Provinces Commission. | ||
| + | * [https://www.thoughtco.com/map-of-world-hotspots-1441100 Map of World Hotspots]. ThoughtCo. | ||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:21, 25 January 2023
- This article is about the geologic term.
In geology, a hotspot is an area in the Earth's mantle where a column of hot magma rises up to melt through the crust, resulting in volcanic activity. The term hotspot is also used when referring to the location on the Earth's surface where such volcanism has been taking place. In 1963, J. Tuzo Wilson came up with the idea that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a "fixed" hotspot deep beneath the surface of the planet.
Geologists have identified some 40–50 hotspots around the globe. Of these, Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos, and Iceland overlie those that are currently most active.
By studying hotspots, geologists have been able to track the movement of the Earth's crustal plates. In addition, by examining lava flows from a series of volcanic eruptions, they have come to the conclusion that there is a reversal of Earth's magnetic poles at intervals of about 5,000 years.
Formation of a hotspot
For a long time, geologists have thought that a hotspot is caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle, called a mantle plume, rising up from near the Earth's core-mantle boundary.[1] With the formation of a plume, magma builds up under a tectonic plate, eventually erupting with basaltic rock, forming what are called Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). The resultant volcano then continues to pour out lava.
However, recent evidence indicates that the upper mantle is hotter and more fluid than what was once believed. As a result, a number of geologists attribute hotspots to convection in the upper mantle, formulating an alternative to the plume model.[2][3] It has been suggested that the term "hotspot" be replaced by the term "melting anomaly."
Either model provides an explanation of how volcanoes can occur far from the edges of tectonic plates, where plates are subducted into the mantle.
Along with these models, there has been a revival of what has been called the "antipodal pair impact hypothesis." It is the idea that pairs of opposite hotspots may result from the impact of a large meteor.[4]
Most hotspot volcanoes are basaltic because they erupt through oceanic lithosphere (such as Hawaii, Tahiti). As a result, they are less explosive than subduction zone volcanoes, in which water is trapped under the overriding plate. Where hotspots occur under continental crust, basaltic magma is trapped in the less dense continental crust, which is heated and melts to form rhyolites. These rhyolites can be quite hot and form violent eruptions, despite their low water content. For example, the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history. However, when rhyolitic magma is completely erupted, it may eventually turn into basaltic magma because it is no longer trapped in the less dense continental crust. An example of this activity is the Ilgachuz Range in British Columbia, which was created by an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows.[5]
Following the trail of a hotspot
-1.svg)
As the continents and seafloor drift across the mantle plume, "hotspot" volcanoes generally leave unmistakable evidence of their passage through seafloor or continental crust. In the case of the Hawaiian hotspot, the islands themselves are the remnant evidence of the movement of the seafloor over the hotspot in the Earth's mantle. The Yellowstone hotspot emerged in the Columbia Plateau of the US Pacific Northwest. The Deccan Traps of India are the result of the emergence of the hotspot currently under Réunion Island, off the coast of eastern Africa. Geologists use hotspots to help track the movement of the Earth's plates. Such hotspots are so active that they often record step-by-step changes in the direction of the Earth's magnetic poles. Thanks to lava flows from a series of eruptions in the Columbia Plateau, scientists now know that the reversal of magnetic poles takes about 5000 years, fading until there is no detectable magnetism, then reforming in near-opposite directions.
Hotspots versus island arcs
Hotspot volcanoes should not be confused with island arc volcanoes. Although each will appear as a string of volcanic islands, island arcs are formed by the subduction of converging tectonic plates. When one oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This plate releases water into the base of the overriding plate as it is subducted, and this water causes some rock to melt. This process results in a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands near Alaska and Sweden.
List of hotspots
Below is a list of hotspots around the globe.[6] The numbers in parentheses correspond to the numbered hotspots in the figure on the right.
- Afar hotspot
- Amsterdam hotspot
- Anahim hotspot (45)
- Ascension hotspot
- Azores hotspot (1)
- Balleny hotspot (2)
- Bermuda hotspot
- Bouvet hotspot
- Bowie hotspot (3)
- Cameroon hotspot (17)
- Canary hotspot (18)
- Cape Verde hotspot (19)
- Caroline hotspot (4)
- Cobb hotspot (5)
- Comoros hotspot (21)
- Crozet hotspot
- Darfur hotspot (6)
- Discovery hotspot
- East Australia hotspot (30)
- Easter hotspot (7)
- Eifel hotspot (8)
- Fernando hotspot (9)
- Galápagos hotspot (10)
- Gough hotspot
- Guadalupe hotspot (11)
- Hawaii hotspot (12)
- Heard hotspot
- Hoggar hotspot (13)
- Iceland hotspot (14)
- Jan Mayen hotspot (15)
- Juan Fernandez hotspot (16)
- Kerguelen hotspot (20)
- Lord Howe hotspot (22)
- Louisville hotspot (23)
- Macdonald hotspot (24)
- Madeira hotspot
- Marion hotspot (25)
- Marquesas hotspot (26)
- Meteor hotspot (27)
- New England hotspot (28)
- Pitcairn hotspot (31)
- Raton hotspot (32)
- Réunion hotspot (33)
- St. Helena hotspot (34)
- St. Paul hotspot
- Samoa hotspot (35)
- San Felix hotspot (36)
- Shona hotspot
- Society hotspot (Tahiti hotspot) (38)
- Socorro hotspot (37)
- Tasmanid hotspot (39)
- Tibesti hotspot (40)
- Trindade hotspot (41)
- Tristan hotspot (42)
- Vema hotspot (43)
- Yellowstone hotspot (44)
Former hotspots
- Mackenzie hotspot
See also
- Crust (geology)
- Hawaiian Islands
- Mantle (geology)
- Plate tectonics
- Volcano
Notes
- ↑ "Hotspots": Mantle Thermal Plumes. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ Laura Wright, Nov. 2000. Earth's interior: Raising hot spots. Geotimes. American Geological Institute. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ Robert L. Christiansen, G.R. Foulger, and John R. Evans. October 2002. Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot. GSA Bulletin 114 (10): 1245–1256. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ Jonathan T. Hagstrum, 2005. Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large-body impacts the cause? Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 236 (1-2): 13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ↑ Peter Holbek, November 1983. Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim Group.
- ↑ Bernhard Steinberger, 2000. Plumes in a convecting mantle: Models and observations for individual hotspots. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B5): 11127–11152. doi:10.1029/1999JB900398. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Hekinian, Roger, Peter Stoffers, and Jean-Louis Cheminée, eds. 2004. Oceanic Hotspots: Intraplate Submarine Magmatism and Tectonism. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540408592
- Jackson, Ian. 2000. The Earth's Mantle: Composition, Structure, and Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521785669
- Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich. 2004. Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3540436508
- Sigurdsson, Haraldur, et al. 2000. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 012643140X
- Turcotte, Donald Lawson, and Gerald Schubert. 2002. Geodynamics, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521666244
External links
All links retrieved January 14, 2018.
- "Hotspots": Mantle Thermal Plumes. U.S. Geological Survey.
- Prominent Hotspots on World Map. U.S. Geological Survey.
- Raising hot spots. Geotimes.
- Large Igneous Provinces. Large Igneous Provinces Commission.
- Map of World Hotspots. ThoughtCo.
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