Difference between revisions of "Benin Empire" - New World Encyclopedia
(→Legacy) |
|||
| (35 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | {{approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}} | + | {{Copyedited}}{{approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Ready}} |
| − | [[ | + | [[File:West African flag RMG L4479.jpeg|thumb|400px|Flag of the Kingdom of Benin captured by British forces during the Benin campaign 1897. The flag was said to have been brought back by Admiral F.W. Kennedy.<ref> [https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-557 West African flag]. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref>]] |
| − | The '''Benin Empire''' or '''Edo Empire''' (1440-1897) was a large pre-colonial African state of modern [[Nigeria]]. There is still an | + | The '''Benin Empire''' or '''Edo Empire''' (1440-1897), also known as the '''Kingdom of Benin''', was a large pre-colonial African state of modern [[Nigeria]]. There is still an Oba, or king, although currently his role is mainly symbolic. The first Oba was Eweka I who died in 1246. The Benin Empire was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal part of West Africa until it was annexed by the [[British Empire]] in 1897. The European [[imperialism|imperial]] power of [[Great Britain]] ended the Empire as a political polity in the late nineteenth century. The Oba opposed the colonialists and so they burned his capital. However, after the death of the exiled 35th Oba, who had stubbornly resisted them, they allowed the 36th to return to Nigeria. Along with other traditional leaders in the post-colonial nation state of Nigeria, the Oba of Benin is today recognized as a member of the House of Chiefs. He is the leader of the Edo community of some 5,000,000 people. |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | Within his own community, the Oba is symbolic of a long [[culture|cultural]] and [[history|historical]] legacy which remains famous for its artifacts of [[bronze]], [[ivory]], and [[iron]]. Sadly, when the [[British Empire|British]] set fire to the Empire's capital, Benin City, in 1897, they also burned many valuable works of [[art]]. The [[colonialism|colonialists]] were so sure of their moral right to rule others that they often did not notice, or did not hesitate to destroy, evidence that those whom they thought "primitive" had many skills and technologies of their own. | ||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
| Line 14: | Line 16: | ||
==Golden Age== | ==Golden Age== | ||
| − | [[Image:Edo ivory mask 18472.jpg|thumb|Pendant ivory mask, court of Benin, | + | [[Image:Edo ivory mask 18472.jpg|thumb|300px|Pendant ivory mask, court of Benin, sixteenth century ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])]] |
| − | The Oba had become the paramount power within the region. Oba Ewuare, the first ''Golden Age'' Oba, is credited with turning Benin City into a military fortress protected by moats and walls. It was from this bastion that he launched his military campaigns and began the expansion of the kingdom from the Edo-speaking heartlands. The lands of Idah, Owo, Akure all came under the central authority of the Edo Empire. | + | The Oba had become the paramount power within the region. Oba Ewuare (reigned 1440 until 1473), the first ''Golden Age'' Oba, is credited with turning Benin City into a military fortress protected by moats and walls. It was from this bastion that he launched his military campaigns and began the expansion of the kingdom from the Edo-speaking heartlands. The lands of Idah, Owo, Akure all came under the central authority of the Edo Empire. |
At its maximum extent the empire is claimed by the Edos to have extended from [[Onitsha]] in the east, through the forested southwestern region of [[Nigeria]] and into the present-day nation of [[Ghana]]. The [[Ga people]]s of Ghana trace their ancestry to the ancient Kingdom of Benin. | At its maximum extent the empire is claimed by the Edos to have extended from [[Onitsha]] in the east, through the forested southwestern region of [[Nigeria]] and into the present-day nation of [[Ghana]]. The [[Ga people]]s of Ghana trace their ancestry to the ancient Kingdom of Benin. | ||
| − | The state developed an advanced artistic culture especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron and ivory. These include bronze wall plaques and life-sized bronze heads of the Obas of Benin. The most common artifact is based on Queen Idia, | + | The state developed an advanced artistic culture especially in its famous artifacts of [[bronze]], [[iron]], and [[ivory]]. These include bronze wall plaques and life-sized bronze heads of the Obas of Benin. The most common artifact is based on Queen Idia, popularly called the FESTAC mask. Most artwork was commissioned by or created for the palace, often for ceremonial use. Much art depicted the Oba in various costumes. The guild of artisans enjoyed royal patronage and occupied a designated district of the capital. When Europeans first saw this art they supposed a non-African origin because they did not think Africans capable of such sophisticated work. The "Portuguese, the Ancient Egyptians, even the lost tribe of Israel" were credited instead of the Edo.<ref>[http://www.zyama.com/benin/pics..htm Tribal African Art: Benin Style] ''zyama.com''. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref> |
