Difference between revisions of "Artery" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Arteriessystem.png|200px|right|framed|The arterial system]]
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An '''artery''' is any of the [[muscular]] [[blood vessel]]s that carry [[blood]] away from the [[heart]] to the [[cell (biology)|cells]], [[tissue]]s, and [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] of the body. This is in contrast to the [[vein]]s, which are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood to the tissues. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the umbilical artery deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the [[placenta]] in the [[umbilical cord]].  
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[[Image:Arteriessystem.png|250px|right|thumb|The human arterial system]]
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In [[biology]], an '''artery''' is any of the [[muscular]] [[blood vessel]]s that carry [[blood]] away from the [[heart]] to the [[cell (biology)|cells]], [[tissue]]s, and [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] of the body. This is in contrast to the [[vein]]s, which are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood to the tissues. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the [[placenta]] through the [[umbilical cord]].  
  
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The [[circulatory system]] is extremely important for sustaining [[life]]. Its proper functioning is responsible for the delivery of [[oxygen]] and [[nutrient]]s to all cells, as well as the removal of [[carbon dioxide]] and waste products, maintenance of optimum [[pH]], and the mobility of the elements, proteins, and cells of the [[immune system]]. In [[developed countries]], the two leading causes of [[death]], [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack) and [[stroke]], each may directly result from an arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration. [[Atherosclerosis]] is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels commonly known as hardening of the arteries and due in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides).  
+
In [[developed countries]], the two leading causes of [[death]], [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack) and [[stroke]], each may directly result from an arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration. [[Atherosclerosis]], commonly known as hardening of the arteries, is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels that is due in large part to the deposition of particular [[lipoproteins]] (biochemical complexes of [[protein]]s and [[lipids]]) that circulate in the blood and carry [[cholesterol]] and [[triglyceride]]s.
 +
 
 +
The arteries and veins function harmoniously as complementary components in the [[circulatory system]]'s rhythmic flow cycle orchestrated by the beating heart. As an integral part of this cycle, the arteries participate in delivering oxygen and nutrients to all cells, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, maintaining optimum pH, and circulating [[hormones]], [[immune system|immune cell]]s, lipoproteins, enzymes, and diverse other factors essential to life.
 +
 
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As a vital system, the term "artery" also is used in a broader, cultural sense to refer to [[river]]s, railroad, and highways as arteries of transportation and commerce.
  
 
==Overview and history==
 
==Overview and history==
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The arterial system is the higher-[[blood pressure|pressure]] portion of the circulatory system. Arterial pressure varies between the peak pressure during heart contraction, called the [[systole|systolic]] pressure, and the minimum, or [[diastole|diastolic]] pressure between contractions, when the heart rests between cycles. This pressure variation within the artery produces the pulse which is observable in any artery, and reflects heart activity.
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The arterial system is the higher-[[blood pressure|pressure]] portion of the [[circulatory system]]. Arterial pressure varies between the peak pressure during heart contraction, called the [[systole|systolic]] pressure, and the minimum, or [[diastole|diastolic]] pressure when the heart rests between contractions. This pressure variation within the artery produces the pulse that is observable in any artery, and reflects heart activity.
  
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Among the ancient Greeks, the arteries were considered to be "air holders"  that were responsible for the transport of air to the tissues and were connected to the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. This was as a result of the arteries of the dead being found to be empty.
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Arteries include both large and minute blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. In humans, the largest artery is the [[aorta]]. It subdivides into smaller arteries, which give rise to smaller, threadlike blood vessels called [[arteriole]]s, which further divide into the smallest blood vessels, the minute [[capillaries]], which connect arterioles and venules (minute veins).  
  
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In medieval times, it was recognized that arteries carried a fluid, called "spiritual blood" or "vital spirits", considered to be different from the contents of the veins. This theory went back to [[Galen]].  In the late medieval period, the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]],<ref>Oxford English Dictionary.</ref> and [[ligaments]] were also called "arteries".<ref>Shakespeare, William. Hamlet Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. pg. 50.</ref>
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Among the ancient Greeks, the arteries were considered to be "air holders" that were responsible for the transport of air to the tissues and were connected to the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. This was as a result of the arteries of the dead being found to be empty.
  
