Gobineau, Arthur de
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| − | {{epname}} | + | [[Image:Gobineau a.png|right|200px|thumb| Arthur Comte de Gobineau]] |
| − | + | '''Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau''' (July 14, 1816 - October 13, 1882) was a [[France|French]] [[aristocracy|aristocrat]], writer, diplomat, and social thinker. He became infamous for advocating developing the [[racism|racist]] theory of the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] master race, in his book, ''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races'' (1853-1855). Gobineau approached his work from a scholarly viewpoint, trying to understand the course of human history and the factors involved in the development of [[civilization]]s. He concluded that race was the single most important factor determining the nature of human [[society]], with the white race being responsible for all the great advances in history. He saw the barriers between the races as natural, having existed from the beginning of human history, and that breaking them down through [[miscegenation]] would lead to the destruction of civilization. Unfortunately, his ideas were taken and abused by [[Nazism]], leading to [[genocide]] against the [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[World War II]]. | |
| − | [[Image:Gobineau a.png|right|thumb| Arthur Comte de Gobineau]] | + | {{toc}} |
| − | '''Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau''' (July 14, 1816 | + | Resolving the issue of racism has indeed been identified as key to resolving problems in the world. Breaking down racial barriers through [[marriage]] between those of different races has come to be seen not as destructive to society but rather as an integral part of the solution, and a vital component in the establishment of a peaceful world. |
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
| + | '''Joseph Arthur de Gobineau''' was born on July 14, 1816, in Ville-d'Avray, near [[Paris]], [[France]], into an aristocratic royalist family that cherished loyalty to the [[House of Bourbon]]. His father, Louis Gobineau, was an officer in the French army, and his mother, Anne-Louise Madeleine de Gercy, was of a [[Creole]] origin. When he was seven, his mother left her husband and fled with her lover and children to [[Switzerland]], where young Gobineau attended the local [[gymnasium]] in Bienne. His mother tried to give him a solid [[Germany|Germanic]] and Germanophile [[education]], and the schools in Switzerland were the ideal place for that. | ||
| − | + | In 1834, Gobineau returned to France to his father, and enrolled into general studies of the [[classics]], [[folklore]], and [[orientalism|oriental studies]]. He tried in 1835, to enroll into the military academy, but failed the entrance exam. Instead, he left for Paris and worked different manual jobs to make a living. Between 1840 and 1848, he published several works, including ''Mademoiselle Irnois.'' In 1846, he married Clémence Monnerot. | |
| − | |||
| − | In 1834, Gobineau returned to France to his father, and enrolled into general studies of the [[classics]], [[folklore]] and [[orientalism|oriental studies]]. He tried in 1835 to enroll into the military academy, but failed the entrance exam. Instead, he left for Paris and worked different manual jobs to make a living. Between 1840 and 1848, he published several works, including ''Mademoiselle Irnois'' | ||
| − | In February 1848 the [[revolution]] broke out, which ended the French [[monarchy]]. About the same time [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], an aristocrat and a mentor of Gobineau, became French foreign minister. In | + | In February 1848, the [[French Revolution|revolution]] broke out, which ended the French [[monarchy]]. About the same time [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], an aristocrat and a mentor of Gobineau, became French foreign minister. In 1849, de Tocqueville made Gobineau his private secretary, and later the main chief of the cabinet. Subsequently, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy at Bern, and later he held posts in Hanover and Frankfurt. |
| − | Gobineau wrote his famous ''Essay on the Inequality of Human Races'' between 1853 and 1855. The book did not receive immediate attention, and passed rather unnoticed. In 1854, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy in [[Tehran]], and later in 1861 the minister to [[Persia]]. There he wrote several works on Persian society. | + | Gobineau wrote his famous ''Essay on the Inequality of Human Races'' between 1853 and 1855. The book did not receive immediate attention, and passed rather unnoticed. In 1854, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy in [[Tehran]], and later in 1861, the minister to [[Persia]]. There, he wrote several works on Persian society. |
