Difference between revisions of "Spodumene" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox mineral | {{Infobox mineral | ||
| − | | name | + | | name = Spodumene |
| − | | category | + | | category = |
| − | | boxwidth | + | | boxwidth = |
| − | | boxbgcolor | + | | boxbgcolor = |
| − | | image | + | | image = Spodumene.jpg |
| − | | caption | + | | caption = An almost colorless kunzite crystal (upper left), a cut pale pink kunzite (upper right) and a greenish hiddenite crystal (below). |
| − | | formula | + | | formula = [[lithium]] [[aluminum]] silicate, LiAl(SiO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> |
| − | | color | + | | molweight = |
| − | | habit | + | | color = Highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green |
| − | | system | + | | habit = prismatic, generally flattened and elongated |
| − | | twinning | + | | system = [[monoclinic]]; 2/m |
| − | | cleavage | + | | twinning = |
| − | | fracture | + | | cleavage = Perfect prismatic, two directions at nearly 90° |
| − | | mohs | + | | fracture = Sub-conchoidal |
| − | | luster | + | | mohs = 6.5 - 7 |
| − | | refractive | + | | luster = Vitreous |
| + | | refractive = 1.66-1.68 | ||
| opticalprop = | | opticalprop = | ||
| birefringence = | | birefringence = | ||
| − | | pleochroism = Strong in kunzite: pink, | + | | pleochroism = Strong in kunzite: pink, colorless; hiddenite: yellow-green, blue-green |
| − | | streak | + | | streak = white |
| − | | gravity | + | | gravity = 3.17-3.19 |
| − | | melt | + | | density = |
| − | | fusibility | + | | melt = |
| − | | diagnostic | + | | fusibility = 3.5 |
| − | | solubility | + | | diagnostic = |
| + | | solubility = insoluble | ||
| diaphaneity = | | diaphaneity = | ||
| − | | other | + | | other = [[Tenebrescence]], [[chatoyancy]], kunzite often [[fluorescent]] under [[UV]] |
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Spodumene''' is a [[pyroxene]] [[mineral]] consisting of [[lithium]] [[aluminum]] [[Silicate minerals|inosilicate]] | + | '''Spodumene''' is a [[pyroxene]] [[mineral]] consisting of [[lithium]] [[aluminum]] [[Silicate minerals|inosilicate]]. It has a vitreous luster and occurs in a range of colors. The purplish or lilac variety is called ''kunzite'', and the yellowish-green or emerald-green variety is known as ''hiddenite''. Other [[crystal]]s range from colorless to yellow. The crystals are often quite large. For example, single crystals over ten meters in size are reported from the [[Black Hills]] of [[South Dakota]]. |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | This mineral is an important source of lithium, which in turn has a range of applications, including its use in certain types of batteries, ceramics, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, kunzite and hiddenite are valued as [[gemstone]] material. | ||
| − | + | == Etymology == | |
| − | '' | + | The name ''spodumene'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''spodoumenos'', meaning "reduced to ashes." It refers to the opaque, ash-gray material that is formed when the mineral is burnt, such as for industrial use. |
== Occurrence == | == Occurrence == | ||
| − | Spodumene occurs in lithium rich [[granite]]s and [[pegmatite]]s. | + | Spodumene occurs in lithium-rich [[granite]]s and [[pegmatite]]s. Kunzite has been found in [[Brazil]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], [[Mexico]], [[Sweden]], [[Western Australia]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Pakistan]]. Large quantities of hiddenite have been mined from [[North Carolina]]. In addition, hiddenite has been found in Brazil, [[China]], and [[Madagascar]]. Green spodumene found in Afghanistan and Pakistan has excited modest controversy in the mineral and gemological communities. The debate has been over whether it should be truly considered "hiddenite," amid claims that the green coloration could have been induced by irradiation. |
== Characteristics == | == Characteristics == | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | The chemical formula of spodumene can be written as LiAl(SiO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It has a hardness of 6.5-7 on the [[Mohs scale]], and a specific gravity of 3.17-3.19. Kunzite and hiddenite are noted for their strong [[pleochroism]]. | |
| − | + | Crystals of spodumene are formed in the [[monoclinic]] system and are typically heavily striated parallel to the main axis. The crystal habit is prismatic, with flattened and elongated shapes. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings. | |
| − | + | ==Kunzite== | |
| + | [[Image:Kunzite.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Kunzite]] | ||
| − | + | The pink to lilac color of kunzite comes from minor to trace amounts of [[manganese]]. Some (but not all) samples of kunzite used for gemstones have been heated to enhance their color. This variety of spodumene was named in honor of New York mineralogist and gemologist [[George Frederick Kunz]]. | |
| − | = | + | <br=clear all> |
| − | |||
| − | + | == Discovery and history of hiddenite == | |
| − | |||
| − | + | The first specimens of hiddenite were recovered about 1879 near the tiny settlement of White Plains, west of Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina. According to contemporary accounts, a young man named Lackey brought them to the attention of J.A.D. Stephenson, a local merchant who was an ardent collector of minerals. Initially, the samples were thought to be gemmy diopside. | |
