Difference between revisions of "Dubrovnik" - New World Encyclopedia

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|official_name          = Dubrovnik
 
|official_name          = Dubrovnik
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|original_name          = Ragusa until 1909
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|original_name          = Ragusa (until 1909) or Ragusa di Dalmazia
 
|nickname              = Pearl of the Adriatic
 
|nickname              = Pearl of the Adriatic
 
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|settlement_type        =  
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|government_type        =  
 
|government_type        =  
 
|leader_title          = Mayor
 
|leader_title          = Mayor
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|leader_name            = [[Dubravka Šuica]] ([[HDZ]])
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|leader_name            = [[Dubravka Šuica]] ([[HDZ|CDU]])
 
|leader_title1          =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager —>
 
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|website                = [http://www.dubrovnik.hr dubrovnik.hr]
 
 
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|[[Image:Onofrio's Fountain, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Onuphrius|Onofrio]]'s Fountain]]
 
|[[Image:Onofrio's Fountain, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Onuphrius|Onofrio]]'s Fountain]]
 
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|[[Image:Sponza Palace, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Sponza Palace]]
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|[[Image:Sponza Palace-Dubrovnik-4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rector's Palace]]
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|[[Image:Forteresse de Dubrovnik.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Minčeta Fortress]]
 
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{{For|the Dubrovnik meteorite of 1951|meteorite falls}}
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{{otheruses4||the Yugoslav destroyer|Dubrovnik (ship)|the meteorite of 1951|meteorite falls}}
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'''Dubrovnik''' ({{IPA2|ˈdǔ.bro̞ːʋ.nik}})also
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'''Dubrovnik''' ({{IPA2|ˈdǔ.bro̞ːʋ.niːk}}; [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]: ''Ragusa''; [[Latin]]: ''Ragusium'', also ''Rhausium'', ''Rhaugia''; [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Ragusa'') is a city on the [[Adriatic Sea]] coast in the extreme south of [[Croatia]], positioned at the terminal end of the [[Isthmus of Dubrovnik]]. It is one of the most prominent [[tourist]] destinations on the Adriatic, a [[seaport]] and the centre of [[Dubrovnik-Neretva county]]. Its population was 43,770 in 2001<ref>[http://www.dubrovnik.hr/web_grad_eng/city.htm City of Dubrovnik]. Dubrovnik.hr. Accessed on July 2, 2007</ref> down from 49,728 in 1991.<ref>[http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207947 Dubrovnik]. History.com Encyclopedia. Accessed on July 2, 2007</ref> In the 2001 census, 88.39% of its citizens declared themselves as [[Croats]].
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'''Ragusa''', official name until 1909, is a historic city on the [[Adriatic Sea]] coast in the extreme south of [[Croatia]], positioned at the terminal end of the [[Isthmus of Dubrovnik]]. It is one of the most prominent [[tourist]] destinations on the Adriatic, a [[seaport]] and the centre of [[Dubrovnik-Neretva county]]. Its population was 43,770 in 2001<ref>[http://www.dubrovnik.hr/web_grad_eng/city.htm City of Dubrovnik] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref> down from 49,728 in 1991.<ref>[http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207947 Dubrovnik] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref> In 2001 the absolute majority of its citizens declared themselves as [[Croats]] with 88.39% (2001 [[census]]).
 
  
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Since 1979, the historic centre of Dubrovnik has been included in the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation|UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.  
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In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation|UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.  
  
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The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade.  In the [[Middle Ages]], as the [[Republic of Ragusa]], it became the only eastern Adriatic [[city-state]] to rival [[Venice]]. Supported by its wealth and skilled [[diplomacy]], the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the [[15th century|15th]] and [[16th century|16th centuries]]. Ragusa was one of the centres of the development of the [[Croatian language]] and [[Croatian literature|literature]], home to many notable [[poet]]s, [[playwright]]s, [[painter]]s, [[mathematician]]s, [[physicist]]s and other [[scholar]]s.
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The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade.  In the [[Middle Ages]], as the [[Republic of Ragusa]], it became the only eastern Adriatic [[city-state]] to rival [[Venice]]. Supported by its wealth and skilled [[diplomacy]], the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. Ragusa was one of the centres of the development of primarily the [[Croatian language]] and [[Croatian literature|literature]], home to many notable [[poet]]s, [[playwright]]s, [[Painting|painter]]s, [[mathematician]]s, [[physicist]]s and other [[scholar]]s.
  
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==Name==
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== Name ==
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The modern name of the city is derived from the Slavic word "dubrava" ("forest" in English). In [[Croatian language|Croatian]], the city is known as ''Dubrovnik'' and in [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and formerly in [[English language|English]] as ''Ragusa''.
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In [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and all other [[Slavic languages]], the city is known as ''Dubrovnik''; in [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian Romanic]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin language|Latin]] and formerly in [[English language|English]] as ''Ragusa'' (earlier ''Ragusium'', ''Rhausium'', ''Rhaugia''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Ραυγια, ''Raiyia'' '''or''' Ραγουσα, ''Ragousa''). However, today more and more Italian sources use name Dubrovnik instead of Ragusa.
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<ref>http://edu.let.unicas.it/bmb/sigle/bibsc_d.htm </ref><ref>http://www.crociereonline.net/destinazioni/dubrovnik.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.indalmazia.com/citta_dubrovnik.htm</ref>
  
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The Slavic toponym Dubrovnik, now assigned to the ancient city of Ragusa, comes from the name of a Slavic village tribe, the Dubrons, which was firmly established at the end of the 11th century in the oak forest on the hills, to the north of the city of Ragusa.
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The Slavic toponym ''Dubrovnik'' originates from the [[Proto-Slavic]] term for an oak forest *dǫbrava or *dǫbrova (''dubrava'' in archaic and literary Croatian), which was abundantly present in the hills north of the walled city of Dubrovnik by the end of the 11th century.
  
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Pressured by hostile tribes from the interior, the Dubrons asked the Republic to grant them refuge inside the walls and they obtained the right of asylum and the residence in a marginal quarter of the city.  Among themselves, the refugees named the quarter after their native-born village: Dubrovnik.
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The current name was officially adopted in 1909, when the city was under [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule.
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The current name was officially adopted after World War I when the city passed to the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], and then onto [[Yugoslavia]].
 
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
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{{main article|Republic of Ragusa}}
 
{{main article|Republic of Ragusa}}
 
[[Image:Ragusa.png|thumb|left|250px|Republic of Ragusa before 1808]]  
 
[[Image:Ragusa.png|thumb|left|250px|Republic of Ragusa before 1808]]  
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'''Ragusa''' ''(Raugia)'' was founded in the 7th century on a rocky island named Laus, which provided shelter for Latin refugees from the nearby city of Epidaurus, today's [[Cavtat]] also [[Ragusavecchia]]. Some time later a settlement of [[Slavic people]] grew at the foot of the forested [[Srđ]] hill. This settlement give to the city its slavic name "Dubrovnik."
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'''Ragusa''' (''Raugia'') was founded in the 7th century on a rocky island named Laus, which provided shelter for Latin refugees from the nearby city of Epidaurus, today's [[Cavtat]] also [[Ragusavecchia]]. Some time later a settlement of [[Slavic people]] grew at the foot of the forested [[Srđ]] hill. This settlement gives to the city its Slavic name "Dubrovnik".
  
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The strip of wetland between Ragusa and Dubrava was [[land reclamation|reclaimed]] in the [[12th century]], unifying the city around the newly-made plaza (today ''Placa'' or ''Stradun''). The plaza was paved in 1468 and reconstructed after the [[earthquake]] of 1667. The city was [[fortification|fortified]] and two [[harbour]]s were built on each side of the [[isthmus]].
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The strip of wetland between Ragusa and Dubrava was [[land reclamation|reclaimed]] in the 12th century, unifying the city around the newly-made plaza (today ''Placa'' or ''Stradun''). The plaza was paved in 1468 and reconstructed after the [[earthquake]] of 1667. The city was [[fortification|fortified]] and two [[harbour]]s were built on each side of the [[isthmus]].
  
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From its establishment in the [[7th century]], the town was under the [[protectorate|protection]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. After the [[Crusades]], Ragusa/Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of [[Venice]] (1205–1358), and by the Peace [[Treaty of Zara]] in 1358, it became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].
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From its establishment in the 7th century, the town was under the [[protectorate|protection]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. After the [[Crusades]], Ragusa/Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of [[Venice]] (1205–1358), and by the Peace [[Treaty of Zadar]] in 1358, it became part of the [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Hungaro-Croatian reign]].
  
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Between the [[14th century]] and 1808 Ragusa ruled itself as a [[free state (government)|free state]]. The Republic had its peak in the [[15th century|15th]] and [[16th century|16th]] centuries, when its [[thalassocracy]] rivalled that of the [[Republic of Venice]] and other Italian maritime republics.
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Between the 14th century and 1808 Ragusa ruled itself as a [[free state (government)|free state]]. The Republic had its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, when its [[thalassocracy]] rivaled that of the [[Republic of Venice]] and other Italian maritime republics.
  
 
The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, statutes which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for town planning and the regulation of quarantine (for hygienic reasons). The Republic was very inventive regarding laws and institutions that were developed very early:
 
The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, statutes which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for town planning and the regulation of quarantine (for hygienic reasons). The Republic was very inventive regarding laws and institutions that were developed very early:
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The city was ruled by [[aristocracy]] that formed two city councils. As usual for the time, they maintained a strict system of [[social class]]es. The republic abolished the [[slave trade]] early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The city successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice and the [[Ottoman Empire]] for centuries.
 