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[[William Harvey]] described and popularized the modern concept of the circulatory system and the roles of arteries and veins in the [[17th century]].
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In medieval times, it was recognized that arteries carried a fluid, called "spiritual blood" or "vital spirits," considered to be different from the contents of the veins. This theory went back to [[Galen]]. In the late medieval period, the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] and [[ligaments]] were also called "arteries" (Shakespeare 1994).  
  
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[[Alexis Carrel]] at the beginning of [[20th century]] first described the technique for vascular suturing and anastomosis and successfully performed many organ transplantations in animals; he thus actually opened the way to modern vascular surgery that was before limited to vessels permanent ligatation.
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[[William Harvey]] described and popularized the modern concept of the circulatory system and the roles of arteries and veins in the seventeenth century.
  
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Origin of word:
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[[Alexis Carrel]] at the beginning of twentieth century first described the technique for [[vascular]] suturing and [[anastomosis]] and successfully performed many [[organ transplantation]]s in animals requiring the joining of artery to artery as well as vein to vein. He opened the way to modern vascular surgery at a time when vascular surgery had been limited to closing vessels by permanent ligation.
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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
 
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Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
 
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artery. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/artery (accessed: May 03, 2008).
 
  
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rtery. Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/artery (accessed: May 03, 2008).
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The term artery is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''artēriā,'' a term applied to any of the vessels that emanated from the chest cavity, including arteries, veins, and the bronchial tubes, which anatomists believed carried air (Harper 2001; HMC 2004). As it was learned that the windpipe and bronchial tubes carried air, the phrase ''artēriā trakheia,'' or "rough artery," was used to refer to the windpipe, with the term trakheia becoming the current term for the windpipe, trachea (HMC 2004).
  
 
==Anatomy==
 
==Anatomy==
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===Gross anatomy===
 
===Gross anatomy===
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{{Seealso|Arterial tree}}
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The arterial system of the [[human body]] is divided into [[systemic arteries]], carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and [[pulmonary arteries]], carrying blood from the [[heart]] to the [[lung]]s.  
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The arterial system of the [[human body]] is divided into [[systemic arteries]], carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and [[pulmonary arteries]], carrying blood from the [[heart]] to the [[lungs]].
 
  
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====Systemic arteries====
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'''Systemic arteries''' are the arteries of the [[systemic circulation]], which is the portion of the [[cardiovascular system]] that carries [[oxygen]]ated [[blood]] away from the heart, to the [[body]], and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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{{Seealso|Systemic circulation}}
 
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{{Seealso|Arterial tree}}
 
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Systemic arteries are the arteries of the [[systemic circulation]], which is the portion of the [[cardiovascular system]] which carries [[oxygen]]ated [[blood]] away from the heart, to the [[body]], and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
 
  
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====Pulmonary arteries====
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'''Pulmonary arteries''' are the arteries of the [[pulmonary circulation]], which is the portion of the [[cardiovascular system]] that carries deoxygenated [[blood]] away from the heart, to the [[lungs]], and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
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{{Seealso|Pulmonary circulation}}
 
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Pulmonary arteries are the arteries of the [[pulmonary circulation]], which is the portion of the [[cardiovascular system]] which carries deoxygenated [[blood]] away from the heart, to the [[lungs]], and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
 
  
 
===Microanatomy===
 
===Microanatomy===
 
[[Image:Anatomy_artery.png|thumb|350px||right|Anatomy of the arterial wall]]
 
[[Image:Anatomy_artery.png|thumb|350px||right|Anatomy of the arterial wall]]
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The outermost layer is known as the ''[[tunica externa]]'' formerly known as "tunica adventitia" and is composed of [[connective tissue]]. Inside this layer is the ''[[tunica media]]'', or ''media'', which is made up of [[smooth muscle]] cells and elastic tissue. The innermost layer, which is in direct contact with the flow of blood is the ''[[tunica intima]]'', commonly called the ''intima''. This layer is made up of mainly [[endothelial cell]]s. The hollow internal cavity in which the blood flows is called the [[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]].
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The outermost layer of an atery is known as the ''[[tunica externa]]'' (formerly known as "tunica adventitia") and is composed of [[connective tissue]]. Inside this layer is the ''[[tunica media]],'' or ''media,'' which is made up of [[smooth muscle]] cells and elastic tissue. The innermost layer, which is in direct contact with the flow of blood is the ''[[tunica intima]],'' commonly called the ''intima''. This layer is made up of mainly [[endothelial cell]]s. The hollow internal cavity in which the blood flows is called the [[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]].
  