| − | In 1864 Gobineau served as French emissary to [[Athens]], [[Greece]], and in 1868 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] to carry the same position. In Brazil he became a friend of the Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II. After Brazil, in 1872, Gobineau moved to [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], which was his last post. In 1876 he was forced to retire from the diplomatic corps. | + | In 1864, Gobineau served as French emissary to [[Athens]], [[Greece]], and in 1868, he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], to carry the same position. In Brazil he became a friend of the Brazilian emperor, [[Dom Pedro II]]. After Brazil, in 1872, Gobineau moved to [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], which was his last post. In 1876, he was forced to retire from the diplomatic corps. |
| − | Gobineau spent the rest of his career in [[Italy]], writing novels and [[sculpture|sculpting]]. Many of his works were published posthumously. In 1876 Gobineau met [[Richard Wagner]] in [[Rome]], and visited him several times in his home in Bayreuth. Wagner was rather inspired by Gobineau's views and, together with his friends from the Bayreuth circle, helped him propagate | + | Gobineau spent the rest of his career in [[Italy]], writing novels and [[sculpture|sculpting]]. Many of his works were published posthumously. In 1876, Gobineau met [[Richard Wagner]] in [[Rome]], and visited him several times in his home in Bayreuth. Wagner was rather inspired by Gobineau's views and, together with his friends from the Bayreuth circle, helped him propagate those views. Gobineau's racial theories became popular in Germany after his death. |
| − | Gobineau spent his last days writing [[poetry]] and sculpting, two of | + | Gobineau spent his last days writing [[poetry]] and sculpting, two of the loves he always cherished. He died in Turin, Italy, on October 13, 1882. |
==Work== | ==Work== | ||
| + | Gobineau published his famous ''Essay on the Inequality of Human Races'' in the period between 1853 and 1855, and dedicated it to King George V of Hanover (1851-66). He expressed his views on the times he lived in and tried to explain the reasons behind [[revolution]]s. Gobineau was a royalist and despised [[democracy]], holding that revolutions and [[war]]s were the result of the degeneration of society in general. | ||
| − | + | In the ''Inequality of Human Races'' Gobineau attempted to create a science of [[history]], connecting the rise and fall of [[civilization]]s with race. He came to believe that race created [[culture]], arguing that distinctions between the three "black," "white," and "yellow" races were natural barriers, and that [[miscegenation|"race-mixing"]] breaks those barriers and leads to chaos. | |
| − | |||
| − | In the ''Inequality of Human Races'' Gobineau attempted to create a science of [[history]], connecting the rise and fall of [[civilization]]s with race. He came to believe that race created [[culture]], arguing that distinctions between the three "black" | ||
| − | + | According to his definitions, the people of [[Spain]], southern [[France]], southern and western [[Iran]], most of [[Italy]], and a large part of [[United Kingdom|Britain]], consist of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation. Also he stated that the whole of north [[India]] consisted of a yellow race. | |
| − | + | Gobineau believed that the "white" race was superior to the others. He thought it corresponded to the ancient [[Indo-European]] culture also known as "[[Aryan]]," with Germany having just enough of the Aryan strain to revive the white race. He believed himself to be a descendant of Nordic [[Viking]]s. | |
| − | Gobineau | + | Gobineau claimed that [[ethnic group|ethnicity]] was the most important issue in history, and that ethnic differences existed permanently from the beginning of human history. Gobineau considered the [[Bible]] to be a reliable source of history. In the ''Inequality of Human Races'' he wrote that "Adam is the originator of our white species," and all other races were not part of the human species. The biblical division into Hamites, Semites, and Japhetites, according to Gobineau, is a division '''within''' the white race. |
| − | + | In the last chapter of the ''Inequality of Human Races,'' Gobineau claimed that throughout human history there have been ten great civilizations, all of them started by the white race: | |
| − | + | # The Indian civilization—built by white Aryans. | |
| − | In the last chapter of the ''Inequality of Human Races'' | + | # The Egyptian civilization—founded by an Aryan branch from India. |