The city was ruled by [[aristocracy]] that formed two city councils. As usual for the time, they maintained a strict system of [[social class]]es. The republic abolished the [[slave trade]] early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The city successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice and the [[Ottoman Empire]] for centuries.
  
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The economic wealth of the Republic was partially the result of the land it developed, but especially of the seafaring trade it did. With the help of skilled diplomacy, Ragusa's merchants traveled lands freely, and on the sea the city had a huge fleet of merchant ships ([[argosy]]) that traveled all over the world. From these travels they founded some settlements, from India to America, and brought parts of their culture and vegetation home with them. One of the keys to success was not conquering but trading and sailing under a white flag with the word freedom (Latin: "Libertas") prominently featured on it. That flag was adopted when slave trading was abolished in 1418.
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The economic wealth of the Republic was partially the result of the land it developed, but especially of the seafaring trade it did. With the help of skilled diplomacy, Ragusa's merchants traveled lands freely, and on the sea the city had a huge fleet of merchant ships ([[argosy]]) that traveled all over the world. From these travels they founded some settlements, from India to America, and brought parts of their culture and vegetation home with them. One of the keys to success was not conquering, but trading and sailing under a white flag with the word freedom ({{lang-la|Libertas}}) prominently featured on it. That flag was adopted when slave trading was abolished in 1418.
  
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Many Conversos (Marranos)—Jews from [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]—were attracted to the city. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. During this time there worked in the city one of the most famous cannon and bell founders of his time: [[Ivan Rabljanin]] (Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle).
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Many Conversos ([[Marranos]]) — Jews from [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] — were attracted to the city. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. During this time there worked in the city one of the most famous cannon and bell founders of his time: [[Ivan Rabljanin]] (Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle).
  
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The Republic gradually declined after a crisis of [[Mediterranean]] shipping—and especially a catastrophic [[earthquake]] in 1667 that killed over 5000 citizens, including the Rector, leveling most of the public buildings—ruined the well-being of the Republic. In 1699 the Republic sold two patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to avoid terrestrial borderline, with advancing Venetian forces.
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The Republic gradually declined after a crisis of [[Mediterranean]] shipping — and especially a catastrophic [[earthquake]] in 1667 that killed over 5000 citizens, including the Rector, leveling most of the public buildings — ruined the well-being of the Republic. In 1699 the Republic sold two patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to avoid terrestrial borderline, with advancing Venetian forces. Today this strip of land belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina and is its only direct access to the Adriatic.
  
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In 1806 the city surrendered to French forces, as that was the only way to cut a month's long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3000 cannon balls fell on the city). At first [[Napoleon]] demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusans. Later, however, French forces blockaded the harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and coats of arms above the city walls were painted black as a sign of grief. In 1808, Marshal [[Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont|Marmont]] abolished the republic and integrated its territory into the [[Illyrian provinces]].
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In 1806 the city surrendered to French forces, as that was the only way to cut a month's long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3000 cannonballs fell on the city). At first [[Napoleon]] demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusans. Later, however, French forces blockaded the harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and coats of arms above the city walls were painted black as a sign of grief. In 1808, Marshal [[Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont|Marmont]] abolished the republic and integrated its territory into the [[Illyrian provinces]].
  
 
=== Austrian rule ===
 
=== Austrian rule ===
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The combination of these two forces&mdash;a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movements claiming ethnicity as the founding block towards a community&mdash;created a particularly perplexing problem; for Dalmatia was a province ruled by the German-speaking, centralizing [[Habsburg monarchy]], with Italian-speaking elites that dominated a general population consisting of a Croatian, Catholic Slav majority and strong Serb Orthodox minority. Though always an unreliable estimate{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, census takers in 1846 counted 16,000 [[Italians]], 320,000 [[Croatians]] and 80,000 [[Serbs]].
 
The combination of these two forces&mdash;a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movements claiming ethnicity as the founding block towards a community&mdash;created a particularly perplexing problem; for Dalmatia was a province ruled by the German-speaking, centralizing [[Habsburg monarchy]], with Italian-speaking elites that dominated a general population consisting of a Croatian, Catholic Slav majority and strong Serb Orthodox minority. Though always an unreliable estimate{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, census takers in 1846 counted 16,000 [[Italians]], 320,000 [[Croatians]] and 80,000 [[Serbs]].
  
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In 1815 the former Ragusan Government, i.e. its noble assembly, met for the last time in the ljetnikovac in Mokošica. Once again heavy efforts were undertaken to reestablish the Republic however this time it was all in vain. After the fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out and emigrated overseas. Others were recognized by the Austrian Empire.
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In 1815 the former Ragusan Government, i.e. its noble assembly, met for the last time in the ljetnikovac in [[Mokošica]]. Once again heavy efforts were undertaken to reestablish the Republic however this time it was all in vain. After fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out or emigrated overseas. Others were recognized by Austrian Empire.
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In 1832 Baron [[Sigismondo Ghetaldi-Gondola]] (*1795 +1860) was elected podestá of Ragusa, he served for 13 years, the Austrian government granted with the title of "Baron".
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Count ''Raphael Pozza'' (Rafo Pucic) (*1828 +1890), Dr. Jur., was elected for first time Podestà of Ragusa in the year 1869  after this was reelected in 1872, 1875, 1882, 1884) and elected two times into the Dalmatian Council, 1870, 1876.
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In 1848, Croatian Assembly ([[Sabor]]) published People's Requests in which they requested among other things abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia with rest of Croatian lands (primarily with Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Croatia). Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent to [[Zagreb]] with pledges to work on this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the local paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for Habsburg territories, inclusion of Dalmatia into united Croatia and Slavic brotherhood.
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In the same year, first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, ''Flower of the National Literature'' (''Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog knjizevstva''), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to awakening of national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.
  
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In 1848, the Croatian Assembly ([[Sabor]]) published the People's Requests in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia with the rest of Croatian lands (primarily with Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Croatia). The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent to [[Zagreb]] with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the local paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories, the inclusion of Dalmatia into united Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood.
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In 1861 the Dalmatian Assembly met for the first time, with representatives from Ragusa. Representatives of Cattaro (now [[Kotor]]) came to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Ragusa gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from ramparts, and exhibiting slogan: Ragusa with Cattaro. The people of Cattaro elected a delegation to go to [[Vienna]]; Ragusa nominated [[Niko Pucić]] ([[National Party]]). Niko Pucić went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.
  
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In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, ''Flower of the National Literature'' ''(Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog knjizevstva)'', in which Petar Preradovic published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik." This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.
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Austrian rule and Austro-Hungarian rule which followed lasted for more than a century and were typified by the motto of the world powers of that time: Divide et impera (Divide and rule). Austrian policy of denationalizing the Dalmatian coasts and favoring the immigrant Italian minority left its mark in the political division of the population as best expressed in the political parties: the [[Croatian People's Party]] and the [[Autonomous Party]] (''Conte Francesco Borelli (*1810 +1884) said: we are slavs for nationality but Italian for culture (the dalmatian were born to the sea (adriatic sea).... the autonomist want a multicultural region, with respect for the ancient Italian roots and the slavs tradition, about the Dalmatia destiny, they deny the unification with Croatia, because Dalmatia had different roots and multicultural traditions: [[croatian catholics]], [[serbian orthodox]], Serbian-Croat muslims, [[italian dalmatian]], the people were bilingual, spoken [[slavonian]] (dialect modern serbo-Croat) and [[Italian language|Italian]] (istrian, dalmatian-veneto dialect), etc.).  
  
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In 1861 the Dalmatian Assembly met for the first time, with representatives from Ragusa. Representatives of Cattaro (now [[Kotor]]) came to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Ragusa gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from the ramparts, and exhibiting the slogan: Ragusa with Cattaro. The people of Cattaro elected a delegation to go to [[Vienna]]; Ragusa nominated [[Niko Pucic]]. Niko Pucic went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.
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This political division also had its roots in class, as the greater part of the autonomous party, which wanted Dalmatian autonomy withinin frame of Austria and was against joining the other parts of Croatia, as wanted by [[Croatian People's Party]], belonged to the richer strata of officials and administrators.  
  
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In 1893, the minister of the city, the Baron [[Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola]], [[Unveiling of the Gundulić monument|opened the monument]] for Ivan Gundulic in Piazza Gundulic (Gondola).
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In 1889, Serbian political circle in Dubrovnik supported Baron [[Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola]], candidate of [[Autonomous Party]], vs the candidate of Popular Party [[Vlaho de Giulli]], in 1890 election to Dalmatian Diet.<ref>http://books.google.cl/books?lr=&id=GOVJAAAAMAAJ&dq=dubrovnik+gondola&q=gondola&pgis=1</ref> Following year during the local government election, Autonomous Party with Serbian Party obtain the municipal reelection with Frano Gondola, who died in charge 1899, the aliance won again the election 27 May 1894. Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola was founded the ''Societa [[Philately]]'' in 4 December 1890.
  
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=== Yugoslavia (1921–1991) ===
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In 1893, the minister of the city, Baron [[Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola]], [[Unveiling of the Gundulić monument|opened the monument]] for Ivan Gundulić in Piazza Gundulić (Gondola).
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With the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the city was incorporated into the new [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]] (later the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). The city's name was officially changed from Ragusa into Dubrovnik.
 
