Difference between revisions of "An Jung-geun" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Ahn Jung-Geun''' or '''An Jung-Geun''' ([[September 2]], [[1879]] - [[March 26]], [[1910]]) (Baptismal name: Thomas) was a [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]], [[Korean nationalism|nationalist]], and [[pan-Asianism|pan-Asianist]]. In 1909, during the period following the signing of the [[Eulsa Treaty]], when Korea was a protectorate of Japan, he assassinated [[Itō Hirobumi]], the Japanese statesman who had been appointed as Japan's first Resident-General of Korea, a post Hirobumi held from 1905 until his assassination. Ahn was arrested and held in Japanese prison after the assassination, and executed the following year, just months before Japan's annexation of Korea in August, 1910. Ahn is considered a patriotic martyr in South Korea. A museum has been constructed in Seoul to honor him, and a memorial service is held each year on the the anniversary of his death. | + | '''Ahn Jung-Geun''' or '''An Jung-Geun''' ([[September 2]], [[1879]] - [[March 26]], [[1910]]) (Baptismal name: Thomas) was a [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]], [[Korean nationalism|nationalist]], and [[pan-Asianism|pan-Asianist]]. In 1909, during the period following the signing of the [[Eulsa Treaty]], when Korea was a protectorate of Japan, he assassinated [[Ito Hirobumi|Itō Hirobumi]], the Japanese statesman who had been appointed as Japan's first Resident-General of Korea, a post Hirobumi held from 1905 until his assassination. Ahn was arrested and held in Japanese prison after the assassination, and executed the following year, just months before Japan's annexation of Korea in August, 1910. Ahn is considered a patriotic martyr in [[South Korea]]. A museum has been constructed in [[Seoul]] to honor him, and a memorial service is held each year on the the anniversary of his death. |
==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
| − | An Jung-Geun was as the eldest child to a family of three sons and one daughter in the [[Sunheung]] An lineage, in [[Haeju]], [[Hwanghae]] Province (now part of North Korea) in 1879. Born during the waning years of Korea's Joseon Dynasty, An's early years were spent in an atmosphere of change and uncertainty which began a few years earlier, when Joseon Korea entered into the kingdom's first foreign treaty, the | + | An Jung-Geun was as the eldest child to a family of three sons and one daughter in the [[Sunheung]] An lineage, in [[Haeju]], [[Hwanghae]] Province (now part of North Korea) in 1879. Born during the waning years of Korea's Joseon Dynasty, An's early years were spent in an atmosphere of change and uncertainty which began a few years earlier, when Joseon Korea entered into the kingdom's first foreign treaty, the [[Treaty of Ganghwa|Treaty of Amity, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation]] signed with Japan on February 26, 1876. Like most children from aristocratic families, An was schooled at the local Seodang, spending nine years studying Chinese classic literature and neo-confucian thinking. |
| + | At the age of 16, he was married to Kim Aryeo, with whom he had two sons and a daughter. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his late teenage years, he became interested in the [[Christianity in Korea|Catholic faith]], which was gaining popularity in Korea at the time. He was baptised as a Catholic on January 10, 1897, receiving the baptismal name Thomas, and worked fervently as a Catholic missionary, studying the faith further with the foreign Catholic missionaries serving in the region. Like many Christians in late Joseon Korea, An became active in the [[Korean independence movement]], protesting against Japan's increasing control over Korea. A few years later, he promised his dying father that he would dedicate himself to the independence movement, pledging that he would not drink alcohol until the day Korea was free from Japanese control. In 1906, with the support of the Catholic church, he relocated to | ||
| + | South Pyeongan province, and was instrumental in founding two schools that offered [[Christianity in Korea#Minjung theology|Minjung education]], the Donghee School and the Samheung School, and served as principal of both schools. The Samheung (삼흥, 三興) School's name refers to three prosperities, the prosperity of the individual, the prosperity of the people, and the prosperity of the nation. | ||
==Japan growing control over Korea== | ==Japan growing control over Korea== | ||
| − | The treaty with Japan was quickly followed by similar treaties with the United States, China, Great Britain, Italy, and several other European countries. As time went by, Japan began to exert more an more control over Korea. [[Image:Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (1905).svg|200px|thumb|Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (Tohkanki)]] | + | The treaty with Japan was quickly followed by similar treaties with the United States, China, Great Britain, Italy, and several other European countries, moving Korea further and further away from the isolationist policies the Joseon Monarchs had maintained for centuries. As time went by, Japan began to exert more an more control over Korea. With protocols and treaties signed between the two countries in 1904 and 1905, giving Japan advisory status and then control over various aspects of Korea's government administration, post, telegraph and telephone services and military defense of the Korean peninsula. |