| − | # The Indian | + | # The [[Assyrian]]s—to which are attached other civilizations such as the Jewish and the [[Phoenician]]. According to Gobineau, these are Hamites and Semites. Gobineau places the Iranian civilizations here, but mentions that they are Aryans. |
| − | # The Egyptian | + | # The Greeks—originally Aryans, but with Semitic elements. |
| − | # The | + | # The Chinese civilization—like the Egyptian founded by an Aryan colony from India. |
| − | # The | + | # The old civilization of the Italian Peninsula—became a mosaic of Celts, Iberians, Aryans, and Semites. |
| − | # The Chinese | + | # The Germanic races transformed in the fifth century the western spirit—they were Aryans. |
| − | # The old civilization of the Italian | ||
| − | # The Germanic races transformed in the | ||
# The Alleghanian civilizations in America. | # The Alleghanian civilizations in America. | ||
# The Mexican civilizations in America. | # The Mexican civilizations in America. | ||
| Line 52: | Line 48: | ||
Gobineau believed that civilization appeared as the result of conquest by a superior Aryan race over inferior races. He wrote that Aryans were brave, [[intelligence|intelligent]], and strong, but had a weakness in [[creativity]]. A small influx of blood of other races, especially Semitic, improved this weakness. However, Gobineau warned, too much race mixing would result in the ultimate destruction of civilization. | Gobineau believed that civilization appeared as the result of conquest by a superior Aryan race over inferior races. He wrote that Aryans were brave, [[intelligence|intelligent]], and strong, but had a weakness in [[creativity]]. A small influx of blood of other races, especially Semitic, improved this weakness. However, Gobineau warned, too much race mixing would result in the ultimate destruction of civilization. | ||
| − | Gobineau also wrote novels, notably ''Les Pléiades'' (1874). His study ''La Renaissance'' (1877) was also admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[politics]], and his hatred of [[democracy|democratic]] mass culture. | + | Gobineau also wrote novels, notably ''Les Pléiades'' (1874). His study, ''La Renaissance'' (1877), was also admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[politics]], and his hatred of [[democracy|democratic]] mass culture. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 54: | ||
Although his [[racism|racial]] theories did not receive immediate attention in [[Europe]], it was through the influence of the Bayreuth circle and [[Richard Wagner]] that his views became popular, and his [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] theories developed. | Although his [[racism|racial]] theories did not receive immediate attention in [[Europe]], it was through the influence of the Bayreuth circle and [[Richard Wagner]] that his views became popular, and his [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] theories developed. | ||
| − | Josiah Clark Nott, a leader of the polygenist movement (that suggested that Whites and Blacks were two distinct species), translated ''Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines'' into English. Gobineau's work has been continuously republished, most recently by contemporary | + | Josiah Clark Nott, a leader of the polygenist movement (that suggested that Whites and Blacks were two distinct species), translated ''Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines'' into English. Gobineau's work has been continuously republished, most recently by contemporary white nationalist groups. |
[[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]] borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly [[anti-Semitism|anti-semitic]]. Gobineau saw [[Judaism|Jew]]s as strong, intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated [[industry]] and [[culture]]. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work, much as they did in the case of [[Nietzsche]]'s writings. | [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]] borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly [[anti-Semitism|anti-semitic]]. Gobineau saw [[Judaism|Jew]]s as strong, intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated [[industry]] and [[culture]]. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work, much as they did in the case of [[Nietzsche]]'s writings. | ||
| − | To [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]]s, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of [[Persian Empire|Persia]], written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in 1852. The manuscript now | + | To [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]]s, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of [[Persian Empire|Persia]], written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in 1852. The manuscript is now in the Bibliothèque nationale at [[Paris]]. |
