Difference between revisions of "John the Apostle" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Saint | {{Infobox Saint | ||
|name=John the Apostle | |name=John the Apostle | ||
| − | |birth_date=c. | + | |birth_date=c. 6 [[Anno Domini|AD]] |
| − | |death_date=c. | + | |death_date=c. 101 |
| − | |feast_day= | + | |feast_day=December 27 (Western Christianity)<br/>May 8 (Eastern Christianity) |
|venerated_in=[[Christianity|All Christianity]] | |venerated_in=[[Christianity|All Christianity]] | ||
|image=Hans_Memling_039.jpg | |image=Hans_Memling_039.jpg | ||
|imagesize=200px | |imagesize=200px | ||
|caption=''St. John the Apostle'' by [[Hans Memling]] | |caption=''St. John the Apostle'' by [[Hans Memling]] | ||
| − | |birth_place=[[Galilee]], in the [[Holy Land]]<ref name="patrick"> | + | |birth_place=[[Galilee]], in the [[Holy Land]]<ref name="patrick">[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1227.htm#john John the Divine, Apostle and Evangelist (RM)] - Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref> |
|death_place=[[Ephesus]], [[Asia Minor]] | |death_place=[[Ephesus]], [[Asia Minor]] | ||
| − | |titles=''The Divine, Apostle of Charity, Beloved Apostle''<br>Evangelist | + | |titles=''The Divine, Apostle of Charity, Beloved Apostle''<br/>Evangelist |
|beatified_date= | |beatified_date= | ||
|beatified_place= | |beatified_place= | ||
| Line 29: | Line 30: | ||
{{main|Authorship of the Johannine works}} | {{main|Authorship of the Johannine works}} | ||
At different times John the Apostle has been identified as the author of all or most of the New Testament works attributed to a writer named John. Some modern scholars{{Fact|date=March 2007}} distinguish at least three different authors. The creator of the Gospel of John and the [[First Epistle of John]] is known as [[John the Evangelist]], John the Theologian or John the Divine. The [[Second Epistle of John|Second]] and [[Third Epistle of John]] had the same author, who calls himself the ''[[presbyter]]''; he has been identified with the enigmatic [[John the Presbyter]]. The [[Book of Revelation]] was written by [[John of Patmos]]. Most evangelical Christians continue to hold that all New Testament "John" books were written by John the son of Zebedee. The [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]] 2nd century [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] text called [[Secret Book of John]] was also attributed to John though not by the established orthodox Christian traditions. | At different times John the Apostle has been identified as the author of all or most of the New Testament works attributed to a writer named John. Some modern scholars{{Fact|date=March 2007}} distinguish at least three different authors. The creator of the Gospel of John and the [[First Epistle of John]] is known as [[John the Evangelist]], John the Theologian or John the Divine. The [[Second Epistle of John|Second]] and [[Third Epistle of John]] had the same author, who calls himself the ''[[presbyter]]''; he has been identified with the enigmatic [[John the Presbyter]]. The [[Book of Revelation]] was written by [[John of Patmos]]. Most evangelical Christians continue to hold that all New Testament "John" books were written by John the son of Zebedee. The [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]] 2nd century [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] text called [[Secret Book of John]] was also attributed to John though not by the established orthodox Christian traditions. | ||
| − | The Gospel of John contains references to the "[[disciple whom Jesus loved]]" | + | The Gospel of John contains references to the "[[disciple whom Jesus loved]]." Traditionally this was taken as a self reference by the author, and therefore a reference to John the Apostle. |
==In the Bible== | ==In the Bible== | ||
| − | John the Apostle was the son of [[Zebedee]], and the brother of [[Saint James the Great|James]]. One tradition gives his mother's name as [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]]. They originally were fishermen and fished with their father in the [[Lake of Genesareth]]. He was first a disciple of [[John the Baptist]] and later one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. He is revered as a [[saint]] by most of [[Christianity]]. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] commemorates him on | + | John the Apostle was the son of [[Zebedee]], and the brother of [[Saint James the Great|James]]. One tradition gives his mother's name as [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]]. They originally were fishermen and fished with their father in the [[Lake of Genesareth]]. He was first a disciple of [[John the Baptist]] and later one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. He is revered as a [[saint]] by most of [[Christianity]]. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] commemorates him on December 27. He is also remembered in the liturgy on January 3. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] commemorates him on September 26, and also remembers him on May 8, on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick. |