 
==Types of arteries==
 
==Types of arteries==
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===Pulmonary arteries===
 
===Pulmonary arteries===
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===Systemic arteries===
 
===Systemic arteries===
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Systemic arteries can be subdivided into two types; muscular and elastic; according to the relative compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external elastic lamina. The larger arteries >1cm diameter are generally elastic and the smaller ones 0.1-10mm tend to be muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the [[arterioles]], and then to the [[capillaries]], where nutrients and gasses are exchanged.
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Systemic arteries can be subdivided into two types: muscular and elastic. This division is according to the relative compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external elastic lamina. The larger arteries (over one centimeter in diameter) are generally elastic and the smaller ones (0.1 to ten millimeters) tend to be muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the [[arteriole]]s, and then to the [[capillary|capillaries]], where nutrients and gases are exchanged.
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===The aorta===
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[[Image:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg.png|thumb|right|240px|Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.]]
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The [[aorta]] is the root [[systemic]] artery. It receives blood directly from the left [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] of the heart via the [[aortic valve]]. As the aorta branches, and these arteries branch in turn, they become successively smaller in diameter, down to the [[arteriole]]s. The arterioles supply [[capillaries]] which in turn empty into [[venule]]s.
  
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===The Aorta===
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The aorta is a hard artery, and as such is quite distensible. When the left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta, the aorta expands. This stretching gives the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during [[diastole]], as during this time the aorta contracts passively.
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The [[aorta]] is the root [[systemic]] artery. It receives blood directly from the left [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] of the heart via the [[aortic valve]]. As the aorta branches, and these arteries branch in turn, they become successively smaller in diameter, down to the [[arteriole]]. The [[arteriole]]s supply [[capillaries]] which in turn empty into [[venule]]s.
 
  
 
===Arterioles===
 
===Arterioles===
 
[[Arterioles]], the smallest of the true arteries, help regulate [[blood pressure]] by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries.
 
[[Arterioles]], the smallest of the true arteries, help regulate [[blood pressure]] by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries.
  
−
===Arterioles and blood pressure===
 
 
[[Arterioles]] have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output ([[cardiac output]]) and [[systemic vascular resistance]], which refers to the collective resistance of all of the body's [[arteriole]]s, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given moment.
 
[[Arterioles]] have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output ([[cardiac output]]) and [[systemic vascular resistance]], which refers to the collective resistance of all of the body's [[arteriole]]s, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given moment.
  
 
===Capillaries===
 
===Capillaries===
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The [[capillaries]] are where all of the important exchanges happen in the [[circulatory system]]. The capillaries are a single thick cell to aid fast and easy diffusion of gases, sugars and other nutrients to surrounding tissues.  
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[[Image:Illu capillary.jpg|thumb|300px]]
 +
Capillaries are the smallest of a body's [[blood vessel]]s, measuring five to ten [[micrometer|μm]] (.005 to .01 mm) in diameter, which connect [[arteriole]]s and [[venule]]s. The [[capillaries]] are the site of all of the important exchanges occurring  in the [[circulatory system]]. These include interchange of [[water]], [[oxygen]], [[carbon dioxide]], and many other [[nutrient]] and [[waste]] [[chemical]] substances between [[blood]] and surrounding [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]s. Being only a single cell thick, the capillary walls permit fast and easy diffusion of gases, [[sugar]]s, and other nutrients to surrounding tissues.  
  
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=====Functions of capillaries=====
 
 
To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of [[smooth muscle]] which have extensive elastic and inelastic [[connective tissue]]s.  
 
To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of [[smooth muscle]] which have extensive elastic and inelastic [[connective tissue]]s.  
  
−
The pulse pressure, i.e. [[Systolic]] vs. [[Diastolic]] difference, is determined primarily by the amount of blood ejected by each heart beat, [[stroke volume]], versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.
+
The pulse pressure, the difference between the [[systolic]] and [[diastolic]] pressures, is determined primarily by the amount of blood ejected by each heart beat, the [[stroke volume]], and the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.
−
 
 
−
Over time, elevated arterial [[blood sugar]] (see [[Diabetes Mellitus]]), [[lipoprotein]] [[cholesterol]], and [[high blood pressure|pressure]], [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]], and other factors are all involved in damaging both the [[endothelium]] and walls of the arteries, resulting in [[atherosclerosis]] or [[Diabetes Mellitus]].
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
 +
Over time, elevated arterial [[blood sugar]], [[lipoprotein]], [[cholesterol]], [[high blood pressure|pressure]], [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]], among other factors, are all involved in damaging both the [[endothelium]] and walls of the arteries.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
{{Reflist}}
+
* Harper, D. 2001. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/artery Artery.] In ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. Retrieved May 03, 2008.
−
 
+
* Houghton Mifflin Company (HMC). [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/artery2004 Artery.] In ''The American Heritage College Dictionary,'' 4th edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
 +
* Shakespeare, W., and S. Lindgren Wofford. 1994. ''Hamlet Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives''. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press. ISBN 0312089864.
  