==Publications== | ==Publications== | ||
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1988 (original 1846). ''Mademoiselle Irnois and Other Stories''. University of California Press. ISBN 0520059468 |
| − | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1999 (original 1855). ''The Inequality of Human Races''. Howard Fertig. ISBN 0865274304 | |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 2002 (original 1859). ''Trois ans en Asie''. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1421228114 |
| − | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1971. ''The World of the Persians''. Gifford. ISBN 9993636460 | |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1978 (original 1874). ''The Pleiads''. H. Fertig. |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1913 (original 1877). ''The Renaissance''. G.P. Putnam's Sons. |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 2001 (original 1879). ''Histoire d\'Ottar Jarl pirate norven conqunt du pays de Bray, en Normandie et de sa descendance''. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 054392274X |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1984. ''Etudes critiques: 1842-1847''. Klincksieck. ISBN 2865630692 |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. 2001 (original | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1993. ''Au royaume des Hellènes''. M. Nadeau. ISBN 286231112X |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 1995. ''La danseuse de Shamakha''. Serpent à plumes. ISBN 2908957795 |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de. 2006. ''The Crimson Handkerchief and Other Stories''. Pomona Press. ISBN 1406794244 | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de. 2006. ''The Crimson Handkerchief and Other Stories''. Pomona Press. ISBN 1406794244 |
| − | * Gobineau, Arthur de, & Wagner | + | *Gobineau, Arthur de, & Richard Wagner. 2001. ''Correspondance 1880-1882''. Nizet. ISBN 2707812587 |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | *Biddiss, Michael D. 1970. ''Father of racist ideology: The social and political thought of Count Gobineau''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297000853 | |
| − | * Biddiss, Michael D. 1970. ''Father of racist ideology: The social and political thought of Count Gobineau''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297000853 | + | *Boissel, Jean. 1974. ''Gobineau, l'Orient et l'Iran''. Klincksieck. ISBN 225201623X |
| − | * Boissel, Jean. 1974. ''Gobineau, l'Orient et l'Iran''. Klincksieck. ISBN 225201623X | + | *Boissel, Jean. 1993. ''Gobineau: Biographie - mythes et réalité''. Berg International. ISBN 2900269849 |
| − | * Boissel, Jean. 1993. ''Gobineau: Biographie - mythes et réalité''. Berg International. ISBN 2900269849 | + | *Raeders, Georges. 1996. ''Conde de Gobineau no Brasil''. Paz e Terra. ISBN 8521902050 |
| − | + | *Spring, G. M. 1995. ''The Philosophy of the Count de Gobineau''. Scott-Townsend Publishers. ISBN 1878465139 | |
| − | * Raeders, Georges. 1996. ''Conde de Gobineau no Brasil''. Paz e Terra. ISBN 8521902050 | + | *Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1968. ''The European revolution: Correspondence with Gobineau''. P. Smith. |
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| − | * Spring, G. M. 1995. ''The Philosophy of the Count de Gobineau''. Scott-Townsend Publishers. ISBN 1878465139 | ||
| − | * Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1968. ''The European revolution: Correspondence with Gobineau''. P. Smith | ||
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{{Credit1|Arthur_de_Gobineau|82569939}} | {{Credit1|Arthur_de_Gobineau|82569939}} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:35, 12 July 2019
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 - October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat, writer, diplomat, and social thinker. He became infamous for advocating developing the racist theory of the Aryan master race, in his book, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855). Gobineau approached his work from a scholarly viewpoint, trying to understand the course of human history and the factors involved in the development of civilizations. He concluded that race was the single most important factor determining the nature of human society, with the white race being responsible for all the great advances in history. He saw the barriers between the races as natural, having existed from the beginning of human history, and that breaking them down through miscegenation would lead to the destruction of civilization. Unfortunately, his ideas were taken and abused by Nazism, leading to genocide against the Jews and World War II.
