Difference between revisions of "Persian Gulf" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Ocean | {{Infobox Ocean | ||
| Ocean_name = Persian Gulf | | Ocean_name = Persian Gulf | ||
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| image_bathymetry = | | image_bathymetry = | ||
| caption_bathymetry= | | caption_bathymetry= | ||
| − | | location = | + | | location = Southwest Asia |
| coords = | | coords = | ||
| type =Gulf | | type =Gulf | ||
| − | | inflow = | + | | inflow = Sea of Oman |
| outflow = | | outflow = | ||
| catchment = | | catchment = | ||
| − | | basin_countries = | + | | basin_countries = Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman (exclave of Musandam) |
| length =989 km | | length =989 km | ||
| width = 56 km (min) | | width = 56 km (min) | ||
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| max-depth =90 m | | max-depth =90 m | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | The '''Persian Gulf''', in the [[Southwest Asia]]n region, is an extension of the [[Indian Ocean]] located between [[Iran]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. | + | The '''Persian Gulf''', in the [[Southwest Asia]]n region, is an extension of the [[Indian Ocean]] located between [[Iran]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the ''Arabian Gulf'' by certain [[Arab]] countries or simply ''The Gulf'', although neither of the latter two terms is recognized internationally. |
| − | The Persian Gulf was a focus of the 1980- | + | The Persian Gulf was a focus of the 1980-1988 [[Iraq-Iran War]], in which each side attacked the other's [[petroleum|oil]] [[tanker]]s. In 1991, the gulf gave its name to the U.S.-led ejection of [[Iraq]]i forces from [[Kuwait]], called the Persian Gulf War or the [[Gulf War]] even though most of the action took place on land. |
| − | The Persian Gulf is rich with good fishing grounds, extensive [[coral | + | The Persian Gulf is rich with good [[fishing]] grounds, extensive [[coral]] reefs, and abundant [[pearl]] [[oyster]]s, but its [[ecology]] has come under pressure from industrialization, in particular, repeated petroleum spillages during recent wars. |
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
| − | This inland sea of some 251,000 km² is connected to the [[Gulf of Oman]] in the east by the [[Strait of Hormuz]]; and its western end is marked by the major [[river delta]] of the [[Shatt al-Arab]], which carries the waters of the [[Euphrates]] and the [[Tigris]]. Its length is 989 kilometres, with [[Iran]] occupying most of the northern coast and [[Saudi Arabia]] most of the southern coast. The gulf is about 56 kilometres wide at its narrowest, in the | + | This inland sea of some 251,000 km² is connected to the [[Gulf of Oman]] in the east by the [[Strait of Hormuz]]; and its western end is marked by the major [[river delta]] of the [[Shatt al-Arab]], which carries the waters of the [[Euphrates]] and the [[Tigris]]. Its length is 989 kilometres, with [[Iran]] occupying most of the northern coast and [[Saudi Arabia]] most of the southern coast. The gulf is about 56 kilometres wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres and an average depth of 50 metres. |
Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, [[Oman]] (exclave of [[Musandam]]), [[United Arab Emirates]], Saudi Arabia, [[Qatar]] on a [[peninsula]] off the Saudi coast, [[Bahrain]] on an island, [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]] in the northwest. [[List of islands in the Persian Gulf|Various small islands]] lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are subject to [[territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf|territorial disputes]] by the states of the region. | Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, [[Oman]] (exclave of [[Musandam]]), [[United Arab Emirates]], Saudi Arabia, [[Qatar]] on a [[peninsula]] off the Saudi coast, [[Bahrain]] on an island, [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]] in the northwest. [[List of islands in the Persian Gulf|Various small islands]] lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are subject to [[territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf|territorial disputes]] by the states of the region. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
[[Image:Persian Gulf map.png|300px|right|thumb|Map of the Persian Gulf. The [[Gulf of Oman]] leads to the [[Arabian Sea]]. Detail from [[:Image:MiddleEast.png|larger map of the Middle East]].]] | [[Image:Persian Gulf map.png|300px|right|thumb|Map of the Persian Gulf. The [[Gulf of Oman]] leads to the [[Arabian Sea]]. Detail from [[:Image:MiddleEast.png|larger map of the Middle East]].]] | ||