| − | John had a prominent position in the Apostolic body. Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of [[Jairus]]' daughter (Mark 5:37), of the [[Transfiguration]] (Matthew 17:1) and of the Agony in [[Gethsemane]] (Matthew 26:37). Only he and Peter were sent into the city to make the preparation for the final [[Passover]] meal (the [[Last Supper]]) (Luke 22:8). At the meal itself, his place was next to Jesus on whose chest he leaned (John 13:23, 25). According to the general interpretation, John was also that "other disciple" who with Peter followed Jesus after the arrest into the palace of the high-priest (John 18:15). John alone remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on [[Calvary]] with Jesus’ mother, Mary, and the pious women and took Mary into his care as the last legacy of Jesus (John 19:25-27). After the [[Resurrection]], John with Peter was the first of the disciples to run towards the grave and he was the first to believe that Jesus had truly risen (John 20:2-10). John was accustomed to indicate himself in writing without giving his name as: "the disciple whom Jesus loved" | + | John had a prominent position in the Apostolic body. Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of [[Jairus]]' daughter (Mark 5:37), of the [[Transfiguration]] (Matthew 17:1) and of the Agony in [[Gethsemane]] (Matthew 26:37). Only he and Peter were sent into the city to make the preparation for the final [[Passover]] meal (the [[Last Supper]]) (Luke 22:8). At the meal itself, his place was next to Jesus on whose chest he leaned (John 13:23, 25). According to the general interpretation, John was also that "other disciple" who with Peter followed Jesus after the arrest into the palace of the high-priest (John 18:15). John alone remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on [[Calvary]] with Jesus’ mother, Mary, and the pious women and took Mary into his care as the last legacy of Jesus (John 19:25-27). After the [[Resurrection]], John with Peter was the first of the disciples to run towards the grave and he was the first to believe that Jesus had truly risen (John 20:2-10). John was accustomed to indicate himself in writing without giving his name as: "the disciple whom Jesus loved." After Jesus’ [[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]] and the descent of the [[Holy Spirit]], John took, together with Peter, a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He is with Peter at the healing of the lame man in the Temple (Acts 3:1 seq.). With Peter he is also thrown into prison (Acts 4:3). He is also with Peter visiting the newly converted in [[Samaria]] (Acts 8:14). |
{{John}} | {{John}} | ||
| − | There is no positive information concerning the duration of this activity in [[Iudaea Province|Judea]]. Apparently, John in common with the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour, until the persecution of Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the various provinces of the Roman Empire (cf. Acts 12:1-17). It does not appear improbable that John then went for the first time to Asia Minor and exercised his Apostolic office in various provinces there. In any case a messianic community was already in existence at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. "the brethren" | + | There is no positive information concerning the duration of this activity in [[Iudaea Province|Judea]]. Apparently, John in common with the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour, until the persecution of Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the various provinces of the Roman Empire (cf. Acts 12:1-17). It does not appear improbable that John then went for the first time to Asia Minor and exercised his Apostolic office in various provinces there. In any case a messianic community was already in existence at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. "the brethren," Acts 18:27, in addition to Priscilla and Aquila) and it is easy to connect a sojourn of John in these provinces with the fact that the Holy Spirit did not permit Paul on his second missionary journey to proclaim the Gospel in Asia, Mysia and Bithynia (Acts 16:6 sq.). Such a sojourn by John in Asia in this first period was neither long nor uninterrupted. He returned with the other disciples to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about A.D. 51). Paul in opposing his enemies in Galatia names John explicitly along with Peter and James the Just as a "pillar of the Church" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from the law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem (Galatians 2:9).<ref name="cathenc1">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08492a.htm St. John the Evangelist] - Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref> |
| − | Of the other New Testament writings, it is only from the three Letters of John and the book of Revelation that anything further is learned about John. Both the Letters and Revelation presuppose that John belonged to the multitude of personal eyewitnesses of the life and work of Jesus (cf. especially 1 John 1:1-5; 4:14), that he had lived for a long time in Asia Minor, was thoroughly acquainted with the conditions existing in the various messianic communities there, and that he had a position of authority recognized by all messianic communities as leader of this part of the church. Moreover, Revelation says that its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus" | + | Of the other New Testament writings, it is only from the three Letters of John and the book of Revelation that anything further is learned about John. Both the Letters and Revelation presuppose that John belonged to the multitude of personal eyewitnesses of the life and work of Jesus (cf. especially 1 John 1:1-5; 4:14), that he had lived for a long time in Asia Minor, was thoroughly acquainted with the conditions existing in the various messianic communities there, and that he had a position of authority recognized by all messianic communities as leader of this part of the church. Moreover, Revelation says that its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus," when he was honoured with the heavenly vision contained in Revelation (Revelation 1:9). |