==Government== | ==Government== | ||
| − | The empire was ruled by a regent called the [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]. Today, the [[Oba of Benin]] is still very respected in Nigeria; he is the most revered traditional ruler in Nigeria though his powers are largely ceremonial and religious. The capital of the Benin Empire was Edo, now known as [[Benin City]] in what is now southwestern Nigeria. | + | The empire was ruled by a regent called the [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]. Today, the [[Oba of Benin]] is still very respected in [[Nigeria]]; he is the most revered traditional ruler in Nigeria though his powers are largely ceremonial and religious. The capital of the Benin Empire was Edo, now known as [[Benin City]] in what is now southwestern Nigeria. |
==People== | ==People== | ||
| − | The Benin Empire derives | + | The Benin Empire derives its name from the [[Bini]] people who dominated the area. The ethnonym may possibly derive from groups in western Nigeria, where the term "ibinu" means "anger" reflecting the warring nature of the Binis or from central and north-central Nigeria, where the term [[birnin]] means "gated" or "walled area." The city and its people are more properly called the Edo. Today, this population is found mostly in and around modern day [[Benin City]]. It is from Portuguese explorers that we get the name the Benin Empire. However, the Bini name for the land and even the capital city was Edo. |
==European contact== | ==European contact== | ||
| − | The first European travelers to reach Benin were Portuguese explorers in about 1485. A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Portuguese trading tropical products, and increasingly slaves, for European goods and guns. In the early | + | The first European travelers to reach Benin were Portuguese explorers in about 1485. A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Portuguese trading tropical products, and increasingly slaves, for European goods and guns. In the early sixteenth century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the king of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late nineteenth century. |
| + | |||
| + | The first English expedition to Benin was in 1553. Visitors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought back to Europe tales of "the Great Benin," a fabulous city of noble buildings, ruled over by a powerful king. A significant trade soon grew up between [[England]] and Benin based on the export of [[ivory]], [[palm]] oil, and pepper. Trade consisted of: 20 percent ivory, 30 percent slaves, and 50 percent other things. | ||
==Decline== | ==Decline== | ||
| − | [[Image:Benin.jpg|thumb|A sketch of the city from 1897, the year it was burned by the British.]] | + | [[Image:Benin.jpg|thumb|400px|A sketch of the city from 1897, the year it was burned by the British.]] |
| − | The city and empire of Benin declined after 1700, but revived in the | + | The city and empire of Benin declined after 1700, but revived in the nineteenth century with the development of the trade in palm oil, [[Slavery|enslaved]] captives, and textiles. Benin grew increasingly rich during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on account of the [[slave trade]] with Europe; [[slave]]s from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast." |
| − | Benin resisted signing a protectorate treaty with [[Great Britain]] through most of the 1880s and 1890s. However, after the slaying of eight British representatives in Benin territory, a '[[Punitive Expedition]]' was launched in 1897, in which a British force, under the command of Admiral Sir [[Harry Rawson]], conquered and burned the city, destroying much of the country’s treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained. The portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called the "[[Benin Bronzes]]") made in Benin are now displayed in | + | Benin resisted signing a protectorate treaty with [[Great Britain]] through most of the 1880s and 1890s. However, after the slaying of eight British representatives in Benin territory, a '[[Punitive Expedition]]' was launched in 1897, in which a British force, under the command of Admiral Sir [[Harry Rawson]], conquered and burned the city, destroying much of the country’s treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained. The portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called the "[[Benin Bronzes]]") made in Benin are now displayed in [[museum]]s around the world. Some 3000 objects were removed and for many years stored in secret to perpetuate the myth that no such artwork could have an African provenance. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| − | The Oba was captured and eventually allowed to live in exile until his death in 1914. | + | The Oba was captured and eventually allowed to live in exile until his death in 1914. However, the office of Oba continued to be recognized in colonial Nigeria. Eweka II (1914-1933) built a new palace to replace the one that the British destroyed when they burned the city. Akenzua II (1933-1978) received [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]] during her state visit to Nigeria in 1956. In 1966 he became Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. The Oba is advised by a Traditional Council. Both the Oba and the Nigerian Government (which has purchased back some items) have requested the return of what they describe as "stolen" art to Nigeria. |
| − | However, the office of Oba continued to be recognized in colonial Nigeria. Eweka II (1914-1933) built a new palace to replace the one that the British destroyed when they burned the city. Akenzua II (1933-1978) received [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]] during her state visit to Nigeria in 1956. In 1966 he became Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. The Oba is advised by a Traditional Council. Both the | ||
==List of Obas of the [[Benin Empire]] (1180-Present)== | ==List of Obas of the [[Benin Empire]] (1180-Present)== | ||
| Line 90: | Line 93: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | *Ben-Amos, Paula | + | *Ben-Amos, Paula. ''Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-century Benin''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0253335036 |
| − | *Bondarenko, Dimitri | + | *Bondarenko, Dimitri M. "A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13th - 19th Centuries." ''Social Evolution & History''. 4(2) (2005):18-88. {{ISSN|1681-4363}} |
| − | *Roese, P. M., and | + | *Roese, P. M., and Dimitri M. Bondarenko. ''A Popular History of Benin: The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom''. Frankfurt, DE: Peter Lang, 2005. ISBN 978-0820460796 |
| − | *Mercury, Karen | + | *Mercury, Karen. ''The Hinterlands, Historical Fiction about the Benin Expedition of 1897''. Palm Beach, FL: Medallion Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1932815115 |
| − | * Scholefield, Alan | + | *Scholefield, Alan. ''The Dark Kingdoms: The Impact of White Civilization on Three Great African Monarchies''. New York, NY: Morrow, 1975. ISBN 978-0688029586 |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved September 27, 2023. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter7.shtml The Story of Africa: Ife and Benin] ''BBC World Service''. | ||
| + | * [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/18/story-of-cities-5-benin-city-edo-nigeria-mighty-medieval-capital-lost-without-trace Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace] ''The Guardian''. | ||
| + | * [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/kingdom-benin/ The Kingdom of Benin] ''National Geographic'' | ||
| + | * [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/11/12/the-oba-of-benin-kingdom-a-history-of-the-monarchy The Oba of Benin Kingdom: A history of the monarchy] ''Al Jazeera''. | ||
[[Category:History]] | [[Category:History]] | ||
| + | |||
{{Credit2|Benin_Empire|206537972|Oba_of_Benin|207184726}} | {{Credit2|Benin_Empire|206537972|Oba_of_Benin|207184726}} | ||
Latest revision as of 09:14, 27 September 2023
The Benin Empire or Edo Empire (1440-1897), also known as the Kingdom of Benin, was a large pre-colonial African state of modern Nigeria. There is still an Oba, or king, although currently his role is mainly symbolic. The first Oba was Eweka I who died in 1246. The Benin Empire was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal part of West Africa until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897. The European imperial power of Great Britain ended the Empire as a political polity in the late nineteenth century. The Oba opposed the colonialists and so they burned his capital. However, after the death of the exiled 35th Oba, who had stubbornly resisted them, they allowed the 36th to return to Nigeria. Along with other traditional leaders in the post-colonial nation state of Nigeria, the Oba of Benin is today recognized as a member of the House of Chiefs. He is the leader of the Edo community of some 5,000,000 people.
Within his own community, the Oba is symbolic of a long cultural and historical legacy which remains famous for its artifacts of bronze, ivory, and iron. Sadly, when the British set fire to the Empire's capital, Benin City, in 1897, they also burned many valuable works of art. The colonialists were so sure of their moral right to rule others that they often did not notice, or did not hesitate to destroy, evidence that those whom they thought "primitive" had many skills and technologies of their own.