| − | + | Stephenson brought the discovery to the attention of exploration geologist William Earl Hidden, who had been commissioned by Thomas Edison to search for any sources of platinum in North Carolina (an effort that was astonishingly unsuccessful). Hidden sent samples of the odd green material to [[John Lawrence Smith]], a prominent chemist and mineralogist of Louisville, Kentucky. Smith correctly identified the specimens as being a variety of spodumene, and named them “hiddenite” in honor of Hidden. The community in which the gemstones were first found would later be renamed "Hiddenite." During the hey-day of hiddenite mining in the 1880s and 1890s it was also known as “lithia emerald.” | |
| − | + | Hidden recognized the value of the emeralds and the potential of the new gemmy green spodumene. He acquired a tract of poor quality land, which was either the site of the initial discovery or near it, for $1,500. The Emerald and Hiddenite Mining Company was organized, and excavations on the site quickly recovered loose hiddenites and emeralds in the red, gravelly clay. At a depth of about 26 feet, they struck bedrock and soon began recovering hiddenites from solid rock. Oddly, period newspaper accounts and statements by Kunz (1892) indicate that mining on the site was never undertaken as a full-time operation but was only prosecuted a few weeks or months during the summer. | |
| − | + | Writing in 1892, Kunz described the hiddenite being recovered as “always transparent, ranges from colorless (rare) to a light yellow, into a yellowish green, then into a deep yellow emerald green. Sometimes an entire crystal has a uniform green color, but generally one end is yellow and the other green.” Kunz noted that the finest crystal recovered prior to 1892 measured 68 millimeters tall, and could have cut a gem of 5.5 carat estimated weight. The size of most cut gems were small, with a two-carat hiddenite in the Augustus C. Hamlin collection being considered amoung the finest of the large stones. | |
| − | == | + | == Applications and economic importance == |
| − | + | Transparent spodumene, particularly the kunzite and hiddenite varieties, are valued as [[gemstone]]s. In addition, spodumene is an important source of lithium, which in turn is used in industrial ceramics, mobile phone and automotive batteries, and medicine. Lithium is also a fluxing agent. | |
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| − | + | World production of lithium from spodumene is around 80,000 metric tons per annum, primarily from the Greenbushes pegmatite of Western [[Australia]], and some Chinese and Chilean sources. Yet, spodumene is becoming less important as a source of lithium due to the emergence of alkaline brine lake sources in [[China]] and [[Argentina]], which produces lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide directly. | |
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Gemstone]] | ||
* [[Lithium]] | * [[Lithium]] | ||
* [[Mineral]] | * [[Mineral]] | ||
* [[Silicate]] | * [[Silicate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Farndon, John. 2006. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks''. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412 | ||
| + | * Genth, F. A. 1883. Hiddenite. ''American Journal of Science'' 23:68. | ||
| + | * Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. ''Manual of Mineral Science''. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574 | ||
| + | * Palache, C., S.C. Davidson, and E.A. Goranson. 1930. The Hiddenite deposit in Alexander County, North Carolina. ''American Mineralogist'' 15:280. | ||
| + | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060 | ||
| + | * Schumann, Walter. 2006. ''Gemstones of the World'' 3rd ed. New York: Sterling. ISBN 1402740166 | ||
| + | * Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == External links == | ||
| + | All links retrieved February 7, 2023. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://webmineral.com/data/Spodumene.shtml Spodumene Mineral Data] ''Webmineral.com''. | ||
| + | * [http://www.mindat.org/min-3733.html Spodumene] ''Mindat.org''. | ||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:42, 7 February 2023
| Spodumene | |
|---|---|
 An almost colorless kunzite crystal (upper left), a cut pale pink kunzite (upper right) and a greenish hiddenite crystal (below). |
|
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Chemical formula | lithium aluminum silicate, LiAl(SiO3)2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green |
| Crystal habit | prismatic, generally flattened and elongated |
| Crystal system | monoclinic; 2/m |
| Cleavage | Perfect prismatic, two directions at nearly 90° |
| Fracture | Sub-conchoidal |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Refractive index | 1.66-1.68 |
| Pleochroism | Strong in kunzite: pink, colorless; hiddenite: yellow-green, blue-green |
| Streak | white |
| Specific gravity | 3.17-3.19 |
| Fusibility | 3.5 |
| Solubility | insoluble |
| Other Characteristics | Tenebrescence, chatoyancy, kunzite often fluorescent under UV |
Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminum inosilicate. It has a vitreous luster and occurs in a range of colors. The purplish or lilac variety is called kunzite, and the yellowish-green or emerald-green variety is known as hiddenite. Other crystals range from colorless to yellow. The crystals are often quite large. For example, single crystals over ten meters in size are reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota.