The Gospel of John is considered important because it is a direct eyewitness account of the life and words of Jesus, and it contains direct quotes from Jesus. For example: John 8:42 Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither am I of myself, but he sent me. Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not. Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God. Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we no well that thou are a Samaritan, and hast a devil? Jesus answered, I have not a devil: but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me. | The Gospel of John is considered important because it is a direct eyewitness account of the life and words of Jesus, and it contains direct quotes from Jesus. For example: John 8:42 Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither am I of myself, but he sent me. Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not. Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God. Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we no well that thou are a Samaritan, and hast a devil? Jesus answered, I have not a devil: but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me. | ||
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John is traditionally held to be the author of five books of the New Testament, including the [[Gospel of John]]. However, almost all Jewish critical scholars place the writing of the final edition of ''John'' at some time in the late first or early second century. See [[Authorship of the Johannine works]]. | John is traditionally held to be the author of five books of the New Testament, including the [[Gospel of John]]. However, almost all Jewish critical scholars place the writing of the final edition of ''John'' at some time in the late first or early second century. See [[Authorship of the Johannine works]]. | ||
| − | Catholic/Orthodox tradition says that he and [[the Virgin Mary]] moved to Ephesus, where both eventually died. Many [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and other scholars question this, especially due to the advanced age which | + | Catholic/Orthodox tradition says that he and [[the Virgin Mary]] moved to Ephesus, where both eventually died. Many [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and other scholars question this, especially due to the advanced age which Mary would have reached by this time. Some believe, however, that there is support for the idea that John did go to [[Ephesus]] and from there wrote the three epistles traditionally attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Patmos]], where some believe that he wrote the [[Book of Revelation]]. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. Some believe his tomb is located at [[Selçuk]], a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus. |
When John was old he trained [[Polycarp]], later Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to another age. | When John was old he trained [[Polycarp]], later Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to another age. | ||
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In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose to in the first chapter of his gospel. | In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose to in the first chapter of his gospel. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Notes== |
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved November 21, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
{{Commonscat|John the Evangelist}} | {{Commonscat|John the Evangelist}} | ||
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6021 John the Apostle on Find-A-Grave] | *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6021 John the Apostle on Find-A-Grave] | ||
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Revision as of 21:23, 21 November 2007
| John the Apostle | |
|---|---|
 St. John the Apostle by Hans Memling | |
| The Divine, Apostle of Charity, Beloved Apostle Evangelist | |
| Born | c. 6 C.E. in Galilee, in the Holy Land[1] |
| Died | c. 101 in Ephesus, Asia Minor |
| Venerated in | All Christianity |
| Feast | December 27 (Western Christianity) May 8 (Eastern Christianity) |
| Attributes | book, a serpent in a chalice, cauldron, eagle |
| Patronage | authors, burns, poisoning, theologians, publishers, booksellers, editors, friendships, and painters |
John the Apostle (Greek Ιωάννης, see names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Christian tradition identifies him with the authors of several New Testament works, including the Gospel of John.
Identifications
At different times John the Apostle has been identified as the author of all or most of the New Testament works attributed to a writer named John. Some modern scholars[citation needed] distinguish at least three different authors. The creator of the Gospel of John and the First Epistle of John is known as John the Evangelist, John the Theologian or John the Divine. The Second and Third Epistle of John had the same author, who calls himself the presbyter; he has been identified with the enigmatic John the Presbyter. The Book of Revelation was written by John of Patmos. Most evangelical Christians continue to hold that all New Testament "John" books were written by John the son of Zebedee. The apocryphal 2nd century Gnostic text called Secret Book of John was also attributed to John though not by the established orthodox Christian traditions. The Gospel of John contains references to the "disciple whom Jesus loved." Traditionally this was taken as a self reference by the author, and therefore a reference to John the Apostle.