  
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In [[World War II]], Dubrovnik became part of the [[Independent State of Croatia]], even if occupied by the Italian army first, and the by the German army after September 1943. In October 1944 Tito's partisans entered in Dubrovnik, that became consequently part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Communist Yugoslavia]]. Soon after their arrival into the city, the Partisans sentenced approximately 78 citizens to death without trial, including a Catholic priest.<ref>[http://www.glas-koncila.hr/rubrike_izdvojeno.html?news_ID=11154 Partizani pogubili hrvatske antifašiste] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref>
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=== 1921–1991 ===
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With fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the city was incorporated into the new [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]] (later the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). The name of the city was officially changed from Ragusa to Dubrovnik.
  
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=== The breakdown of Yugoslavia ===
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In 1921 [[Pero Cingrija]] died (born 1837), politician and one of the leaders of the People's Party in Dalmatia. It was thanks to his efforts that the People's Party and the Party of Right were fused into one Croatian Party in 1905
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In [[World War II]], Dubrovnik became part of the Nazi puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]], occupied by an Italian army first, and by a German army after September 1943.  In October 1944 Tito's partisans entered Dubrovnik, that became consequently part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Communist Yugoslavia]]. Soon after their arrival into the city, Partisans sentenced approximately 78 citizens to death without trial, including a Catholic priest.<ref>[http://www.glas-koncila.hr/rubrike_izdvojeno.html?news_ID=11154 Nakon ulaska partizana u Dubrovnik u listopadu 1944.: Partizani pogubili hrvatske antifašiste | Izdvojeno | Glas Koncila<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
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=== Breakdown of Yugoslavia ===
 
{{Main article|Siege of Dubrovnik}}
 
{{Main article|Siege of Dubrovnik}}
 
[[Image:Dubrovnik-shelling-91-92.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Dubrovnik Shelling (black dots) 1991 to 1992.]]
 
[[Image:Dubrovnik-shelling-91-92.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Dubrovnik Shelling (black dots) 1991 to 1992.]]
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In 1991 [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]], which at that time were republics within the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], declared their independence. In that event, the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] was renamed the [[Republic of Croatia]].
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In 1991 [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]], which at that time were republics within [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], declared their independence. At that event, [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] was renamed [[Republic of Croatia]].
  
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Despite the [[demilitarization]] of the old town early in the 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from ever becoming a casualty of war, following [[Croatia]]'s independence in 1991, the Serbian-Montenegrin remains of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) attacked the city.  
+
Despite [[demilitarization]] of the old town in early 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from ever becoming a casualty of war, following [[Croatia]]'s independence in 1991, Serbian-Montenegrin remains of [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) attacked the city. The regime in [[Montenegro]] led by [[Momir Bulatovic]] which was installed and loyal to the Serbian government led by [[Slobodan Milosevic]] declared that Dubrovnik would not be permitted to remain in Croatia because they claimed that it was historically part of Montenegro.[http://www.yorku.ca/soi/_Vol_5_1/_HTML/Pavlovic.html#fnB28] This was in spite of the large Croat majority in the city and that very few Montenegrins resided there, though Serbs accounted for six percent of the population.[http://www.yorku.ca/soi/_Vol_5_1/_HTML/Pavlovic.html#fnB28] Many consider the claims by the Bulatovic government, as being part of Serbian President Milosevic's plan to deliver his nationalist supporters the [[Greater Serbia]] they desired as Yugoslavia collapsed.[http://www.yorku.ca/soi/_Vol_5_1/_HTML/Pavlovic.html#fnB28]
  
−
On October 1, 1991 Dubrovnik was attacked by the [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]] with a [[siege of Dubrovnik]] that lasted for seven months. The heaviest artillery attack happened on December 6 with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Total casualties in the conflict according to the Croatian [[Red Cross]] were 114 killed civilians, among them the celebrated poet [[Milan Milisić]]. In May 1992 the Croatian Army liberated Dubrovnik and its surroundings, but the danger of JNA sudden attacks lasted for another three years.
+
On [[October 1]], [[1991]] Dubrovnik was attacked by [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]] with a [[siege of Dubrovnik]] that lasted for seven months. Heaviest artillery attack happened on [[December 6]] with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Total casualties in the conflict according to Croatian [[Red Cross]] were 114 killed civilians, among them celebrated poet [[Milan Milisić]]. In May 1992 the Croatian Army liberated Dubrovnik and its surroundings, but the danger of sudden attacks by the JNA lasted for another three years.
  
−
Following the end of the war, the damage caused by shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to [[UNESCO]] guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. [[As of 2005]], most damage had been repaired.  The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the city gate, showing all artillery hits during the siege. [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]] indictments were issued for the [[JNA]] generals and officers involved in the bombing.
+
Following the end of the war, damage caused by the shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to [[UNESCO]] guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. [[As of 2005]], most damage had been repaired.  The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the city gate, showing all artillery hits during the siege. [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]] indictments were issued for [[JNA]] generals and officers involved in the bombing.
  
 
The final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts says:
 
The final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts says:
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
−
"Due to the ideal observation capacity that the JNA enjoyed through its command of the high ground, the air, and the sea, it seems clear that (at best) the JNA was indifferent to the civilian casualties it caused or (at worst) it deliberately and systematically targeted civilians and civilian objects throughout this period."
+
Due to the ideal observation capacity that the JNA enjoyed through its command of the high ground, the air, and the sea, it seems clear that (at best) the JNA was indifferent to the civilian casualties it caused or (at worst) it deliberately and systematically targeted civilians and civilian objects throughout this period.
 
</blockquote>  
 
</blockquote>  
  
 
General [[Pavle Strugar]], who was coordinating the attack on the city, was sentenced to an eight year prison term by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] for his role in the attack of the city.
 
General [[Pavle Strugar]], who was coordinating the attack on the city, was sentenced to an eight year prison term by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] for his role in the attack of the city.
 +
 +
The [[1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash]] killed everyone on a [[United States Air Force]] jet with [[Very Important Person|VIP]] passengers.
  
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU0JPXUmg44 Video of the attack on Dubrovnik]
 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU0JPXUmg44 Video of the attack on Dubrovnik]
  
−
== Dubrovnik today ==
+
== Today ==
 
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
| WHS        = Old City of Dubrovnik
 
| WHS        = Old City of Dubrovnik
 
| Image      = [[Image:Dubrovnik1.jpg|300px|The Old Harbour at Dubrovnik]]
 
| Image      = [[Image:Dubrovnik1.jpg|300px|The Old Harbour at Dubrovnik]]
−
| State Party = {{HRV}}
+
| State Party = {{CRO}}
 
| Type        = Cultural
 
| Type        = Cultural
 
| Criteria    = i, iii, iv
 
| Criteria    = i, iii, iv
Line 236: Line 250:
 
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95
 
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95
 
}}
 
}}
−
Today Dubrovnik is a tranquil cultural and tourist centre hosting many musical, art and theater events year round. The annual [[Dubrovnik Summer Festival]] is a cultural event when keys of the city are given to artists who entertain Dubrovnik's population and their guests for entire month with live plays, concerts, and games.
+
 
 +
The annual [[Dubrovnik Summer Festival]] is a cultural event when keys of the city are given to artists who entertain Dubrovnik's population and their guests for entire month with live plays, concerts, and games.
  
 
[[Ivan Gundulić]], a 17th century Croatian writer, predicted the downfall of the great Turkish Empire in his great poem Osman. He wrote these immortal verses that are performed on every opening of the world famous Dubrovnik Summer Festival:  
 
[[Ivan Gundulić]], a 17th century Croatian writer, predicted the downfall of the great Turkish Empire in his great poem Osman. He wrote these immortal verses that are performed on every opening of the world famous Dubrovnik Summer Festival:  
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
−
''O, beautiful liberty, dear and sweet,''<br />
+
O, beautiful liberty, dear and sweet,
−
''Thou heavenly gift where riches all meet,''<br />
 
−
''Actual source of our glory of these hours,''<br />
 
−
''The sole adornment of this grove of ours,''<br />
 
−
''All silver, all gold, and our lives so dear,''<br />
 
−
''Cannot recompense thy beauty so clear.''
 
−
</blockquote>
 
−
 
−
With these verses Dubrovnik major invites actors and poems to enter through main gates inside city stone walls. As a young actor [[Goran Visnjic]] played [[Hamlet]] at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. He was noticed and approved by the public at the very start of his career.
 
−
The Dubrovnik Summer Festival has been awarded its first Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.
 
  
−
February 3 is the feast of [[Saint Blaise|Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)]], who is the city's patron saint. Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days.<ref>[http://web.tzdubrovnik.hr/clanak.shtml?clanak=890 Dubrovnik news] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref>
+
<br />Thou heavenly gift where riches all meet,
  
−
Dubrovnik and his surroundings with beautiful islands have a lot to offer in touristic activities for younger generations. Also: Climbing on steep hills, hiking through the Mediterranean nature, paddling and swimming in clean transparent sea part of the fun in Dubrovnik.
+
<br />Actual source of our glory of these hours,
  
−
New historical discoveries say that the usual misconception of Dubrovnik coming to be as joining of Laus island and Slav settlement of Dubrovnik is disputed by the fact that there was no island of Laus, only a peninsula, and it seems that there was a port on its location dating back to ancient history (thought to be the lost port of Heraclea).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
+
<br />The sole adornment of this grove of ours,
  
−
==Important monuments==
+
<br />All silver, all gold, and our lives so dear,
−
Few of Dubrovnik's Renaissance buildings survived the earthquake of 1667 but fortunately enough remain to give an idea of the city's remarkable architectural heritage. The finest Renaissance highlight is the Sponza Palace which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The Rectors Palace is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that displays  finely-carved capitals and an ornate staircase. It now houses a museum. The St Saviour Church is another fine remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the much-visited Franciscan Monastery. Over the entrance is a sculpture of the Pieta that dates from the late-Gothic period but the best part of the monastery is the Cloister with a splendid colonnade of octagonal columns.
 