Resolving the issue of racism has indeed been identified as key to resolving problems in the world. Breaking down racial barriers through marriage between those of different races has come to be seen not as destructive to society but rather as an integral part of the solution, and a vital component in the establishment of a peaceful world.
Life
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau was born on July 14, 1816, in Ville-d'Avray, near Paris, France, into an aristocratic royalist family that cherished loyalty to the House of Bourbon. His father, Louis Gobineau, was an officer in the French army, and his mother, Anne-Louise Madeleine de Gercy, was of a Creole origin. When he was seven, his mother left her husband and fled with her lover and children to Switzerland, where young Gobineau attended the local gymnasium in Bienne. His mother tried to give him a solid Germanic and Germanophile education, and the schools in Switzerland were the ideal place for that.
In 1834, Gobineau returned to France to his father, and enrolled into general studies of the classics, folklore, and oriental studies. He tried in 1835, to enroll into the military academy, but failed the entrance exam. Instead, he left for Paris and worked different manual jobs to make a living. Between 1840 and 1848, he published several works, including Mademoiselle Irnois. In 1846, he married Clémence Monnerot.
In February 1848, the revolution broke out, which ended the French monarchy. About the same time Alexis de Tocqueville, an aristocrat and a mentor of Gobineau, became French foreign minister. In 1849, de Tocqueville made Gobineau his private secretary, and later the main chief of the cabinet. Subsequently, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy at Bern, and later he held posts in Hanover and Frankfurt.
Gobineau wrote his famous Essay on the Inequality of Human Races between 1853 and 1855. The book did not receive immediate attention, and passed rather unnoticed. In 1854, Gobineau became the first secretary in the embassy in Tehran, and later in 1861, the minister to Persia. There, he wrote several works on Persian society.
In 1864, Gobineau served as French emissary to Athens, Greece, and in 1868, he moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to carry the same position. In Brazil he became a friend of the Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II. After Brazil, in 1872, Gobineau moved to Stockholm, Sweden, which was his last post. In 1876, he was forced to retire from the diplomatic corps.
Gobineau spent the rest of his career in Italy, writing novels and sculpting. Many of his works were published posthumously. In 1876, Gobineau met Richard Wagner in Rome, and visited him several times in his home in Bayreuth. Wagner was rather inspired by Gobineau's views and, together with his friends from the Bayreuth circle, helped him propagate those views. Gobineau's racial theories became popular in Germany after his death.
Gobineau spent his last days writing poetry and sculpting, two of the loves he always cherished. He died in Turin, Italy, on October 13, 1882.
Work
Gobineau published his famous Essay on the Inequality of Human Races in the period between 1853 and 1855, and dedicated it to King George V of Hanover (1851-66). He expressed his views on the times he lived in and tried to explain the reasons behind revolutions. Gobineau was a royalist and despised democracy, holding that revolutions and wars were the result of the degeneration of society in general.
In the Inequality of Human Races Gobineau attempted to create a science of history, connecting the rise and fall of civilizations with race. He came to believe that race created culture, arguing that distinctions between the three "black," "white," and "yellow" races were natural barriers, and that "race-mixing" breaks those barriers and leads to chaos.
According to his definitions, the people of Spain, southern France, southern and western Iran, most of Italy, and a large part of Britain, consist of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation. Also he stated that the whole of north India consisted of a yellow race.
Gobineau believed that the "white" race was superior to the others. He thought it corresponded to the ancient Indo-European culture also known as "Aryan," with Germany having just enough of the Aryan strain to revive the white race. He believed himself to be a descendant of Nordic Vikings.
Gobineau claimed that ethnicity was the most important issue in history, and that ethnic differences existed permanently from the beginning of human history. Gobineau considered the Bible to be a reliable source of history. In the Inequality of Human Races he wrote that "Adam is the originator of our white species," and all other races were not part of the human species. The biblical division into Hamites, Semites, and Japhetites, according to Gobineau, is a division within the white race.