This mineral is an important source of lithium, which in turn has a range of applications, including its use in certain types of batteries, ceramics, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, kunzite and hiddenite are valued as gemstone material.
Etymology
The name spodumene is derived from the Greek word spodoumenos, meaning "reduced to ashes." It refers to the opaque, ash-gray material that is formed when the mineral is burnt, such as for industrial use.
Occurrence
Spodumene occurs in lithium-rich granites and pegmatites. Kunzite has been found in Brazil, United States, Canada, Commonwealth of Independent States, Mexico, Sweden, Western Australia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Large quantities of hiddenite have been mined from North Carolina. In addition, hiddenite has been found in Brazil, China, and Madagascar. Green spodumene found in Afghanistan and Pakistan has excited modest controversy in the mineral and gemological communities. The debate has been over whether it should be truly considered "hiddenite," amid claims that the green coloration could have been induced by irradiation.
Characteristics
The chemical formula of spodumene can be written as LiAl(SiO3)2. It has a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, and a specific gravity of 3.17-3.19. Kunzite and hiddenite are noted for their strong pleochroism.
Crystals of spodumene are formed in the monoclinic system and are typically heavily striated parallel to the main axis. The crystal habit is prismatic, with flattened and elongated shapes. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings.
Kunzite
The pink to lilac color of kunzite comes from minor to trace amounts of manganese. Some (but not all) samples of kunzite used for gemstones have been heated to enhance their color. This variety of spodumene was named in honor of New York mineralogist and gemologist George Frederick Kunz.
<br=clear all>
The first specimens of hiddenite were recovered about 1879 near the tiny settlement of White Plains, west of Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina. According to contemporary accounts, a young man named Lackey brought them to the attention of J.A.D. Stephenson, a local merchant who was an ardent collector of minerals. Initially, the samples were thought to be gemmy diopside.
Stephenson brought the discovery to the attention of exploration geologist William Earl Hidden, who had been commissioned by Thomas Edison to search for any sources of platinum in North Carolina (an effort that was astonishingly unsuccessful). Hidden sent samples of the odd green material to John Lawrence Smith, a prominent chemist and mineralogist of Louisville, Kentucky. Smith correctly identified the specimens as being a variety of spodumene, and named them “hiddenite” in honor of Hidden. The community in which the gemstones were first found would later be renamed "Hiddenite." During the hey-day of hiddenite mining in the 1880s and 1890s it was also known as “lithia emerald.”
Hidden recognized the value of the emeralds and the potential of the new gemmy green spodumene. He acquired a tract of poor quality land, which was either the site of the initial discovery or near it, for $1,500. The Emerald and Hiddenite Mining Company was organized, and excavations on the site quickly recovered loose hiddenites and emeralds in the red, gravelly clay. At a depth of about 26 feet, they struck bedrock and soon began recovering hiddenites from solid rock. Oddly, period newspaper accounts and statements by Kunz (1892) indicate that mining on the site was never undertaken as a full-time operation but was only prosecuted a few weeks or months during the summer.
Writing in 1892, Kunz described the hiddenite being recovered as “always transparent, ranges from colorless (rare) to a light yellow, into a yellowish green, then into a deep yellow emerald green. Sometimes an entire crystal has a uniform green color, but generally one end is yellow and the other green.” Kunz noted that the finest crystal recovered prior to 1892 measured 68 millimeters tall, and could have cut a gem of 5.5 carat estimated weight. The size of most cut gems were small, with a two-carat hiddenite in the Augustus C. Hamlin collection being considered amoung the finest of the large stones.
Applications and economic importance
Transparent spodumene, particularly the kunzite and hiddenite varieties, are valued as gemstones. In addition, spodumene is an important source of lithium, which in turn is used in industrial ceramics, mobile phone and automotive batteries, and medicine. Lithium is also a fluxing agent.
World production of lithium from spodumene is around 80,000 metric tons per annum, primarily from the Greenbushes pegmatite of Western Australia, and some Chinese and Chilean sources. Yet, spodumene is becoming less important as a source of lithium due to the emergence of alkaline brine lake sources in China and Argentina, which produces lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide directly.
See also
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Farndon, John. 2006. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412
- Genth, F. A. 1883. Hiddenite. American Journal of Science 23:68.
- Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. Manual of Mineral Science. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574
- Palache, C., S.C. Davidson, and E.A. Goranson. 1930. The Hiddenite deposit in Alexander County, North Carolina. American Mineralogist 15:280.
- Pellant, Chris. 2002. Rocks and Minerals. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060
- Schumann, Walter. 2006. Gemstones of the World 3rd ed. New York: Sterling. ISBN 1402740166
- Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321
External links
All links retrieved February 7, 2023.
- Spodumene Mineral Data Webmineral.com.
- Spodumene Mindat.org.
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