  
−
Dubrovnik's most beloved church is St Blaise's church, built in the 18th century in honor of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral was built in the 18th century and houses an impressive Treasury with relics of Saint Blaise. Dubrovnik's Dominican Monastery resembles a fortress on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church.
+
<br />Cannot recompense thy beauty so clear.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 +
With these verses Dubrovnik major invites actors and poems to enter through main gates inside city stone walls. As a young actor [[Goran Višnjić]] played [[Hamlet]] at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. He was noticed and approved by the public at the very start of his career.
 +
The Dubrovnik Summer Festival has been awarded its first Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.
  
−
Perhaps the most striking feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run 2km around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the vulnerable city but now make one of the most picturesque sights in the Adriatic.<ref>[http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/dubrovnik_index.htm Croatia Traveller, Dubrovnik] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref>  
+
[[February 3]] is the feast of [[Saint Blaise|Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)]], who is the city's patron saint. Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days.<ref>[http://web.tzdubrovnik.hr/clanak.shtml?clanak=890 Dubrovnik news]</ref>
  
−
==Transport==
+
Dubrovnik and its surroundings with numerous islands have a lot to offer in touristic activities for younger generations. Also popular are climbing on steep hills, hiking through the Mediterranean nature, and swimming in the clean, transparent sea.
−
Dubrovnik has an [[Dubrovnik Airport|international airport]] of its own.
 
−
The airport is located approximately 20km (12.5 mi) from Dubrovnik city center, near Čilipi. Buses connect the airport with the Dubrovnik bus station. In addition, a network of modern, local buses connects all Dubrovnik neighborhoods running frequently from dawn to midnight.
 
  
−
==Education==
+
New historical discoveries say that the usual misconception of Dubrovnik coming to be as joining of Laus island and Slav settlement of Dubrovnik is disputed by the fact that there was no island of Laus, only a peninsula, and it seems that there was a port on its location dating back to ancient history (thought to be the lost port of Heraclea).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
−
Dubrovnik has a number of educational institutions. These include the [[University of Dubrovnik]], a Nautical College, a Tourist College, a University Centre for Postgraduate Studies of the [[University of Zagreb]], [[American College of Management and Technology]], and an Institute of History of the [[Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences]].
 
  
−
==Climate==
+
== Heritage==
−
The climate along the Dubrovnik Region is a typical [[Mediterranean]] one, with mild, rainy [[winter]]s and hot and dry [[summer]]s. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Summer temperatures in July rise till 34°C in the northern part, while in the southern part they usually rise to 38°C. During winter the coldest temperatures are recorded in the northern [[Adriatic sea|Adriatic]] with temperatures dropping sometimes below zero, while the southern regions of the Adriatic coast generally remain above zero.
 
  
−
'''Air temperature'''
+
The [[patron saint]] of the city is [[Saint Blaise|Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)]], whose statues are seen around the city. He has an importance similar to that of [[St. Mark the Evangelist]] to Venice. The city's cathedral is named after Saint Blaise. The city boasts of many old buildings, such as the [[Arboretum Trsteno]], the oldest [[arboretum]] in the world, dating back to before 1492. Also, the third oldest European [[pharmacy]] is located in the city, which dates back to 1317 (and is the only one still in operation today). It is located at Little Brothers church in Dubrovnik.<ref>[http://www.dubrovnik-online.com/english/monuments.php Dubrovnik Online, monuments in Dubrovnik]</ref>
−
*average annual  16.4°C (61.5°F)
 
−
*average of coldest period (January) 9°C (48.2°F)
 
−
*average of warmest period (August) 24.9°C (76.8°F)
 
  
−
'''Sea temperature'''
+
In history, many Conversos ([[Marrano]]s) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. Another admirer of Dubrovnik, [[George Bernard Shaw]], visited the city in 1929 and said: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik." This sentence is commonly used by tourist guides to describe the city.
−
*average May – September: 17.9°C - 23.8°C (64.2°F - 74.8°F)
 
  
−
'''[[Salinity]]'''
+
In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-[[hectare]] wooded island of [[Lokrum]], where according to legend, [[Richard the Lionheart]] was cast ashore after being [[shipwreck]]ed in 1192. The island includes a fortress, botanical garden, [[monastery]] and naturist beach.
−
*approximately 38 ‰ (parts per thousand)
 
  
−
'''[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]'''
+
Dubrovnik has also been mentioned in popular film and theater. In the film [[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 Village Roadshow film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]] with Michael Caine, one of the characters said to have been dreaming of [[fairy]] from Dubrovnik (motive known from local legends and literature). In the film ''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]'', Roman Castevet, the leader of the witch [[coven]], is falsely said to be in Dubrovnik, leading Rosemary to exclaim on his presence, "You're in Dubrovnik, I can't hear you." The 12th season of [[The Amazing Race]], the remaining contestants went to the city of Dubrovnik.
−
*average annual: 1,020.8 mm
 
−
*average annual rain days: 109.2
 
  
−
'''Sunshine'''
+
==Important monuments==
−
*average annual: 2629 l
+
Few of Dubrovnik's Renaissance buildings survived the earthquake of 1667 but fortunately enough remain to give an idea of the city's architectural heritage. {{Fact|date=March 2008}} The finest Renaissance highlight is the Sponza Palace which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The Rectors Palace is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that displays  finely-carved capitals and an ornate staircase. It now houses a museum. The St Saviour Church is another fine remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the much-visited Franciscan Monastery. Over the entrance is a sculpture of the Pieta that dates from the late-Gothic period but the best part of the monastery is the Cloister with a colonnade of octagonal columns.
−
*average daily hours: 7.2 h
 
  
−
== Miscellaneous ==
+
Dubrovnik's most beloved church is St Blaise's church, built in the 18th century in honor of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral was built in the 18th century and houses an impressive Treasury with relics of Saint Blaise. The city's Dominican Monastery resembles a fortress on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}
−
{{Trivia|date=July 2007}}
 
  
−
*The [[patron saint]] of the city is [[Saint Blaise|Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise)]], whose statues are seen around the city. He has an importance similar to that of [[St. Mark the Evangelist]] to Venice.
+
A striking feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run 2km around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the vulnerable city but now make one of the most picturesque sights in the Adriatic.<ref>[http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/dubrovnik_index.htm Croatia Traveller, Dubrovnik]</ref>
  
−
*Many Conversos ([[Marrano]]s) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John.
+
==Transport==
 +
[[Image:Croatia dbv 3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Dubrovnik Airport]]]]
 +
Dubrovnik has an [[Dubrovnik Airport|international airport]] of its own.
 +
The airport is located approximately {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from Dubrovnik city center, near Ćilipi. Buses connect the airport with the Dubrovnik bus station. In addition, a network of modern, local buses connects all Dubrovnik neighborhoods running frequently from dawn to midnight.
  
−
*Inhabitants of Dubrovnik often proudly quote the Irish playwright and man of letters, [[George Bernard Shaw]], who visited the city in 1929: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik."
+
The [[A1 (Croatia)|A1]] highway, in use between [[Zagreb]] and [[Šestanovac]], is planned to be extended all the way to Dubrovnik. The highway will cross the, currently in construction, [[Pelješac Bridge]]. An alternative plan proposes the highway running from [[Neum]] through [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and an expressway continuing to Dubrovnik. This plan has fallen out of favor, though.
  
−
*Dubrovnik hosted the tenth and final [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne]] in 1956.
+
==Education==
 +
Dubrovnik has a number of educational institutions. These include the [[University of Dubrovnik]], a Nautical College, a Tourist College, a University Centre for Postgraduate Studies of the [[University of Zagreb]], [[American College of Management and Technology]], and an Institute of History of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]].
  
