Eugen Bleuler
Paul Eugen Bleuler (April 30, 1857 – July 15, 1939) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness and the naming of schizophrenia.
Life
Paul Eugen Bleuler was born in Zollikon, a small town near Zurich, Switzerland. He studied medicine in Zurich, and later in Bern, London, and Munich, after which he returned to Zurich to take a post as an intern at the Burghölzli, a university hospital. In 1881, he received his medical license and in 1883 his doctorate in medicine.
In 1885, Bleuler started work as an assistant physician at the Burghölzli, and in 1886, as the director of the Pflegeanstalt–Rheinau nursing home near Zurich. He spent the next 12 years there. In 1898, he became the director of the famous Burghölzli Psychiatric Hospital, where he stayed until his retirement in 1927. At the same time he was teaching at the University of Zurich as a professor of psychiatry.
In following years he employed Carl Jung as an intern under his guidance. Together with Jung, Bleuler was inspired by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and was an early member of the famous Vienna Psychoanalytical Society. However, Jung eventually resigned his position at the Burghölzli, and Bleuler left both the Swiss and the international psychoanalytic associations.
Bleuler died in 1939 in his native Zollikon.
Work
In his research, Bleuler was particularly influenced by two contemporary theories: the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud and Wilhelm Wundt's structuralist approach. Bleuler tried to work on unification of these two approaches, but finding that their assumptions and interpretations too distant, later turned toward his own research on mental illness.
Bleuler is particularly noted for his research on schizophrenia, a disorder that was previously known as dementia praecox. In 1908, Bleuler coined the name “schizophrenia,” realizing that the condition was neither a dementia—an organic deterioration of the brain—nor did it always occur in young people—praecox meaning early.
In 1911, justifying his decision to change the name of this condition from "dementia praecox," he wrote:
The older form (dementia praecox) is a product of a time when not only the very concept of dementia, but, also that of precocity, was applicable to all cases at hand. But it hardly fits our contemporary ideas of the scope of this disease-entity. Today we include patients whom we would neither call "demented" nor exclusively victims of deterioration early in life. (1911, p 7).
Instead, Bleuler discovered that this disease consists of a divided state of mind where contradictory inclinations co-exist. Thus, he renamed the condition "schizophrenia," from the Greek for split (schizo) and mind (phrene).
I call dementia praecox "schizophrenia" because (as I hope to demonstrate) the "splitting" of the different psychic functions is one of its most important characteristics. For the sake of convenience, I use the word in the singular although it is apparent that the group includes several diseases. (1911, p 8).
Bleuler’s position on schizophrenia was rather radical, as it went against Emil Kraepelin’s view, which was dominant at the time. Not only did Bleuler distinguish between dementias and schizophrenia, and thus questioned Kraepelin’s authority, but he also argued that schizophrenias do not always develop into full dementias, and therefore were treatable to some extent. Bleuler devised a system of communication with his schizophrenic patients, showing that their minds were not totally lost, but that they still could express their needs.
Although he could not unite the work of Freud and Wundt, Bleuler continued to use psychoanalytic methods in his practice, and in his letters to Freud he wrote:
I consider that up to the present the various schools of psychology have contributed extremely little towards explaining the nature of psychogenic symptoms and diseases, but that psychoanalysis offers something towards a psychology which still awaits creation and which physicians are in need of in order to understand their patients and to cure them rationally. (Bleuler 1914, 26)
In this way, Bleuler was one of the first psychiatrists to apply psychoanalytical methods, which were developed in the treatment of neuroses, to patients suffering from psychoses. By doing so, Bleuler rejected the prevailing belief that psychosis resulted from organic brain damage and was thus irreversible, suggesting instead that psychological issues could be involved and, therefore, treated.
Through his research into schizophrenia, Bleuler also introduced two additional concepts that have proven valuable in the field. He used the term autism in his 1912 article in the American Journal of Insanity to describe the situation of patients who had lost contact with reality, and who appeared to exist in their own fantasy world, unable to communicate with other people. He also introduced the concept of "ambivalence," to denote the coexistence of mutually exclusive contradictions in the patient's thinking.
Legacy
Bleuler was a pioneer in the treatment of psychoses, particularly schizophrenia, changing medical opinion from one of resignation to such diseasees as organic and irreversible, to psychologically based and potentially treatable, at least to some extent.
He is credited with the introducation not only of the teram “schizophrenia,” but also several other important terms: "ambivalence," which became significant in psychoanalytic theory later, and the term autism.
Being inspired by Freud’s work, Bleuler was one of the first to apply psychoanalytic principles in treating psychotic clients. In 1916, he published the book Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, which became the standard textbook in psychiatry for decades.
Bibliography
- Bleuler, Eugen P. (1906). Affektivität, Suggestibilität, Paranoi. Halle
- Bleuler, Eugen P. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien/Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press
- Bleuler, Eugen P. (1914). Quoted in Sigmund Freud, On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated and edited by J. Strachey, vol. 14 (London: Hogarth Press, 1975).
- Bleuler, Eugen P. (1916/1983). Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie/Textbook of Psychiatry. Springer. ISBN 3540118330
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Hell, D., Scharfetter, C., & Möller, A. (2001). Eugen Bleuler, Leben und Werk. Bern Huber. ISBN 3456836465
External links
- http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html%7C Bleuler’s short biography
- http://www.bli.unizh.ch/BLI/Miscellanea/burgholz.html%7C Burghölzli Hospital
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