| − | In 330 B.C.E., the [[Achaemenid Empire]] established the first Persian Empire in Pars (''Persis'', or modern ''Fars'') in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf.<ref>Touraj Daryaee, ''The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity'', [[Journal of World History]], Vol. 14, No. 1., March 2003, ([http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/14.1/daryaee.html ''LINK'']); accessed Fenruary 09, 2007</ref> | + | In 330 B.C.E..E., the [[Achaemenid Empire]] established the first Persian Empire in Pars (''Persis'', or modern ''Fars'') in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf.<ref>Touraj Daryaee, ''The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity'', [[Journal of World History]], Vol. 14, No. 1., March 2003, ([http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/14.1/daryaee.html ''LINK'']); accessed Fenruary 09, 2007</ref> |
Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, [[A. T. Wilson|Sir Arnold Wilson]] mentions in a book, published in 1928 that: | Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, [[A. T. Wilson|Sir Arnold Wilson]] mentions in a book, published in 1928 that: | ||
{{cquote|No water channel has been so significant as Persian Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>|cquote}} | {{cquote|No water channel has been so significant as Persian Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>|cquote}} | ||
| − | No written deed has remained since the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: "Jam Sea" | + | No written deed has remained since the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: "Jam Sea," "Iran Sea," "Pars Sea." |
| − | During the years: 550 to 330 B.C.E. coinciding with sovereignty of the first [[Persian Empire]] on the Middle East area, especially the whole part of Persian Gulf and some parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], the name of "Pars Sea" has been widely written in the compiled texts.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref> | + | During the years: 550 to 330 B.C.E..E. coinciding with sovereignty of the first [[Persian Empire]] on the Middle East area, especially the whole part of Persian Gulf and some parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], the name of "Pars Sea" has been widely written in the compiled texts.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref> |
| − | In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by [[Darius the Great]], to [[Susa]] and [[Persepolis]], and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the great, installed at junction of waters of Arabian Gulf (Ahmar Sea = Red sea) and Nile river and Rome river (current [[Mediterranean]]) which belongs to the 5th century | + | In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by [[Darius the Great]], to [[Susa]] and [[Persepolis]], and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the great, installed at junction of waters of Arabian Gulf (Ahmar Sea = Red sea) and Nile river and Rome river (current [[Mediterranean]]) which belongs to the 5th century B.C.E. where, Darius, the king of Achaemenid Empire has named the Persian Gulf Water Channel: '''Pars Sea'''.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref> |
==Naming dispute== | ==Naming dispute== | ||
[[Image:Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG|thumb|300px|A historical map of the Persian Gulf in [[Sheikh Saeed House|a Dubai museum]], [[United Arab Emirates]] with the word ''Persian'' removed.]] | [[Image:Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG|thumb|300px|A historical map of the Persian Gulf in [[Sheikh Saeed House|a Dubai museum]], [[United Arab Emirates]] with the word ''Persian'' removed.]] | ||
{{Mainarticle|Persian Gulf naming dispute}} | {{Mainarticle|Persian Gulf naming dispute}} | ||
| − | With the rise of Arab nationalism ([[Pan-Arabism]]) in the 1960s, some Arab states of the region started adopting the term "Arabian Gulf" (in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الخلیج العربي ''al-khalīj al-ʿarabī'') to refer to the waterway.<ref name="LINK">Niusha Boghrati, ''Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran'', World Press.com, dated December 28, 2006 ([http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm ''LINK''])</ref> However, this naming has not found much acceptance outside of the Arab world, and is not recognized by the [[United Nations]]<ref>UN Map ([http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/docs/escwa.pdf ''LINK''])</ref><ref>UN Map of Iran([http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/iran.pdf])</ref><ref>UN Map of Western Asia, ([http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/westasia.pdf])</ref><ref name="LINK"/> or any other international organization.