Origin
According to one traditional account, the original people and founders of the Benin Empire, the Bini (or Edo people), were initially ruled by the Ogisos (Kings of the Sky). The city of Ibinu (later called Benin City) was founded in 1180 C.E.
About 36 known Ogiso are accounted for as rulers of the empire. On the death of the last Ogiso, his son and heir apparent Ekaladerhan was banished from Benin as a result of one of the Queens changing the message from the oracle to the Ogiso. Ekaladerhan was a powerful warrior and well loved Prince. On leaving Benin he travelled to the west of the present day Nigeria to the land of the Yorubas. At that time the Yoruba oracle said that their King will come out of the forest and when Ekaladerhan arrived at Ife, he was received as a King.
He changed his name to Imadoduwa meaning "I did not misplace my royalty" and became The Great Oduduwa of The Yoruba Land. On the death of his father, the last Ogiso, a group of Benin Chiefs led by Chief Oliha came to Ife, pleading with him to come back to Benin to ascend the throne. Oduduwa's reply was that a King cannot leave his Kingdom but he had seven sons and would ask one of them to go back to Benin to rule as the next King.
Oranmiyan, the son of Ekaladerhan aka Oduduwa, agreed to go to Benin. He spent some years in Benin and came back to Ife after his wife gave birth to a son named Eweka. Eweka I became the first Oba of Benin. In 1440, Oba Ewuare (Ewuare the Great) came to power and turned the city-state into an empire. Around 1470, he named the new state Edo.
Golden Age
The Oba had become the paramount power within the region. Oba Ewuare (reigned 1440 until 1473), the first Golden Age Oba, is credited with turning Benin City into a military fortress protected by moats and walls. It was from this bastion that he launched his military campaigns and began the expansion of the kingdom from the Edo-speaking heartlands. The lands of Idah, Owo, Akure all came under the central authority of the Edo Empire.
At its maximum extent the empire is claimed by the Edos to have extended from Onitsha in the east, through the forested southwestern region of Nigeria and into the present-day nation of Ghana. The Ga peoples of Ghana trace their ancestry to the ancient Kingdom of Benin.
The state developed an advanced artistic culture especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron, and ivory. These include bronze wall plaques and life-sized bronze heads of the Obas of Benin. The most common artifact is based on Queen Idia, popularly called the FESTAC mask. Most artwork was commissioned by or created for the palace, often for ceremonial use. Much art depicted the Oba in various costumes. The guild of artisans enjoyed royal patronage and occupied a designated district of the capital. When Europeans first saw this art they supposed a non-African origin because they did not think Africans capable of such sophisticated work. The "Portuguese, the Ancient Egyptians, even the lost tribe of Israel" were credited instead of the Edo.[2]
Government
The empire was ruled by a regent called the Oba. Today, the Oba of Benin is still very respected in Nigeria; he is the most revered traditional ruler in Nigeria though his powers are largely ceremonial and religious. The capital of the Benin Empire was Edo, now known as Benin City in what is now southwestern Nigeria.
People
The Benin Empire derives its name from the Bini people who dominated the area. The ethnonym may possibly derive from groups in western Nigeria, where the term "ibinu" means "anger" reflecting the warring nature of the Binis or from central and north-central Nigeria, where the term birnin means "gated" or "walled area." The city and its people are more properly called the Edo. Today, this population is found mostly in and around modern day Benin City. It is from Portuguese explorers that we get the name the Benin Empire. However, the Bini name for the land and even the capital city was Edo.
European contact
The first European travelers to reach Benin were Portuguese explorers in about 1485. A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Portuguese trading tropical products, and increasingly slaves, for European goods and guns. In the early sixteenth century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the king of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late nineteenth century.
The first English expedition to Benin was in 1553. Visitors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought back to Europe tales of "the Great Benin," a fabulous city of noble buildings, ruled over by a powerful king. A significant trade soon grew up between England and Benin based on the export of ivory, palm oil, and pepper. Trade consisted of: 20 percent ivory, 30 percent slaves, and 50 percent other things.