In the Bible
John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee, and the brother of James. One tradition gives his mother's name as Salome. They originally were fishermen and fished with their father in the Lake of Genesareth. He was first a disciple of John the Baptist and later one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. He is revered as a saint by most of Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church commemorates him on December 27. He is also remembered in the liturgy on January 3. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him on September 26, and also remembers him on May 8, on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick.
John had a prominent position in the Apostolic body. Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:37), of the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1) and of the Agony in Gethsemane (Matthew 26:37). Only he and Peter were sent into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper) (Luke 22:8). At the meal itself, his place was next to Jesus on whose chest he leaned (John 13:23, 25). According to the general interpretation, John was also that "other disciple" who with Peter followed Jesus after the arrest into the palace of the high-priest (John 18:15). John alone remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary with Jesus’ mother, Mary, and the pious women and took Mary into his care as the last legacy of Jesus (John 19:25-27). After the Resurrection, John with Peter was the first of the disciples to run towards the grave and he was the first to believe that Jesus had truly risen (John 20:2-10). John was accustomed to indicate himself in writing without giving his name as: "the disciple whom Jesus loved." After Jesus’ Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit, John took, together with Peter, a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He is with Peter at the healing of the lame man in the Temple (Acts 3:1 seq.). With Peter he is also thrown into prison (Acts 4:3). He is also with Peter visiting the newly converted in Samaria (Acts 8:14). Template:John There is no positive information concerning the duration of this activity in Judea. Apparently, John in common with the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour, until the persecution of Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the various provinces of the Roman Empire (cf. Acts 12:1-17). It does not appear improbable that John then went for the first time to Asia Minor and exercised his Apostolic office in various provinces there. In any case a messianic community was already in existence at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. "the brethren," Acts 18:27, in addition to Priscilla and Aquila) and it is easy to connect a sojourn of John in these provinces with the fact that the Holy Spirit did not permit Paul on his second missionary journey to proclaim the Gospel in Asia, Mysia and Bithynia (Acts 16:6 sq.). Such a sojourn by John in Asia in this first period was neither long nor uninterrupted. He returned with the other disciples to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about A.D. 51). Paul in opposing his enemies in Galatia names John explicitly along with Peter and James the Just as a "pillar of the Church" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from the law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem (Galatians 2:9).[2]
Of the other New Testament writings, it is only from the three Letters of John and the book of Revelation that anything further is learned about John. Both the Letters and Revelation presuppose that John belonged to the multitude of personal eyewitnesses of the life and work of Jesus (cf. especially 1 John 1:1-5; 4:14), that he had lived for a long time in Asia Minor, was thoroughly acquainted with the conditions existing in the various messianic communities there, and that he had a position of authority recognized by all messianic communities as leader of this part of the church. Moreover, Revelation says that its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus," when he was honoured with the heavenly vision contained in Revelation (Revelation 1:9).
The Gospel of John is considered important because it is a direct eyewitness account of the life and words of Jesus, and it contains direct quotes from Jesus. For example: John 8:42 Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither am I of myself, but he sent me. Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not. Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God. Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we no well that thou are a Samaritan, and hast a devil? Jesus answered, I have not a devil: but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me.
John is traditionally held to be the author of five books of the New Testament, including the Gospel of John. However, almost all Jewish critical scholars place the writing of the final edition of John at some time in the late first or early second century. See Authorship of the Johannine works.
Catholic/Orthodox tradition says that he and the Virgin Mary moved to Ephesus, where both eventually died. Many Evangelical and other scholars question this, especially due to the advanced age which Mary would have reached by this time. Some believe, however, that there is support for the idea that John did go to Ephesus and from there wrote the three epistles traditionally attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where some believe that he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. Some believe his tomb is located at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus.
When John was old he trained Polycarp, later Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to another age.
In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose to in the first chapter of his gospel.
Notes
- ↑ John the Divine, Apostle and Evangelist (RM) - Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ↑ St. John the Evangelist - Retrieved November 21, 2007.
External links
All links retrieved November 21, 2007.
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