−
*The oldest [[arboretum]] in the world, [[Arboretum Trsteno]], dating from before 1492, is near Dubrovnik.
+
==Climate==
 +
The climate along the Dubrovnik Region is a typical [[Mediterranean]] one, with mild, rainy winters and hot and dry summers. However, it is perhaps distinct from other Mediterranean climates because of the unusual winds and frequency of thunderstorms. The [[Bora]] wind blows uncomfortably cold gusts down the [[Adriatic]] coast between October and April, and thundery conditions are common all the year round, even in summer, when they interrupt the warm, sunny days. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Typically, in July and August daytime maximum temperatures reach 29°C, and at night drop to around 21°C. More comfortable, perhaps, is the climate in Spring and Autumn when maximum temperatures are typically between 20°C and 28°C.
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:99%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" |Month
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | January
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | February
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | March
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | April
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | June
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | July
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | August
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | September
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | October
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | November
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | December
 +
|-
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" |Avg high °C (°F)
 +
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 12.2 (54.0)
 +
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 12.3 (54.1)
 +
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 14.4 (57.9)
 +
| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" | 16.9 (62.4)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 21.3 (70.3)
 +
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 25.2 (77.4)
 +
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 28.3 (82.9)
 +
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 28.7 (83.7)
 +
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 25.4 (77.7)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 21.4 (70.5)
 +
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 16.6 (61.9)
 +
| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 13.3 (55.9)
 +
|-
 +
! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Avg low °C (°F)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 6.5 (43.7)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 6.4 (43.5)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 8.5 (47.3)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 10.9 (51.6)
 +
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 15.2 (59.4)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 18.8 (65.8)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 21.5 (70.7)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 21.7 (71.1)
 +
| style="background: #FFCC66; color: black;" | 18.7 (65.7)
 +
| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 15.2 (59.4)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 10.8 (51.4)
 +
| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 7.8 (46.0)
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: [http://www.worldweather.org/019/c00074f.htm#climate&refer= Worldweather.org]''
 +
|}
  
−
*The third oldest European [[pharmacy]], dating from 1317 but only still in operation is located at Little Brothers church in Dubrovnik.<ref>[http://www.dubrovnik-online.com/english/monuments.php Dubrovnik Online, monuments in Dubrovnik] - Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref>
+
*Air temperature
 +
**average annual
 +
:16.4°C (61.5°F)
 +
::*average of coldest period = January
 +
::9 °C (48.2 °F)
 +
::*average of warmest period = August
 +
::24.9 °C (76.8 °F)
  
−
*30 minutes by car from the old city is the [[Dubrovnik Highlands]] (which is in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]). This area is commonly known for its crystal clear water, [[pine]] forests, rough mountain terrain, huge carp fish, winter sports, and hot dry summers.  
+
*Sea temperature
 +
**average May – September
 +
: 17.9 °C - 23.8 °C (64.2 °F - 74.8 °F)
  
−
*In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-[[hectare]] wooded island of [[Lokrum]], where according to legend, [[Richard the Lionheart]] was cast ashore after being [[shipwreck]]ed in 1192. The island includes a fortress, botanical garden, [[monastery]] and naturist beach.
+
*[[Salinity]]*
 +
**approximately 38 ‰ (parts per thousand)
  
−
*The [[Australia]]n rock band [[The Dubrovniks]] (1987–95) owed its name to the origin of the father of one of the members.
+
*[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
 +
**average annual
 +
:1,020.8 mm
 +
**average annual rain days
 +
:109.2
  
−
*In the feature film ''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]'', Roman Castevet, the leader of the witch [[coven]], is falsely said to be in Dubrovnik, leading Rosemary to exclaim on his presence, "You're in Dubrovnik, I can't hear you."
+
*Sunshine
 +
**average annual
 +
:2629 h
 +
**average daily hours
 +
:7.2 h
  
 
==Notable people from Dubrovnik==
 
==Notable people from Dubrovnik==
−
*[[Marino Ghetaldi]], [[scientist]] (1568–1626)
+
* [[Franco Sacchetti]] (1332-1400), Italian poet
−
*[[Rudjer Boscovich]], [[scientist]] and poet, 18th century
+
* [[Marin Držić]] (1508-1567), Croatian playwright and prose writer
−
*[[Biagio Ghetaldi]], politician, noble, poet
+
* [[Cvijeta Zuzorić]] (c. 1552 - c. 1600), Croatian poetess
−
*[[Marin Držić]] (Marino Darsa) , [[Croatia]]n playwright and prose writer
+
* [[Dinko Zlatarić]] (1558-1613), Croatian poet and translator
−
*[[Ivan Gundulić]] (Giovanni Gondola), [[Baroque]] [[poet]]
+
* [[Marin Getaldić]] (1568–1626), Croatian scientist
−
*[[Federico Seismit-Doda]] (1825-1893), [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] politician
+
* [[Ivan Gundulić]] (1589-1638) Croatian poet
−
* [[Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola]] (Baron Frano Gondola) (1833-1899) - soldier, statesman, nobleman, Knight of Malta
+
* [[Ruđer Bošković]] (1711-1787), Croatian scientist, diplomat and poet
−
* [[Medo Pucić]] (Orsato Pozza) (1821-1882) - writer, politician and nobleman
+
* [[Vlaho Getaldić]] (1788-1872), politician, noble, poet
−
* [[Niko Pucić]] (Nicola Pozza) (1820-1883) - politician and nobleman
+
* [[Niko Pucić]] (1820-1883) - Croatian politician and nobleman
−
* [[Pero Budmani]] (1835-1914) - linguist
+
* [[Medo Pucić]] (1821-1882) - Croatian writer, politician and nobleman
−
* [[Vlaho Bukovac]] (Biagio Faggioni) (1855-1922) - painter.
+
* [[Federico Seismit-Doda]] (1825-1893), [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] politician
−
* [[Ivo Vojnović]](1857-1929) - [[writer]]  
+
* [[Frano Getaldić-Gundulić]] (1833-1899) - soldier, statesman, nobleman, Knight of Malta
−
* [[Frano Supilo]] (1870-1917) - politician and journalist
+
* [[Pero Budmani]] (1835-1914), linguist
−
* [[Marino de Bona|Marino "Nono" de Bona]], [[World War II]] survivor who led an immigration wave to [[Lima, Peru|Lima]], [[Peru]]
+
* [[Vlaho Bukovac]] (1855-1922),Croatian  painter
−
*[[Eduard Miloslavić]] - [[scientist]]
+
* [[Ivo Vojnović]] (1857-1929), Croatian writer
−
*[[Vlaho Paljetak]] - (1893 - 1944) poet
+
* [[Antun Fabris]] (1864-1904), Croatian journalist and politician
−
*[[Tereza Kesovija]] - [[singer]]
+
* [[Frano Supilo]] (1870-1917), Croatian politician and journalist
−
*[[Josip Ivanovic]] - sculptor
+
* [[Blagoje Bersa]] (1873-1934),Croatian  musician
−
*[[Đelo Jusić]], singer and [[composer]]
+
* [[Eduard Miloslavić]] (1884-1952), [[scientist]]
−
*[[Đelo Jusić,jr.]] - [[composer & producer]]
+
* [[Branko Bauer]] (born 1921), Croatian film director
−
*[[Mario Bonić]] - professional [[football (soccer)|football]] player
+
* [[Ottavio Missoni]] (born 1921), Italian fashion designer
−
*[[Ahmet Brković]] - professional [[football (soccer)|football]] player
+
* [[Marin Bunić]] (1924-1994), [[World War II]] survivor who led Croatian immigration wave to [[Lima, Peru]]
−
*[[Veselin Đuho]] - [[waterpolo]] player, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] winner
+
* [[Tereza Kesovija]] (born 1938), Croatian singer
−
*[[Goran Sukno]] - waterpolo player, Olympic winner
+
* [[Božo Vuletić]] (born 1958), Croatian waterpolo player, Olympic gold medalist
−
*[[Božo Vuletić]] - waterpolo player, Olympic winner
+
* [[Goran Sukno]] (born 1959), Croatian waterpolo player, Olympic gold medalist
−
*[[Sanja Jovanović]] - Olympic swimmer
+
* [[Veselin Đuho]] (born 1960), Croatian [[waterpolo]] player and coach, double [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist
−
*[[Ivo "Duke" Karač]] - ancient duke of provincy
+
* [[Sanja Jovanović]] (born 1986), Olympic swimmer
−
*[[Frano Lasić]] - actor
 
−
*[[Dario Kovač aka Gunch]] - famous [[techno]] [[dj]]
 
−
*[[Vlaho Bušelić aka Gunny]] - singer and composer
 
−
*[[Niko Pulic]] - race driver
 
−
*[[Ottavio Missoni]] - (1921) italian fashion designer
 
−
*[[Benito Bersa]] (1873-1934) - musician
 
−
*[[Robert Boskovic-Zarak]] - actor, b. 11 February 1977.
 
−
*[[Mladen Branđolica]] - actor, b. 1924.
 
−
*[[Niksa Marinović]] - actor, b. 24 May 1974.
 
−
*[[Mise Martinović]] - actor, b. 1 June 1926.
 
−
*[[Miljenko Vikić]] - actor, b. 1931,
 
−
*[[Lukrecija Bresković]] - actress, b. 30 August 1940,
 
−
*[[Maja Cucković]] - actress, b. 10 April 1935,
 
−
*[[Zuza Egreny]] - actress, b. 31 December 1932.
 
−
*[[Tereza Kesovija]] - singer, b. 3 October 1938,  
 
−
*[[Perica Martinović]] - actress, b. 16 May 1955.
 
−
*[[Doris Sarić-Kukuljica]] - actress, b. 17 March 1960.
 
−
*[[Srđana Simunović]] - actress, b. 13 January 1976.
 
−
*[[Luka Kunčević]] - composer, b. 14 September 1973.
 
−
*[[Milan Babić(director|Milan Babić]] - director, writer, b. 7 May 1974.
 
−
*[[Branko Bauer]] - director, writer, other crew member, second unit director or assistant director, b. 18 February 1921,
 
−
*[[Marija Nemčić]] - director, b. 1962.
 
−
*[[Luko Paljetak]] - writer, b. 19 August 1943.
 
−
*[[Dusan Jeričević]] - production designer, art director, set decorator, sound department member, art department member, b. 27 May 1923.
 