 
{{cardiovascular system}}
 
{{cardiovascular system}}
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{{Arteries of head and neck}}  
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{{Arteries of head and neck}}
 
{{Arteries of upper limbs}}  
 
{{Arteries of upper limbs}}  
 
{{Arteries of chest}}
 
{{Arteries of chest}}
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{{credit|Artery|209445895}}
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{{credit|Artery|209445895|Aorta|209403756|Capillary|209392167}}

Latest revision as of 13:20, 20 August 2008

The human arterial system

In biology, an artery is any of the muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body. This is in contrast to the veins, which are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood to the tissues. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord.

In developed countries, the two leading causes of death, myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke, each may directly result from an arterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration. Atherosclerosis, commonly known as hardening of the arteries, is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels that is due in large part to the deposition of particular lipoproteins (biochemical complexes of proteins and lipids) that circulate in the blood and carry cholesterol and triglycerides.

The arteries and veins function harmoniously as complementary components in the circulatory system's rhythmic flow cycle orchestrated by the beating heart. As an integral part of this cycle, the arteries participate in delivering oxygen and nutrients to all cells, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, maintaining optimum pH, and circulating hormones, immune cells, lipoproteins, enzymes, and diverse other factors essential to life.

As a vital system, the term "artery" also is used in a broader, cultural sense to refer to rivers, railroad, and highways as arteries of transportation and commerce.

Overview and history

The arterial system is the higher-pressure portion of the circulatory system. Arterial pressure varies between the peak pressure during heart contraction, called the systolic pressure, and the minimum, or diastolic pressure when the heart rests between contractions. This pressure variation within the artery produces the pulse that is observable in any artery, and reflects heart activity.

Arteries include both large and minute blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. In humans, the largest artery is the aorta. It subdivides into smaller arteries, which give rise to smaller, threadlike blood vessels called arterioles, which further divide into the smallest blood vessels, the minute capillaries, which connect arterioles and venules (minute veins).

Among the ancient Greeks, the arteries were considered to be "air holders" that were responsible for the transport of air to the tissues and were connected to the trachea. This was as a result of the arteries of the dead being found to be empty.

In medieval times, it was recognized that arteries carried a fluid, called "spiritual blood" or "vital spirits," considered to be different from the contents of the veins. This theory went back to Galen. In the late medieval period, the trachea and ligaments were also called "arteries" (Shakespeare 1994).

William Harvey described and popularized the modern concept of the circulatory system and the roles of arteries and veins in the seventeenth century.

Alexis Carrel at the beginning of twentieth century first described the technique for vascular suturing and anastomosis and successfully performed many organ transplantations in animals requiring the joining of artery to artery as well as vein to vein. He opened the way to modern vascular surgery at a time when vascular surgery had been limited to closing vessels by permanent ligation.

The term artery is derived from the Greek artēriā, a term applied to any of the vessels that emanated from the chest cavity, including arteries, veins, and the bronchial tubes, which anatomists believed carried air (Harper 2001; HMC 2004). As it was learned that the windpipe and bronchial tubes carried air, the phrase artēriā trakheia, or "rough artery," was used to refer to the windpipe, with the term trakheia becoming the current term for the windpipe, trachea (HMC 2004).

Anatomy

The anatomy of arteries can be separated into gross anatomy, at the macroscopic level, and microscopic anatomy, which must be studied with the aid of a microscope.

Gross anatomy

The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.

Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Pulmonary arteries are the arteries of the pulmonary circulation, which is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Microanatomy

Anatomy of the arterial wall

The outermost layer of an atery is known as the tunica externa (formerly known as "tunica adventitia") and is composed of connective tissue. Inside this layer is the tunica media, or media, which is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The innermost layer, which is in direct contact with the flow of blood is the tunica intima, commonly called the intima. This layer is made up of mainly endothelial cells. The hollow internal cavity in which the blood flows is called the lumen.