Decline
The city and empire of Benin declined after 1700, but revived in the nineteenth century with the development of the trade in palm oil, enslaved captives, and textiles. Benin grew increasingly rich during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on account of the slave trade with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast."
Benin resisted signing a protectorate treaty with Great Britain through most of the 1880s and 1890s. However, after the slaying of eight British representatives in Benin territory, a 'Punitive Expedition' was launched in 1897, in which a British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered and burned the city, destroying much of the country’s treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained. The portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called the "Benin Bronzes") made in Benin are now displayed in museums around the world. Some 3000 objects were removed and for many years stored in secret to perpetuate the myth that no such artwork could have an African provenance.
Legacy
The Oba was captured and eventually allowed to live in exile until his death in 1914. However, the office of Oba continued to be recognized in colonial Nigeria. Eweka II (1914-1933) built a new palace to replace the one that the British destroyed when they burned the city. Akenzua II (1933-1978) received Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom during her state visit to Nigeria in 1956. In 1966 he became Chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. The Oba is advised by a Traditional Council. Both the Oba and the Nigerian Government (which has purchased back some items) have requested the return of what they describe as "stolen" art to Nigeria.
List of Obas of the Benin Empire (1180-Present)
Pre-Imperial Obas of Benin (1180-1440)
- Eweka I (1180 - 1246)
- Uwuakhuahen (1246 - 1250)
- Henmihen (1250 - 1260)
- Ewedo (1260 - 1274)
- Oguola (1274 - 1287)
- Edoni (1287 - 1292)
- Udagbedo (1292 - 1329)
- Ohen (1329 - 1366)
- Egbeka (1366 - 1397)
- Orobiru (1397 - 1434)
- Uwaifiokun (1434 - 1440)
Obas of the Benin Empire (1440-1897)
- Ewuare the Great (1440 - 1473)
- Ezoti (1473 - 1475)
- Olua (1475 - 1480)
- Ozolua (1480 - 1504)
- Esigie (1504 - 1547)
- Orhogbua (1547 - 1580)
- Ehengbuda (1580 - 1602)
- Ohuan (1602 - 1656)
- Ohenzae (1656 - 1661)
- Akenzae (1661 - 1669)
- Akengboi (1669 - 1675)
- Akenkbaye (1675 - 1684)
- Akengbedo (1684 - 1689)
- Ore-Oghene (1689 - 1701)
- Ewuakpe (1701 - 1712)
- Ozuere (1712 - 1713)
- Akenzua I (1713 - 1740)
- Eresoyen (1740 - 1750)
- Akengbuda (1750 - 1804)
- Obanosa (1804 - 1816)
- Ogbebo (1816)
- Osemwende (1816 - 1848)
- Adolo (1848 - 1888)
- Ovonramwen Nogbaisi (1888 - 1914) (exiled to Calabar by the British in 1897)
Post-Imperial Obas of Benin (1914-Present)
- Eweka II (1914 - 1933)
- Akenzua II (1933 - 1978)
- Erediauwa I (1979 - present)
Notes
- ↑ West African flag. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
- ↑ Tribal African Art: Benin Style zyama.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ben-Amos, Paula. Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-century Benin. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0253335036
- Bondarenko, Dimitri M. "A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13th - 19th Centuries." Social Evolution & History. 4(2) (2005):18-88. ISSN 1681-4363
- Roese, P. M., and Dimitri M. Bondarenko. A Popular History of Benin: The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom. Frankfurt, DE: Peter Lang, 2005. ISBN 978-0820460796
- Mercury, Karen. The Hinterlands, Historical Fiction about the Benin Expedition of 1897. Palm Beach, FL: Medallion Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1932815115
- Scholefield, Alan. The Dark Kingdoms: The Impact of White Civilization on Three Great African Monarchies. New York, NY: Morrow, 1975. ISBN 978-0688029586
External links
All links retrieved September 27, 2023.
- The Story of Africa: Ife and Benin BBC World Service.
- Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace The Guardian.
- The Kingdom of Benin National Geographic
- The Oba of Benin Kingdom: A history of the monarchy Al Jazeera.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