<ref>. The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion edited by Gary G. Sick, Lawrence G. Potter, pg 8</ref><ref name="LINK"/> The [[United Nations Secretariat]] on many occasions has requested that only "Persian Gulf" be used as the official and standard geographical designation for the body of water.<ref>([http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm])</ref> Historically, "Arabian Gulf" has been a term used to indicate the [[Red Sea]].<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf])</ref><ref>[[Hecataeus]] (472 to 509 B.C.E.) can be stated where Persian Gulf and [[Red Sea|Arabian Gulf]] (Red Sea) have been clearly shown.</ref><ref>Also a map has remained from [[Herodotus]], the great Greek historian (425-484 B.C.E.) which introduces Red Sea as the Arabian Gulf</ref><ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref><ref>In the world map of Diseark (285-347 B.C.E.) too, Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf have been clearly distinct.</ref> At the same time, the historical veracity of the usage of "Persian Gulf" can be established from the works of many [[medieval]] historians.<ref>Many maps and deeds prepared up to the 8th century by the historians such as [[Arrian]], [[Hecataeus]], [[Herodotus]], Hiparek, Claudius Batlamious, Krats Malous.</ref><ref>Arriann, "Alexander Fleet in the Persian Gulf" | + | With the rise of Arab nationalism ([[Pan-Arabism]]) in the 1960s, some Arab states of the region started adopting the term "Arabian Gulf" (in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الخلیج العربي ''al-khalīj al-ʿarabī'') to refer to the waterway.<ref name="LINK">Niusha Boghrati, ''Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran'', World Press.com, dated December 28, 2006 ([http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm ''LINK''])</ref> However, this naming has not found much acceptance outside of the Arab world, and is not recognized by the [[United Nations]]<ref>UN Map ([http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/docs/escwa.pdf ''LINK''])</ref><ref>UN Map of Iran([http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/iran.pdf])</ref><ref>UN Map of Western Asia, ([http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/westasia.pdf])</ref><ref name="LINK"/> or any other international organization.<ref>. The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion edited by Gary G. Sick, Lawrence G. Potter, pg 8</ref><ref name="LINK"/> The [[United Nations Secretariat]] on many occasions has requested that only "Persian Gulf" be used as the official and standard geographical designation for the body of water.<ref>([http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm])</ref> Historically, "Arabian Gulf" has been a term used to indicate the [[Red Sea]].<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf])</ref><ref>[[Hecataeus]] (472 to 509 B.C.E..E.) can be stated where Persian Gulf and [[Red Sea|Arabian Gulf]] (Red Sea) have been clearly shown.</ref><ref>Also a map has remained from [[Herodotus]], the great Greek historian (425-484 B.C.E..E.) which introduces Red Sea as the Arabian Gulf</ref><ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref><ref>In the world map of Diseark (285-347 B.C.E..E.) too, Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf have been clearly distinct.</ref> At the same time, the historical veracity of the usage of "Persian Gulf" can be established from the works of many [[medieval]] historians.<ref>Many maps and deeds prepared up to the 8th century by the historians such as [[Arrian]], [[Hecataeus]], [[Herodotus]], Hiparek, Claudius Batlamious, Krats Malous.</ref><ref>Arriann, "Alexander Fleet in the Persian Gulf," in ''Anabasis Alexandri'': Book VIII (INDICA)</ref><ref>In the Islamic period, [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī|Khwārizmī]], Abou Yousef Eshagh Kandi, [[Ibn Khordadbeh]], [[Al-Battani|Batani (Harrani)]], [[Ali al-Masudi|Mas'udi]], [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi|Balkhi]], [[Istakhri|Estakhri]], Ibn Houghal, [[al-Biruni|Aboureyhan Birouni]] and others, mention that there is a wide sea at south of Iran named “Pars Sea,” “Pars Gulf,” “Fars Sea,” “Fars Gulf,” “Bahre Fars,” “Sinus Persicus” and “Mare Persicum” and so on.</ref><ref>In a book, named “Persilus Aryateria,” the Greek traveller of the 1st century C.E. has called the Red Sea as Arabian gulf; the Indian ocean has been named Aryateria Sea; the waters at Oman Coast is called Pars Sea; Barbarus region (between Oman and Yemen coast are called belonging to Pars, and the Gulf located at south side of Iran is named: Persian Gulf. By describing the water body, the life of Persians living at both sides have also been confirmed.</ref><ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]); accessed February 09, 2007</ref> |
