Heart disease

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Heart disease Classification and external resources
MeSH	D006331

Heart disease is a general category or umbrella term for grouping diseases that involve the heart and any structural or functional abnormalities of the blood vessels supplying the heart that impairs its normal functioning. Included under this designation are such diverse medical conditions as coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attack (myocardial infarction), congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), endocarditis, pericarditis, and arrhythmia.

Currently, heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States (Miniño et al. 2007), England, Canada, and Wales (NS 2006), killing one person every 34 seconds in the United States alone (Hitti 2004).

Overview

Two of the most important are coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Coronary heart disease (or coronary disease) refers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of blood vessels supplying the brain. In the United States, these two diseases account for much of the deaths from cardiovascular disease. Of the nearly one million people who died from cardiovascular disease in 1998, 460,390 died of coronary heart disease and 158,060 died of cerebrovascular disease (Friedewald 2002).

Coronary heart disease itself encompasses such conditions as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and angina pectoris. A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, is a condition when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery. Heart attacks are the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world (WHO 2002). Angina pectoris, known as angina, is severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels).

Types of heart disease

Coronary heart disease

Coronary artery disease is a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.

Over 451,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year. In the United Kingdom, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease.

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease" (Myo= muscle, pathy= disease) It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

• Extrinsic cardiomyopathies - cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies^{[citation needed]}:
  • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Congenital heart disease - see below
  • Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
  • Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
  • Valvular cardiomyopathy - see also Valvular heart disease below
  • Inflammatory cardiomyopathy - see also Inflammatory heart disease below
  • Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
• Intrinsic cardiomyopathies - weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) - most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) - genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) - arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) - least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood. ** Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy - the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Types of cardiovascular disease include:

• Atherosclerosis

Ischaemic heart disease

• Ischaemic heart disease - another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organs.

Heart failure

Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.

• Cor pulmonale, a failure of the right side of the heart.

Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Coronary heart disease
• (Congestive) heart failure
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac arrhythmias

Inflammatory heart disease

Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

• Endocarditis - inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
• Inflammatory cardiomegaly
• Myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.

Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease is disease process that has one tube valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.

• Aortic valve stenosis
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Valvular cardiomyopathy

See also

• Aneurysm
  • Aortic aneurysm
• Diet and heart disease
• Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
• High blood pressure (Hypertension)
• Thrombosis
• Oral hygiene

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

NS 2006

External links

• VIDEO - Heart Disease in the Female Population: Prevalence, Presentation and Pathophysiology, Mary Zasadil, MD, speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2007)
• Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada - Information Resource on Heart Disease
• British Heart Foundation
• VIDEO - What is Heart Disease?

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