| − | + | [[Image:Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (1905).svg|200px|thumb|Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (Tohkanki)]] | |
| − | + | As a result of these protocols and treaties Korea became a [[protectorate]] of Japan, starting in 1905 and Japan was represented by a [[Resident-General]]. Prince [[Ito Hirobumi]] was the first Japanese diplomat appointed to the post of Resident-General. Two years later, Japan pressured [[Emperor Gojong of Korea|Emperor Gojong]] to step down from throne, after more than 40 years in power, and he was replaced by his son, [[Sunjong|Emperor Sunjong]]. | |
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==Active work for independence== | ==Active work for independence== | ||
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An Jung-geun assassinated Ito Hirobumi on the railway platform in [[Harbin]], [[Manchuria]] in 1909. After firing upon Hirobumi, he is said to have knelt down to make the sign of the cross, and yelled for Korean independence and waved the Korean flag. Afterwards he was arrested by Russian guards who held him for two days before turning him over to Japanese colonial authorities. An was quoted as saying "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."<ref name=keene /> Despite the orders from a Korean Bishop to not to administer the Sacraments to An, Fr. Wilhelm disobeyed and went to give An the Last Sacraments. An insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas. | An Jung-geun assassinated Ito Hirobumi on the railway platform in [[Harbin]], [[Manchuria]] in 1909. After firing upon Hirobumi, he is said to have knelt down to make the sign of the cross, and yelled for Korean independence and waved the Korean flag. Afterwards he was arrested by Russian guards who held him for two days before turning him over to Japanese colonial authorities. An was quoted as saying "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."<ref name=keene /> Despite the orders from a Korean Bishop to not to administer the Sacraments to An, Fr. Wilhelm disobeyed and went to give An the Last Sacraments. An insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas. | ||
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In the PC game [[Civilization IV]] [[expansion pack]], [[Beyond the Sword]], An Jung-geun is a Great Spy. | In the PC game [[Civilization IV]] [[expansion pack]], [[Beyond the Sword]], An Jung-geun is a Great Spy. | ||
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| + | <span style="color:#0000f1"> | ||
| + | *Material from Governor General article | ||
| + | [[Image:Korean Government-General Office.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Japanese General-Government building, Seoul]] | ||
| + | The post of '''[[Governor-General|Governors-General]] of [[Korea]]''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 조선총독, [[Hanja]]: 朝鮮總督, [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 朝鮮総督) served as the chief representative of the Japanese government in Korea while it was held as the Japanese colony of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Chōsen]] from 1910 to 1945. The seat of the Japanese colonial government was the [[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul|Japanese General Government Building]], completed in 1926. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==History== | ||
| + | <span style="color:#0000f1">After the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty|annexation of Korea]] to the [[Empire of Japan]] on [[1910-08-22]], the office of Resident-General was replaved by that of Governor-General. However, the position was unique in among Japan's external possessons, as the Governor-General had sweeping [[plenipotentiary]] powers. In addition to administrative tasks, the Governor-General had command of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] units stationed in Korea, and the position also entailed [[judicial oversight]] and some [[legislative]] powers. Given the powers and levels of responsibility, only ranking full generals in the Japanese Army were selected for the post. | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Korean legal thought, [[de jure]] [[sovereignty]] was not transferred to the [[Emperor of Japan]] with the forced end of the [[Joseon dynasty]], such that the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] became the de jure government of the Korean people from 1919 to 1948, and the foreign governors merely exercised [[de facto]] rule for the period. | ||
| + | |||
| + | After the [[surrender of Japan|Japanese defeat]] in [[World War II]], Korea came under US and Soviet control. After 1948, power passed to the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] and the [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]. | ||
| + | </span> | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 17:22, 14 May 2008
- This is a Korean name; the family name is An.