At the Twenty-third session of the United Nations in March-April 2006, the name "Persian Gulf" was confirmed again as the legitimate and official term to be used by members of the United Nations.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]).</ref> | At the Twenty-third session of the United Nations in March-April 2006, the name "Persian Gulf" was confirmed again as the legitimate and official term to be used by members of the United Nations.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/gegn23wp61.pdf]).</ref> | ||
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{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} | {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} | ||
===Pre-Islamic era=== | ===Pre-Islamic era=== | ||
| − | For most of the history of human settlement in the Persian Gulf the southern side was ruled by nomadic tribes. During the end of [[fourth millennium | + | For most of the history of human settlement in the Persian Gulf the southern side was ruled by nomadic tribes. During the end of [[fourth millennium B.C.E.]] the southern part of the Persian Gulf was dominated by the [[Dilmun]] civilization. For a long time the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was [[Gerrha]]. In the second century [[Lakhmids|the Lakhum tribe]], who lived in Yemen, migrated north and founded the [[Lakhmid|Lakhmid Kingdom]] along the southern coast. During the 7th century the [[Sassanid Empire]] conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf. |
| − | Between 625 | + | Between 625 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. the northern side was dominated by the [[Median Empire|Median]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] and [[Parthian empire]]s. After the fall of the [[Parthian Empire]], the [[Sassanid empire]] ruled the northern half and at times the southern half of the Persian Gulf. the Persian Gulf, along with the [[Silk Road]] was very important to trade in the Sassanid empire. [[Siraf]] was an ancient Sassanid port that was located on the north shore of the Persian Gulf in what is now the Iranian province of [[Bushehr]]. |
===Colonial era=== | ===Colonial era=== | ||
| − | Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early sixteenth century following [[Vasco da Gama]]'s voyages of exploration saw them battle the [[Ottomans]] up the coast of the [[Persian Gulf]]. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander [[Antonio Correia]] invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. In 1602, Shāh ‘Abbās expelled the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] from Bahrain.<ref>Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800" | + | Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early sixteenth century following [[Vasco da Gama]]'s voyages of exploration saw them battle the [[Ottomans]] up the coast of the [[Persian Gulf]]. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander [[Antonio Correia]] invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. In 1602, Shāh ‘Abbās expelled the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] from Bahrain.<ref>Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800," p. 186, through JSTOR. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-7438%28198705%2919%3A2%3C177%3AREOTAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X]</ref> With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the island of [[Hormuz]] from the Portuguese: much of the trade was diverted to the town of [[Bandar Abbas|Bandar 'Abbās]] which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened to a flourishing commerce with Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and British merchants, which were granted particular privileges. |
{{see also|British Residency of the Persian Gulf}} | {{see also|British Residency of the Persian Gulf}} | ||
Revision as of 17:31, 8 January 2009
| Persian Gulf | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | Southwest Asia |
| Ocean type | Gulf |
| Primary sources | Sea of Oman |
| Basin countries | Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman (exclave of Musandam) |
| Max length | 989 km |
| Max width | 56 km (min) |
| Surface area | 251,000 km2 |
| Average depth | 50 m |
| Max depth | 90 m |
The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf by certain Arab countries or simply The Gulf, although neither of the latter two terms is recognized internationally.