−
*[[Antun Fabris]] - [[Serb]] journalist and activist
 
  
−
== Images of Dubrovnik ==
+
==Sister cities==
 +
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], [[Austria]], since 1994.
 +
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bad Homburg]], [[Germany]], since 2002.
 +
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Helsingborg]], [[Sweden]], since 1998.
 +
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Vukovar]], [[Croatia]], since 1993.
 +
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ravenna]], [[Italy]], since 1969.
 +
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Monterey, California]], [[USA]], since 2007.
 +
 
 +
== Images ==
 
=== Panorama ===
 
=== Panorama ===
 
{{wide image|Dubrovnik, Croatia Panorama.JPG|1250px| Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik }}
 
{{wide image|Dubrovnik, Croatia Panorama.JPG|1250px| Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik }}
  
 
=== Gallery ===
 
=== Gallery ===
−
<gallery>
+
<gallery perrow=6>
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik.jpg|Walls of Dubrovnik
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik.jpg|Walls of Dubrovnik
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-14.jpg
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-14.jpg
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-3.jpg
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-3.jpg
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-7.jpg
 
Image:Walls of Dubrovnik-7.jpg
−
Image:Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.jpg|Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Velika Gospa)
+
Image:Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.jpg|[[Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Dubrovnik|Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]] (Velika Gospa)
 
Image:Fortification walls, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|Massive walls
 
Image:Fortification walls, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|Massive walls
 
Image:Lovrijenac, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|[[Lovrijenac]] Tower
 
Image:Lovrijenac, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|[[Lovrijenac]] Tower
−
Image:Dubrovnik-font.jpg|[[Onuphrius|Onofrio]]'s Fountain and the Church
+
Image:Dubrovnik-font.jpg|[[Onuphrius|Onofrio]]'s Fountain and the Church of Saint Saviour
 
Image:Orlando, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|The [[Roland|Orlando]] statue, symbol of a free city
 
Image:Orlando, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG|The [[Roland|Orlando]] statue, symbol of a free city
 
Image:Svvlaho_photo.jpg|Church of St. Blasius by night
 
Image:Svvlaho_photo.jpg|Church of St. Blasius by night
−
Image:Church in Dubrovnik.JPG|Serbian Orthodox Church
+
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Church in Dubrovnik.JPG|Serbian Orthodox Church —>
 +
Image:Dubrovnik walls.JPG|Dubrovnik as seen from its wall
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
−
==Notes==
+
== See also ==
−
{{refs}}
+
*[[Atlantska Plovidba d.d.]]
  
−
==References==
+
== References ==
−
*Harris, Robin. 2003. ''Dubrovnik: a history''. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 0863563325
+
{{reflist}}
−
*Kremenjas-Danicic, Adriana. 2006. ''Roland's European Paths''. Dubrovnik: Europski dom Dubrovnik.  ISBN 9539533805
 
  
−
==External links==
+
== Further reading  ==
−
All links retrieved December 17, 2007.
+
* Harris, Robin. Dubrovnik, A History. London: Saqi Books, 2003. ISBN 0-86356-332-5
 +
* Kremenjas-Danicic, Adriana (Editor-in-Chief): ''Roland's European Paths''. Dubrovnik: Europski dom Dubrovnik, 2006. ISBN 953-95338-0-5
 +
 
 +
== External links ==
 
{{commons|Dubrovnik}}
 
{{commons|Dubrovnik}}
 
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=95 Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre]
 
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=95 Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre]
 
* [http://www.croatia-official.com/Dubrovnik-picture-gallery.html Dubrovnik picture gallery]
 
* [http://www.croatia-official.com/Dubrovnik-picture-gallery.html Dubrovnik picture gallery]
−
 
+
* [http://www.dubrovnikmap.net/ Dubrovnik Map - A Free Satellite image of Dubrovnik with pins on all important tourist locations.]
−
 
 
−
{{World Heritage Sites in Croatia}}
 
−
{{Croatian cities}}
 
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{{Dubrovnik-Neretva County}}
 
−
 
 
−
=Sister Cities=
 
−
{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], [[Austria]]
 
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
−
{{credits|178484917}}
+
 
 +
{{credit|Dubrovnik|238224621|}}

Revision as of 05:16, 17 September 2008


Dubrovnik
The walled city of Dubrovnik
The walled city of Dubrovnik
Coat of arms of Dubrovnik
Coat of arms
Nickname: Pearl of the Adriatic
1995 map of Dubrovnik
1995 map of Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (Croatia )
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
The location of Dubrovnik within Croatia
Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:42|38|25|N|18|06|30|E|type:city
name= }}
Country Croatia
County Dubrovnik-Neretva county
Government
 - Mayor Dubravka Šuica (CDU)
Area
 - Total 21.35 km² (8.2 sq mi)
Population (2001)
 - Total 43,770
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 20000
Area code(s) 020
Licence plate DU
Stradun, Dubrovnik's main street
File:Old City, Dubrovnik.jpg
Rooftops in Dubrovnik's Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Dubrovnik bridge of Franjo Tuđman and the Port of Gruž
Onofrio's Fountain
Rector's Palace
Minčeta Fortress
For the Yugoslav destroyer, see Dubrovnik (ship).

Dubrovnik (IPA: [ˈdǔ.bro̞ːʋ.niːk]; Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Italian: Ragusa) is a city on the Adriatic Sea coast in the extreme south of Croatia, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its population was 43,770 in 2001[1] down from 49,728 in 1991.[2] In the 2001 census, 88.39% of its citizens declared themselves as Croats.

In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade. In the Middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. Ragusa was one of the centres of the development of primarily the Croatian language and literature, home to many notable poets, playwrights, painters, mathematicians, physicists and other scholars.

Name

In Croatian and all other Slavic languages, the city is known as Dubrovnik; in Dalmatian Romanic, Italian, Latin and formerly in English as Ragusa (earlier Ragusium, Rhausium, Rhaugia; Greek: Ραυγια, Raiyia or Ραγουσα, Ragousa). However, today more and more Italian sources use name Dubrovnik instead of Ragusa. [3][4] [5]

The Slavic toponym Dubrovnik originates from the Proto-Slavic term for an oak forest *dǫbrava or *dǫbrova (dubrava in archaic and literary Croatian), which was abundantly present in the hills north of the walled city of Dubrovnik by the end of the 11th century.

The current name was officially adopted in 1909, when the city was under Austro-Hungarian rule.

History

From the foundation to the end of the Republic

Republic of Ragusa before 1808

Ragusa (Raugia) was founded in the 7th century on a rocky island named Laus, which provided shelter for Latin refugees from the nearby city of Epidaurus, today's Cavtat also Ragusavecchia. Some time later a settlement of Slavic people grew at the foot of the forested Srđ hill. This settlement gives to the city its Slavic name "Dubrovnik".

The strip of wetland between Ragusa and Dubrava was reclaimed in the 12th century, unifying the city around the newly-made plaza (today Placa or Stradun). The plaza was paved in 1468 and reconstructed after the earthquake of 1667. The city was fortified and two harbours were built on each side of the isthmus.

From its establishment in the 7th century, the town was under the protection of the Byzantine Empire. After the Crusades, Ragusa/Dubrovnik came under the sovereignty of Venice (1205–1358), and by the Peace Treaty of Zadar in 1358, it became part of the Hungaro-Croatian reign.

Between the 14th century and 1808 Ragusa ruled itself as a free state. The Republic had its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, when its thalassocracy rivaled that of the Republic of Venice and other Italian maritime republics.

The Republic of Ragusa received its own Statutes as early as 1272, statutes which, among other things, codified Roman practice and local customs. The Statutes included prescriptions for town planning and the regulation of quarantine (for hygienic reasons). The Republic was very inventive regarding laws and institutions that were developed very early:

  • Medical service was introduced in 1301
  • The first pharmacy (still working) was opened in 1317
  • A refuge for old people was opened in 1347
  • The first quarantine hospital (Lazarete) was opened in 1377
  • Slave trading was abolished in 1418
  • The orphanage was opened in 1432
  • The water supply system (20 kilometers) was constructed in 1436

The city was ruled by aristocracy that formed two city councils. As usual for the time, they maintained a strict system of social classes. The republic abolished the slave trade early in the 15th century and valued liberty highly. The city successfully balanced its sovereignty between the interests of Venice and the Ottoman Empire for centuries.

The economic wealth of the Republic was partially the result of the land it developed, but especially of the seafaring trade it did. With the help of skilled diplomacy, Ragusa's merchants traveled lands freely, and on the sea the city had a huge fleet of merchant ships (argosy) that traveled all over the world. From these travels they founded some settlements, from India to America, and brought parts of their culture and vegetation home with them. One of the keys to success was not conquering, but trading and sailing under a white flag with the word freedom (Latin: Libertas) prominently featured on it. That flag was adopted when slave trading was abolished in 1418.

Many Conversos (Marranos) — Jews from Spain and Portugal — were attracted to the city. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. During this time there worked in the city one of the most famous cannon and bell founders of his time: Ivan Rabljanin (Magister Johannes Baptista Arbensis de la Tolle).

The Republic gradually declined after a crisis of Mediterranean shipping — and especially a catastrophic earthquake in 1667 that killed over 5000 citizens, including the Rector, leveling most of the public buildings — ruined the well-being of the Republic. In 1699 the Republic sold two patches of its territory to the Ottomans in order to avoid terrestrial borderline, with advancing Venetian forces. Today this strip of land belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina and is its only direct access to the Adriatic.