Types of arteries

Pulmonary arteries

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood that has just returned from the body to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.

Systemic arteries

Systemic arteries can be subdivided into two types: muscular and elastic. This division is according to the relative compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external elastic lamina. The larger arteries (over one centimeter in diameter) are generally elastic and the smaller ones (0.1 to ten millimeters) tend to be muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gases are exchanged.

The aorta

Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.

The aorta is the root systemic artery. It receives blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart via the aortic valve. As the aorta branches, and these arteries branch in turn, they become successively smaller in diameter, down to the arterioles. The arterioles supply capillaries which in turn empty into venules.

The aorta is a hard artery, and as such is quite distensible. When the left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta, the aorta expands. This stretching gives the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, as during this time the aorta contracts passively.

Arterioles

Arterioles, the smallest of the true arteries, help regulate blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries.

Arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output (cardiac output) and systemic vascular resistance, which refers to the collective resistance of all of the body's arterioles, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given moment.

Capillaries

Illu capillary.jpg

Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels, measuring five to ten μm (.005 to .01 mm) in diameter, which connect arterioles and venules. The capillaries are the site of all of the important exchanges occurring in the circulatory system. These include interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances between blood and surrounding tissues. Being only a single cell thick, the capillary walls permit fast and easy diffusion of gases, sugars, and other nutrients to surrounding tissues.

To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of smooth muscle which have extensive elastic and inelastic connective tissues.

The pulse pressure, the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, is determined primarily by the amount of blood ejected by each heart beat, the stroke volume, and the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.

Over time, elevated arterial blood sugar, lipoprotein, cholesterol, pressure, smoking, among other factors, are all involved in damaging both the endothelium and walls of the arteries.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Harper, D. 2001. Artery. In Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved May 03, 2008.
  • Houghton Mifflin Company (HMC). Artery. In The American Heritage College Dictionary, 4th edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  • Shakespeare, W., and S. Lindgren Wofford. 1994. Hamlet Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press. ISBN 0312089864.
Cardiovascular system - edit
Blood  |  Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Heart
List of arteries of head and neck
CC/EC
sup. thyroid superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic
lingual suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual
facial cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial/nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular)
occipital sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending
post. auricular stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital
sup. temporal transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal
maxillary 1st part/mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid)

2nd part/pterygoid: to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) - buccal

3rd part/pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
CC/IC
cervical carotid sinus
petrous Vidian - caroticotympanic
cavernous/
ophthalmic		 orbital group: posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal (anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal) - lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - medial palpebral - terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - hypophysial (superior, inferior)
cerebral/Willis ACA (anterior communicating) - MCA (anterolateral central, lenticulostriate) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal
SC
vertebral artery meningeal - spinal (posterior, anterior) - cerebellar (PICA)
basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar (AICA, SCA) - cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid: inferior laryngeal - tracheal - esophageal - ascending cervical - pharyngeal - glandular branches

transverse cervical: superficial branch - deep branch/dorsal scapular

suprascapular: acromial branch
costocervical trunk deep cervical
List of arteries of upper limbs
Axillary
scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex
Brachial
profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior)
Radial
forearm: radial recurrent

wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch

hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger)
Ulnar
forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent)

wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch

hand: deep palmar branch
Arches
dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital)

palmar carpal arch

superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital)

deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal
List of arteries of torso - chest
Pulmonary /
coronary
right coronary: SA nodal - AV nodal - atrial - right marginal - posterior interventricular
left coronary: anterior interventricular - left circumflex - left marginal
Ascending aorta
aortic arch - brachiocephalic (thyreoidea ima) - common carotid
Subclavian
internal thoracic: anterior intercostal - thymic - pericardiacophrenic - terminal (musculophrenic, superior epigastric)
costocervical trunk: highest intercostal (posterior intercostal 1-2) - deep cervical
Descending /
thoracic aorta
visceral: bronchial - esophageal - mediastinal
parietal: posterior intercostal 3-11 - subcostal - superior phrenic
List of arteries of lower limbs
EI: Femoral
superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex

external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal)

profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating

descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches)
Popliteal
sural
genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Anterior tibial
tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior)

anterior malleolar (medial, lateral)

dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)
Posterior tibial
circumflex fibular - fibular
medial plantar - lateral plantar
Arches
arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries
plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital


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