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Ahn Jung-Geun or An Jung-Geun (September 2, 1879 - March 26, 1910) (Baptismal name: Thomas) was a Korean independence activist, nationalist, and pan-Asianist. In 1909, during the period following the signing of the Eulsa Treaty, when Korea was a protectorate of Japan, he assassinated Itō Hirobumi, the Japanese statesman who had been appointed as Japan's first Resident-General of Korea, a post Hirobumi held from 1905 until his assassination. Ahn was arrested and held in Japanese prison after the assassination, and executed the following year, just months before Japan's annexation of Korea in August, 1910. Ahn is considered a patriotic martyr in South Korea. A museum has been constructed in Seoul to honor him, and a memorial service is held each year on the the anniversary of his death.
Early life and education
An Jung-Geun was as the eldest child to a family of three sons and one daughter in the Sunheung An lineage, in Haeju, Hwanghae Province (now part of North Korea) in 1879. Born during the waning years of Korea's Joseon Dynasty, An's early years were spent in an atmosphere of change and uncertainty which began a few years earlier, when Joseon Korea entered into the kingdom's first foreign treaty, the Treaty of Amity, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation signed with Japan on February 26, 1876. Like most children from aristocratic families, An was schooled at the local Seodang, spending nine years studying Chinese classic literature and neo-confucian thinking. At the age of 16, he was married to Kim Aryeo, with whom he had two sons and a daughter.
In his late teenage years, he became interested in the Catholic faith, which was gaining popularity in Korea at the time. He was baptised as a Catholic on January 10, 1897, receiving the baptismal name Thomas, and worked fervently as a Catholic missionary, studying the faith further with the foreign Catholic missionaries serving in the region. Like many Christians in late Joseon Korea, An became active in the Korean independence movement, protesting against Japan's increasing control over Korea. A few years later, he promised his dying father that he would dedicate himself to the independence movement, pledging that he would not drink alcohol until the day Korea was free from Japanese control. In 1906, with the support of the Catholic church, he relocated to South Pyeongan province, and was instrumental in founding two schools that offered Minjung education, the Donghee School and the Samheung School, and served as principal of both schools. The Samheung (삼흥, 三興) School's name refers to three prosperities, the prosperity of the individual, the prosperity of the people, and the prosperity of the nation.
Japan growing control over Korea
The treaty with Japan was quickly followed by similar treaties with the United States, China, Great Britain, Italy, and several other European countries, moving Korea further and further away from the isolationist policies the Joseon Monarchs had maintained for centuries. As time went by, Japan began to exert more an more control over Korea. With protocols and treaties signed between the two countries in 1904 and 1905, giving Japan advisory status and then control over various aspects of Korea's government administration, post, telegraph and telephone services and military defense of the Korean peninsula.
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As a result of these protocols and treaties Korea became a protectorate of Japan, starting in 1905 and Japan was represented by a Resident-General. Prince Ito Hirobumi was the first Japanese diplomat appointed to the post of Resident-General. Two years later, Japan pressured Emperor Gojong to step down from throne, after more than 40 years in power, and he was replaced by his son, Emperor Sunjong.
Active work for independence
An Jung-geun assassinated Ito Hirobumi on the railway platform in Harbin, Manchuria in 1909. After firing upon Hirobumi, he is said to have knelt down to make the sign of the cross, and yelled for Korean independence and waved the Korean flag. Afterwards he was arrested by Russian guards who held him for two days before turning him over to Japanese colonial authorities. An was quoted as saying "I have ventured to commit a serious crime, offering my life for my country. This is the behavior of a noble-minded patriot."[1] Despite the orders from a Korean Bishop to not to administer the Sacraments to An, Fr. Wilhelm disobeyed and went to give An the Last Sacraments. An insisted that the captors call him by his baptismal name, Thomas.