In 1806 the city surrendered to French forces, as that was the only way to cut a month's long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3000 cannonballs fell on the city). At first Napoleon demanded only free passage for his troops, promising not to occupy the territory and stressing that the French were friends of the Ragusans. Later, however, French forces blockaded the harbours, forcing the government to give in and let French troops enter the city. On this day, all flags and coats of arms above the city walls were painted black as a sign of grief. In 1808, Marshal Marmont abolished the republic and integrated its territory into the Illyrian provinces.

Austrian rule

When the Habsburg Empire gained these provinces after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the new imperial authorities installed a bureaucratic administration, which retained the essential framework of the Italian-speaking system. It introduced a series of modifications intended to centralize, albeit slowly, the bureaucratic, tax, religious, educational, and trade structures. Unfortunately for the local residents, these centralization strategies, which were intended to stimulate the economy, largely failed. And once the personal, political and economic trauma of the Napoleonic Wars had been overcome, new movements began to form in the region, calling for a political reorganization of the Adriatic along national lines.

The combination of these two forces—a flawed Habsburg administrative system and new national movements claiming ethnicity as the founding block towards a community—created a particularly perplexing problem; for Dalmatia was a province ruled by the German-speaking, centralizing Habsburg monarchy, with Italian-speaking elites that dominated a general population consisting of a Croatian, Catholic Slav majority and strong Serb Orthodox minority. Though always an unreliable estimate[citation needed], census takers in 1846 counted 16,000 Italians, 320,000 Croatians and 80,000 Serbs.

In 1815 the former Ragusan Government, i.e. its noble assembly, met for the last time in the ljetnikovac in Mokošica. Once again heavy efforts were undertaken to reestablish the Republic however this time it was all in vain. After fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out or emigrated overseas. Others were recognized by Austrian Empire.

In 1832 Baron Sigismondo Ghetaldi-Gondola (*1795 +1860) was elected podestá of Ragusa, he served for 13 years, the Austrian government granted with the title of "Baron".

Count Raphael Pozza (Rafo Pucic) (*1828 +1890), Dr. Jur., was elected for first time Podestà of Ragusa in the year 1869 after this was reelected in 1872, 1875, 1882, 1884) and elected two times into the Dalmatian Council, 1870, 1876.

In 1848, Croatian Assembly (Sabor) published People's Requests in which they requested among other things abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia with rest of Croatian lands (primarily with Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Croatia). Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent to Zagreb with pledges to work on this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the local paper L'Avvenire (The Future) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for Habsburg territories, inclusion of Dalmatia into united Croatia and Slavic brotherhood.

In the same year, first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature (Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog knjizevstva), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "To Dubrovnik". This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to awakening of national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the so-called Imposed Constitution which prohibited unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848 and 1849, did not succeed at that time.

In 1861 the Dalmatian Assembly met for the first time, with representatives from Ragusa. Representatives of Cattaro (now Kotor) came to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Ragusa gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from ramparts, and exhibiting slogan: Ragusa with Cattaro. The people of Cattaro elected a delegation to go to Vienna; Ragusa nominated Niko Pucić (National Party). Niko Pucić went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Assembly.

Austrian rule and Austro-Hungarian rule which followed lasted for more than a century and were typified by the motto of the world powers of that time: Divide et impera (Divide and rule). Austrian policy of denationalizing the Dalmatian coasts and favoring the immigrant Italian minority left its mark in the political division of the population as best expressed in the political parties: the Croatian People's Party and the Autonomous Party (Conte Francesco Borelli (*1810 +1884) said: we are slavs for nationality but Italian for culture (the dalmatian were born to the sea (adriatic sea).... the autonomist want a multicultural region, with respect for the ancient Italian roots and the slavs tradition, about the Dalmatia destiny, they deny the unification with Croatia, because Dalmatia had different roots and multicultural traditions: croatian catholics, serbian orthodox, Serbian-Croat muslims, italian dalmatian, the people were bilingual, spoken slavonian (dialect modern serbo-Croat) and Italian (istrian, dalmatian-veneto dialect), etc.).

This political division also had its roots in class, as the greater part of the autonomous party, which wanted Dalmatian autonomy withinin frame of Austria and was against joining the other parts of Croatia, as wanted by Croatian People's Party, belonged to the richer strata of officials and administrators.

In 1889, Serbian political circle in Dubrovnik supported Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, candidate of Autonomous Party, vs the candidate of Popular Party Vlaho de Giulli, in 1890 election to Dalmatian Diet.[6] Following year during the local government election, Autonomous Party with Serbian Party obtain the municipal reelection with Frano Gondola, who died in charge 1899, the aliance won again the election 27 May 1894. Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola was founded the Societa Philately in 4 December 1890.

In 1893, the minister of the city, Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, opened the monument for Ivan Gundulić in Piazza Gundulić (Gondola).

1921–1991

With fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the city was incorporated into the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The name of the city was officially changed from Ragusa to Dubrovnik.

In 1921 Pero Cingrija died (born 1837), politician and one of the leaders of the People's Party in Dalmatia. It was thanks to his efforts that the People's Party and the Party of Right were fused into one Croatian Party in 1905

In World War II, Dubrovnik became part of the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia, occupied by an Italian army first, and by a German army after September 1943. In October 1944 Tito's partisans entered Dubrovnik, that became consequently part of Communist Yugoslavia. Soon after their arrival into the city, Partisans sentenced approximately 78 citizens to death without trial, including a Catholic priest.[7]

Breakdown of Yugoslavia

Dubrovnik Shelling (black dots) 1991 to 1992.

In 1991 Croatia and Slovenia, which at that time were republics within Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, declared their independence. At that event, Socialist Republic of Croatia was renamed Republic of Croatia.

Despite demilitarization of the old town in early 1970s in an attempt to prevent it from ever becoming a casualty of war, following Croatia's independence in 1991, Serbian-Montenegrin remains of Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) attacked the city. The regime in Montenegro led by Momir Bulatovic which was installed and loyal to the Serbian government led by Slobodan Milosevic declared that Dubrovnik would not be permitted to remain in Croatia because they claimed that it was historically part of Montenegro.[1] This was in spite of the large Croat majority in the city and that very few Montenegrins resided there, though Serbs accounted for six percent of the population.[2] Many consider the claims by the Bulatovic government, as being part of Serbian President Milosevic's plan to deliver his nationalist supporters the Greater Serbia they desired as Yugoslavia collapsed.[3]

On October 1, 1991 Dubrovnik was attacked by JNA with a siege of Dubrovnik that lasted for seven months. Heaviest artillery attack happened on December 6 with 19 people killed and 60 wounded. Total casualties in the conflict according to Croatian Red Cross were 114 killed civilians, among them celebrated poet Milan Milisić. In May 1992 the Croatian Army liberated Dubrovnik and its surroundings, but the danger of sudden attacks by the JNA lasted for another three years.

Following the end of the war, damage caused by the shelling of the Old Town was repaired. Adhering to UNESCO guidelines, repairs were performed in the original style. As of 2005, most damage had been repaired. The inflicted damage can be seen on a chart near the city gate, showing all artillery hits during the siege. ICTY indictments were issued for JNA generals and officers involved in the bombing.

The final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts says:

Due to the ideal observation capacity that the JNA enjoyed through its command of the high ground, the air, and the sea, it seems clear that (at best) the JNA was indifferent to the civilian casualties it caused or (at worst) it deliberately and systematically targeted civilians and civilian objects throughout this period.

General Pavle Strugar, who was coordinating the attack on the city, was sentenced to an eight year prison term by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for his role in the attack of the city.

The 1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash killed everyone on a United States Air Force jet with VIP passengers.

Video of the attack on Dubrovnik

Today

Old City of Dubrovnik*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Old Harbour at Dubrovnik
State Party Flag of Croatia Croatia
Type Cultural
Criteria i, iii, iv
Reference 95
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1979  (3rd Session)
Extensions 1994
Endangered 1991-1998
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

The annual Dubrovnik Summer Festival is a cultural event when keys of the city are given to artists who entertain Dubrovnik's population and their guests for entire month with live plays, concerts, and games.

Ivan Gundulić, a 17th century Croatian writer, predicted the downfall of the great Turkish Empire in his great poem Osman. He wrote these immortal verses that are performed on every opening of the world famous Dubrovnik Summer Festival:

O, beautiful liberty, dear and sweet,


Thou heavenly gift where riches all meet,


Actual source of our glory of these hours,


The sole adornment of this grove of ours,


All silver, all gold, and our lives so dear,


Cannot recompense thy beauty so clear.

With these verses Dubrovnik major invites actors and poems to enter through main gates inside city stone walls. As a young actor Goran Višnjić played Hamlet at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. He was noticed and approved by the public at the very start of his career. The Dubrovnik Summer Festival has been awarded its first Gold International Trophy for Quality (2007) by the Editorial Office in collaboration with the Trade Leaders Club.

February 3 is the feast of Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), who is the city's patron saint. Every year the city of Dubrovnik celebrates the holiday with Mass, parades, and festivities that last for several days.[8]

Dubrovnik and its surroundings with numerous islands have a lot to offer in touristic activities for younger generations. Also popular are climbing on steep hills, hiking through the Mediterranean nature, and swimming in the clean, transparent sea.