In the last chapter of the Inequality of Human Races, Gobineau claimed that throughout human history there have been ten great civilizations, all of them started by the white race:
- The Indian civilization—built by white Aryans.
- The Egyptian civilization—founded by an Aryan branch from India.
- The Assyrians—to which are attached other civilizations such as the Jewish and the Phoenician. According to Gobineau, these are Hamites and Semites. Gobineau places the Iranian civilizations here, but mentions that they are Aryans.
- The Greeks—originally Aryans, but with Semitic elements.
- The Chinese civilization—like the Egyptian founded by an Aryan colony from India.
- The old civilization of the Italian Peninsula—became a mosaic of Celts, Iberians, Aryans, and Semites.
- The Germanic races transformed in the fifth century the western spirit—they were Aryans.
- The Alleghanian civilizations in America.
- The Mexican civilizations in America.
- The Peruvian civilization in America.
Gobineau believed that civilization appeared as the result of conquest by a superior Aryan race over inferior races. He wrote that Aryans were brave, intelligent, and strong, but had a weakness in creativity. A small influx of blood of other races, especially Semitic, improved this weakness. However, Gobineau warned, too much race mixing would result in the ultimate destruction of civilization.
Gobineau also wrote novels, notably Les Pléiades (1874). His study, La Renaissance (1877), was also admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary aristocratic politics, and his hatred of democratic mass culture.
Legacy
Although his racial theories did not receive immediate attention in Europe, it was through the influence of the Bayreuth circle and Richard Wagner that his views became popular, and his anti-Semitic theories developed.
Josiah Clark Nott, a leader of the polygenist movement (that suggested that Whites and Blacks were two distinct species), translated Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines into English. Gobineau's work has been continuously republished, most recently by contemporary white nationalist groups.
Adolf Hitler and Nazism borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly anti-semitic. Gobineau saw Jews as strong, intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated industry and culture. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work, much as they did in the case of Nietzsche's writings.
To Bahá'ís, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of Persia, written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in 1852. The manuscript is now in the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris.
Publications
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1988 (original 1846). Mademoiselle Irnois and Other Stories. University of California Press. ISBN 0520059468
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1999 (original 1855). The Inequality of Human Races. Howard Fertig. ISBN 0865274304
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 2002 (original 1859). Trois ans en Asie. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1421228114
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1971. The World of the Persians. Gifford. ISBN 9993636460
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1978 (original 1874). The Pleiads. H. Fertig.
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1913 (original 1877). The Renaissance. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 2001 (original 1879). Histoire d\'Ottar Jarl pirate norven conqunt du pays de Bray, en Normandie et de sa descendance. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 054392274X
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1984. Etudes critiques: 1842-1847. Klincksieck. ISBN 2865630692
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1993. Au royaume des Hellènes. M. Nadeau. ISBN 286231112X
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 1995. La danseuse de Shamakha. Serpent à plumes. ISBN 2908957795
- Gobineau, Arthur de. 2006. The Crimson Handkerchief and Other Stories. Pomona Press. ISBN 1406794244
- Gobineau, Arthur de, & Richard Wagner. 2001. Correspondance 1880-1882. Nizet. ISBN 2707812587
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Biddiss, Michael D. 1970. Father of racist ideology: The social and political thought of Count Gobineau. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297000853
- Boissel, Jean. 1974. Gobineau, l'Orient et l'Iran. Klincksieck. ISBN 225201623X
- Boissel, Jean. 1993. Gobineau: Biographie - mythes et réalité. Berg International. ISBN 2900269849
- Raeders, Georges. 1996. Conde de Gobineau no Brasil. Paz e Terra. ISBN 8521902050
- Spring, G. M. 1995. The Philosophy of the Count de Gobineau. Scott-Townsend Publishers. ISBN 1878465139
- Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1968. The European revolution: Correspondence with Gobineau. P. Smith.
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