His Japanese captors showed sympathy to An. An recorded in his autobiography that the public prosecutor, Mizobuchi Takao, exclaimed "From what you have told me, it is clear that you are a righteous man of East Asia. I can't believe a sentence of death will be imposed on a righteous man. There's nothing to worry about." He was also given New Year's delicacies and his calligraphy was highly admired and requested.[1]
Japanese colonial court sentenced him to death. An was angered at the sentence, though he expected it. He had hoped to be viewed as a prisoner of war instead of an assassin. Judge Hirashi, who presided over An's trial, had promised An that a stay of execution for at least a few months would be granted, but Tokyo ordered prompt action. An did not appeal the verdict, though he did ask for the warden's help to finish his essay, "On Peace in East Asia" and for a set of white silk Korean clothes to die in. The warden was able to grant the second request and resigned shortly afterwards. The execution by hanging took place in Port Arthur, then also known as Ryojun on March 26, 1910. Itō's death resulted in the acceleration of the final stage of the colonization process.[1]
An Jung-Geun was an admirer of Emperor Meiji of Japan. One of the 15 'charges' An leveled against Ito was that he had deceived the Emperor of Japan, whom An felt desired peace in East Asia and Korean independence. An requested that Meiji be informed of his reasons for his assassination of Ito in the hopes that if Meiji understood his reasons, the emperor would realize how mistaken Ito's policies were and would rejoice. An also felt sure that most Japanese felt similar hatred for Ito, an opinion he formed from talking with Japanese prisoners in Korea.[1]
For his actions as a resistance fighter, he was awarded South Korea's Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1962.
Pan-Asianism
An strongly believed in a union of the three great countries in East Asia, China, Korea, and Japan in order to counter and fight off the "White Peril", being the European countries engaged in colonialism, restoring peace to East Asia. He followed the progress of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War and claimed that he and his compatriots were delighted at hearing of the defeat of one of the agents of the White Peril, but was disappointed that the war ended before Russia was totally subjugated.
An felt that with the death of Itō, Japan and Korea could become friends because of the many traditions that they shared. He hoped that this friendship, along with China, would become a model for the world to follow. His thoughts on Pan-Asianism were stated in his essay, "On Peace in East Asia" that he worked on and left unfinished before his execution.[1]
In popular culture
He is commemorated in the martial art Taekwondo with the Joon Gun pattern being dedicated to him.
Novelist Bok Geo-il's 1987 novel Looking for an Epitaph (碑銘(비명)을 찾아서) is an alternate history story, which is set in the 1980's of Korea that remained a permanent colony of Japan, as a cascade effect of An's failure to assassinate Ito. The Korean movie 2009 Lost Memories is very loosely based on the novel but tells a completely different story. In the Korean film, An Jung-geun is spotted and killed by Japanese soldiers before he is able to shoot Ito Irobumi. The subsequent butterfly effect makes Japan join the allied side during WW2 and become a permanent member of the UN Security Council, enduring the Japanese occupation of Korea till the beginning of the 21st century.
In the PC game Civilization IV expansion pack, Beyond the Sword, An Jung-geun is a Great Spy.
- Material from Governor General article
The post of Governors-General of Korea (Korean: 조선총독, Hanja: 朝鮮總督, Japanese: 朝鮮総督) served as the chief representative of the Japanese government in Korea while it was held as the Japanese colony of Chōsen from 1910 to 1945. The seat of the Japanese colonial government was the Japanese General Government Building, completed in 1926.
History
After the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan on 1910-08-22, the office of Resident-General was replaved by that of Governor-General. However, the position was unique in among Japan's external possessons, as the Governor-General had sweeping plenipotentiary powers. In addition to administrative tasks, the Governor-General had command of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy units stationed in Korea, and the position also entailed judicial oversight and some legislative powers. Given the powers and levels of responsibility, only ranking full generals in the Japanese Army were selected for the post.
According to Korean legal thought, de jure sovereignty was not transferred to the Emperor of Japan with the forced end of the Joseon dynasty, such that the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea became the de jure government of the Korean people from 1919 to 1948, and the foreign governors merely exercised de facto rule for the period.
After the Japanese defeat in World War II, Korea came under US and Soviet control. After 1948, power passed to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea.
See also
- Korean independence movement
- Korean nationalism
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- http://www.ndl.go.jp/site_nippon/kensei/shiryou/limage/Gazou_40_3.html "Peace of East Asia
" Thesis written by An Jung-geun in 1910]
- cite book|title=Ethnic Nationalism in Korea|first=Gi-Wook|last=Shin|publisher=Standford University Press|date=2006|isbn= 0-8047-5408-X
External links
- 2009 Lost Memories at the Internet Movie Database
- Catholic Church in Korea and the Nationalist Movement. Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea. Retrieved December 15, 2005.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | An, Jung-Geun |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | 안중근, 安重根 |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Korean independence activist, nationalist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 2, 1879 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Haeju, Korea |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 26, 1910 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Lüshunkou, China |
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