New historical discoveries say that the usual misconception of Dubrovnik coming to be as joining of Laus island and Slav settlement of Dubrovnik is disputed by the fact that there was no island of Laus, only a peninsula, and it seems that there was a port on its location dating back to ancient history (thought to be the lost port of Heraclea).[citation needed]

Heritage

The patron saint of the city is Sveti Vlaho (Saint Blaise), whose statues are seen around the city. He has an importance similar to that of St. Mark the Evangelist to Venice. The city's cathedral is named after Saint Blaise. The city boasts of many old buildings, such as the Arboretum Trsteno, the oldest arboretum in the world, dating back to before 1492. Also, the third oldest European pharmacy is located in the city, which dates back to 1317 (and is the only one still in operation today). It is located at Little Brothers church in Dubrovnik.[9]

In history, many Conversos (Marranos) were attracted to Dubrovnik, formerly a considerable seaport. In May, 1544, a ship landed there filled exclusively with Portuguese refugees, as Balthasar de Faria reported to King John. Another admirer of Dubrovnik, George Bernard Shaw, visited the city in 1929 and said: "If you want to see heaven on earth, come to Dubrovnik." This sentence is commonly used by tourist guides to describe the city.

In the bay of Dubrovnik is the 72-hectare wooded island of Lokrum, where according to legend, Richard the Lionheart was cast ashore after being shipwrecked in 1192. The island includes a fortress, botanical garden, monastery and naturist beach.

Dubrovnik has also been mentioned in popular film and theater. In the film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea with Michael Caine, one of the characters said to have been dreaming of fairy from Dubrovnik (motive known from local legends and literature). In the film Rosemary's Baby, Roman Castevet, the leader of the witch coven, is falsely said to be in Dubrovnik, leading Rosemary to exclaim on his presence, "You're in Dubrovnik, I can't hear you." The 12th season of The Amazing Race, the remaining contestants went to the city of Dubrovnik.

Important monuments

Few of Dubrovnik's Renaissance buildings survived the earthquake of 1667 but fortunately enough remain to give an idea of the city's architectural heritage. [citation needed] The finest Renaissance highlight is the Sponza Palace which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The Rectors Palace is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that displays finely-carved capitals and an ornate staircase. It now houses a museum. The St Saviour Church is another fine remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the much-visited Franciscan Monastery. Over the entrance is a sculpture of the Pieta that dates from the late-Gothic period but the best part of the monastery is the Cloister with a colonnade of octagonal columns.

Dubrovnik's most beloved church is St Blaise's church, built in the 18th century in honor of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral was built in the 18th century and houses an impressive Treasury with relics of Saint Blaise. The city's Dominican Monastery resembles a fortress on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church. [citation needed]

A striking feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run 2km around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are much thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the vulnerable city but now make one of the most picturesque sights in the Adriatic.[10]

Transport

Dubrovnik Airport

Dubrovnik has an international airport of its own. The airport is located approximately 20 km (12 mi) from Dubrovnik city center, near Ćilipi. Buses connect the airport with the Dubrovnik bus station. In addition, a network of modern, local buses connects all Dubrovnik neighborhoods running frequently from dawn to midnight.

The A1 highway, in use between Zagreb and Šestanovac, is planned to be extended all the way to Dubrovnik. The highway will cross the, currently in construction, Pelješac Bridge. An alternative plan proposes the highway running from Neum through Bosnia and Herzegovina and an expressway continuing to Dubrovnik. This plan has fallen out of favor, though.

Education

Dubrovnik has a number of educational institutions. These include the University of Dubrovnik, a Nautical College, a Tourist College, a University Centre for Postgraduate Studies of the University of Zagreb, American College of Management and Technology, and an Institute of History of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Climate

The climate along the Dubrovnik Region is a typical Mediterranean one, with mild, rainy winters and hot and dry summers. However, it is perhaps distinct from other Mediterranean climates because of the unusual winds and frequency of thunderstorms. The Bora wind blows uncomfortably cold gusts down the Adriatic coast between October and April, and thundery conditions are common all the year round, even in summer, when they interrupt the warm, sunny days. The air temperatures can slightly vary, depending on the area or region. Typically, in July and August daytime maximum temperatures reach 29°C, and at night drop to around 21°C. More comfortable, perhaps, is the climate in Spring and Autumn when maximum temperatures are typically between 20°C and 28°C.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
Avg high °C (°F) 12.2 (54.0) 12.3 (54.1) 14.4 (57.9) 16.9 (62.4) 21.3 (70.3) 25.2 (77.4) 28.3 (82.9) 28.7 (83.7) 25.4 (77.7) 21.4 (70.5) 16.6 (61.9) 13.3 (55.9)
Avg low °C (°F) 6.5 (43.7) 6.4 (43.5) 8.5 (47.3) 10.9 (51.6) 15.2 (59.4) 18.8 (65.8) 21.5 (70.7) 21.7 (71.1) 18.7 (65.7) 15.2 (59.4) 10.8 (51.4) 7.8 (46.0)
Source: Worldweather.org
  • Air temperature
    • average annual
16.4°C (61.5°F)
  • average of coldest period = January
9 °C (48.2 °F)
  • average of warmest period = August
24.9 °C (76.8 °F)
  • Sea temperature
    • average May – September
17.9 °C - 23.8 °C (64.2 °F - 74.8 °F)
  • Salinity
    • approximately 38 ‰ (parts per thousand)
  • Precipitation
    • average annual
1,020.8 mm
    • average annual rain days
109.2
  • Sunshine
    • average annual
2629 h
    • average daily hours
7.2 h

Notable people from Dubrovnik

  • Franco Sacchetti (1332-1400), Italian poet
  • Marin Držić (1508-1567), Croatian playwright and prose writer
  • Cvijeta Zuzorić (c. 1552 - c. 1600), Croatian poetess
  • Dinko Zlatarić (1558-1613), Croatian poet and translator
  • Marin Getaldić (1568–1626), Croatian scientist
  • Ivan Gundulić (1589-1638) Croatian poet
  • Ruđer Bošković (1711-1787), Croatian scientist, diplomat and poet
  • Vlaho Getaldić (1788-1872), politician, noble, poet
  • Niko Pucić (1820-1883) - Croatian politician and nobleman
  • Medo Pucić (1821-1882) - Croatian writer, politician and nobleman
  • Federico Seismit-Doda (1825-1893), Italian politician
  • Frano Getaldić-Gundulić (1833-1899) - soldier, statesman, nobleman, Knight of Malta
  • Pero Budmani (1835-1914), linguist
  • Vlaho Bukovac (1855-1922),Croatian painter
  • Ivo Vojnović (1857-1929), Croatian writer
  • Antun Fabris (1864-1904), Croatian journalist and politician
  • Frano Supilo (1870-1917), Croatian politician and journalist
  • Blagoje Bersa (1873-1934),Croatian musician
  • Eduard Miloslavić (1884-1952), scientist
  • Branko Bauer (born 1921), Croatian film director
  • Ottavio Missoni (born 1921), Italian fashion designer
  • Marin Bunić (1924-1994), World War II survivor who led Croatian immigration wave to Lima, Peru
  • Tereza Kesovija (born 1938), Croatian singer
  • Božo Vuletić (born 1958), Croatian waterpolo player, Olympic gold medalist
  • Goran Sukno (born 1959), Croatian waterpolo player, Olympic gold medalist
  • Veselin Đuho (born 1960), Croatian waterpolo player and coach, double Olympic gold medalist
  • Sanja Jovanović (born 1986), Olympic swimmer

Sister cities

  • Flag of Austria Graz, Austria, since 1994.
  • Flag of Germany Bad Homburg, Germany, since 2002.
  • Flag of Sweden Helsingborg, Sweden, since 1998.
  • Flag of Croatia Vukovar, Croatia, since 1993.
  • Flag of Italy Ravenna, Italy, since 1969.
  • Flag of United States Monterey, California, USA, since 2007.

Images

Panorama

Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik
Panorama view on the Old Town of Dubrovnik

Gallery

  • Walls of Dubrovnik

  • Walls of Dubrovnik-14.jpg
  • Walls of Dubrovnik-3.jpg
  • Walls of Dubrovnik-7.jpg

  • Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Velika Gospa)

  • Massive walls

  • Lovrijenac Tower

  • Onofrio's Fountain and the Church of Saint Saviour

  • Orlando, Dubrovnik, Croatia.JPG

    The Orlando statue, symbol of a free city

  • Church of St. Blasius by night

  • Dubrovnik walls.JPG

    Dubrovnik as seen from its wall

See also

  • Atlantska Plovidba d.d.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ City of Dubrovnik. Dubrovnik.hr. Accessed on July 2, 2007
  2. ↑ Dubrovnik. History.com Encyclopedia. Accessed on July 2, 2007
  3. ↑ http://edu.let.unicas.it/bmb/sigle/bibsc_d.htm
  4. ↑ http://www.crociereonline.net/destinazioni/dubrovnik.htm
  5. ↑ http://www.indalmazia.com/citta_dubrovnik.htm
  6. ↑ http://books.google.cl/books?lr=&id=GOVJAAAAMAAJ&dq=dubrovnik+gondola&q=gondola&pgis=1
  7. ↑ Nakon ulaska partizana u Dubrovnik u listopadu 1944.: Partizani pogubili hrvatske antifašiste | Izdvojeno | Glas Koncila
  8. ↑ Dubrovnik news
  9. ↑ Dubrovnik Online, monuments in Dubrovnik
  10. ↑ Croatia Traveller, Dubrovnik

Further reading

  • Harris, Robin. Dubrovnik, A History. London: Saqi Books, 2003. ISBN 0-86356-332-5
  • Kremenjas-Danicic, Adriana (Editor-in-Chief): Roland's European Paths. Dubrovnik: Europski dom Dubrovnik, 2006. ISBN 953-95338-0-5

External links

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