The Persian Gulf was a focus of the 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the gulf gave its name to the U.S.-led ejection of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, called the Persian Gulf War or the Gulf War even though most of the action took place on land.
The Persian Gulf is rich with good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, in particular, repeated petroleum spillages during recent wars.
Geography
This inland sea of some 251,000 km² is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked by the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. Its length is 989 kilometres, with Iran occupying most of the northern coast and Saudi Arabia most of the southern coast. The gulf is about 56 kilometres wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres and an average depth of 50 metres.
Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, Oman (exclave of Musandam), United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast, Bahrain on an island, Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are subject to territorial disputes by the states of the region.
Oil and gas
The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of crude oil and related industries dominate the region. Al-Safaniya, the world's largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Persian Gulf. Large gas finds have also been made with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; South Pars Field in the Iranian sector). Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial liquified natural gas (LNG) and petrochemical industry.
The oil-rich countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. Iraq's egress to the gulf is narrow and easily blockaded consisting of the marshy river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers, where the left (East) bank is held by Iran.
Etymology
In 330 B.C.E., the Achaemenid Empire established the first Persian Empire in Pars (Persis, or modern Fars) in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf.[1]
Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, Sir Arnold Wilson mentions in a book, published in 1928 that:
| “ | No water channel has been so significant as Persian Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago.[2] | ” |
No written deed has remained since the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: "Jam Sea," "Iran Sea," "Pars Sea."
During the years: 550 to 330 B.C.E. coinciding with sovereignty of the first Persian Empire on the Middle East area, especially the whole part of Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of "Pars Sea" has been widely written in the compiled texts.[3]
In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by Darius the Great, to Susa and Persepolis, and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the great, installed at junction of waters of Arabian Gulf (Ahmar Sea = Red sea) and Nile river and Rome river (current Mediterranean) which belongs to the 5th century B.C.E. where, Darius, the king of Achaemenid Empire has named the Persian Gulf Water Channel: Pars Sea.[4]
Naming dispute
With the rise of Arab nationalism (Pan-Arabism) in the 1960s, some Arab states of the region started adopting the term "Arabian Gulf" (in Arabic: الخلیج العربي al-khalīj al-ʿarabī) to refer to the waterway.[5] However, this naming has not found much acceptance outside of the Arab world, and is not recognized by the United Nations[6][7][8][5] or any other international organization.[9][5] The United Nations Secretariat on many occasions has requested that only "Persian Gulf" be used as the official and standard geographical designation for the body of water.[10] Historically, "Arabian Gulf" has been a term used to indicate the Red Sea.[11][12][13][14][15] At the same time, the historical veracity of the usage of "Persian Gulf" can be established from the works of many medieval historians.[16][17][18][19][20]
At the Twenty-third session of the United Nations in March-April 2006, the name "Persian Gulf" was confirmed again as the legitimate and official term to be used by members of the United Nations.[21]
History
{{#invoke:Message box|ambox}}
Pre-Islamic era
For most of the history of human settlement in the Persian Gulf the southern side was ruled by nomadic tribes. During the end of fourth millennium B.C.E. the southern part of the Persian Gulf was dominated by the Dilmun civilization. For a long time the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was Gerrha. In the second century the Lakhum tribe, who lived in Yemen, migrated north and founded the Lakhmid Kingdom along the southern coast. During the 7th century the Sassanid Empire conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf.
Between 625 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. the northern side was dominated by the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian empires. After the fall of the Parthian Empire, the Sassanid empire ruled the northern half and at times the southern half of the Persian Gulf. the Persian Gulf, along with the Silk Road was very important to trade in the Sassanid empire. Siraf was an ancient Sassanid port that was located on the north shore of the Persian Gulf in what is now the Iranian province of Bushehr.
Colonial era
Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early sixteenth century following Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander Antonio Correia invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. In 1602, Shāh ‘Abbās expelled the Portuguese from Bahrain.[22] With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese: much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbās which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened to a flourishing commerce with Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and British merchants, which were granted particular privileges.
From 1763 until 1971, the British Empire maintained varying degrees of political control over some Persian Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the "Trucial Coast States"[citation needed]) and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar through the British Residency of the Persian Gulf.
The United Kingdom maintains a high profile in the region; in 2006, over 1 million Britons visited Dubai alone.[23]
Wildlife
Mangroves in the Persian Gulf, which are thought to require tidal flow and a combination of fresh and salt water, are nurseries for crabs, small fish and insects - and the birds that eat them.[24]
See also
- Cradle of civilization
- Deluge (prehistoric)
- Gulf of Aden
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Touraj Daryaee, The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity, Journal of World History, Vol. 14, No. 1., March 2003, (LINK); accessed Fenruary 09, 2007
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([1]); accessed February 09, 2007
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([2]); accessed February 09, 2007
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([3]); accessed February 09, 2007
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Niusha Boghrati, Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran, World Press.com, dated December 28, 2006 (LINK)
- ↑ UN Map (LINK)
- ↑ UN Map of Iran([4])
- ↑ UN Map of Western Asia, ([5])
- ↑ . The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion edited by Gary G. Sick, Lawrence G. Potter, pg 8
- ↑ ([6])
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([7])
- ↑ Hecataeus (472 to 509 B.C.E.) can be stated where Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf (Red Sea) have been clearly shown.
- ↑ Also a map has remained from Herodotus, the great Greek historian (425-484 B.C.E.) which introduces Red Sea as the Arabian Gulf
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([8]); accessed February 09, 2007
- ↑ In the world map of Diseark (285-347 B.C.E.) too, Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf have been clearly distinct.
- ↑ Many maps and deeds prepared up to the 8th century by the historians such as Arrian, Hecataeus, Herodotus, Hiparek, Claudius Batlamious, Krats Malous.
- ↑ Arriann, "Alexander Fleet in the Persian Gulf," in Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (INDICA)
- ↑ In the Islamic period, Khwārizmī, Abou Yousef Eshagh Kandi, Ibn Khordadbeh, Batani (Harrani), Mas'udi, Balkhi, Estakhri, Ibn Houghal, Aboureyhan Birouni and others, mention that there is a wide sea at south of Iran named “Pars Sea,” “Pars Gulf,” “Fars Sea,” “Fars Gulf,” “Bahre Fars,” “Sinus Persicus” and “Mare Persicum” and so on.
- ↑ In a book, named “Persilus Aryateria,” the Greek traveller of the 1st century C.E. has called the Red Sea as Arabian gulf; the Indian ocean has been named Aryateria Sea; the waters at Oman Coast is called Pars Sea; Barbarus region (between Oman and Yemen coast are called belonging to Pars, and the Gulf located at south side of Iran is named: Persian Gulf. By describing the water body, the life of Persians living at both sides have also been confirmed.
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006 ([9]); accessed February 09, 2007
- ↑ Working Paper No. 61, UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ([10]).
- ↑ Juan R. I. Cole, "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800," p. 186, through JSTOR. [11]
- ↑ Peter Beaumont, "Blair was dangerously off target in his condemnation of Iran", The Guardian, December 24, 2006.
- ↑ Jim Krane (2006-07-03). Development in Persian Gulf Threatens Wildlife. Discovery Channel.
External links
- Persian Gulf Studies website
- The Persian Gulf, Information, history and resources of the Persian Gulf
- The Portuguese in the Arabian peninsula and in the Persian Gulf
- Persian Gulf Region
- Publication of Historical Maps of the Persian Gulf in Tehran
- Persian Gulf maps
- Factsheet on the Legal and Historical Usage of the "Persian Gulf" - ISG MIT
- The Persian Gulf: The Politics of Geographic Renaming
- UN GEGN – Historical, Geographical and Legal Validity of the Name: Persian Gulf
- Persian Gulf Picture Gallery
- "Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran," by Niusha Boghrati, Worldpress.org correspondent, December 28, 2006
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