Harthacanute

Harthacanute, pictured with his mother, Emma of Normandy and his half-brother and successor, Edward the Confessor in the Encomium Emmae.

Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy, sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute, Hörthaknútr; Danish: Hardeknud) (1018 – June 8, 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 as well as King of England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.

Biography

Early Life

He succeeded to the throne of Denmark in 1035, reigning as Canute III, yet a war against Magnus I of Norway meant he could not secure his claim to the throne of England. Consequently, it was agreed that his elder illegitimate half-brother Harold Harefoot was to be regent there.Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037—Harthacanute being "forsaken because he was too long in Denmark"—and the Queen-mother, Emma, who had previously been resident at Winchester with some of her son's housecarls (household guard), was made to flee to Bruges, in Flanders. Harthacanute settled his difficulties in Scandinavia through a treaty he had made with Magnus in 1038 or 1039. This stated that they agreed that if one of them were to die without an heir the other should be his successor. Harthacanute then began to prepare for an invasion of England, and the deposition of Harold from the kingship. Harold, however, died on March 17 1040, before any conquest could occur. Harthacanute was then invited to England, and the landing at Sandwich on June 17 1040, "seven days before Midsummer", with a fleet of 62 warships was a peaceful one. He did though, with apparent scorn, command Harold's body to be taken from its tomb and cast in a fen with the animals.

Reign

Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler: to pay for his fleet, he severely increased the rate of taxation, and in 1041 the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's housecarls who had been collecting the tax, prompting an attack by Harthacanute in which the city was burned. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives a dismal assessment of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled." It also says that in 1041 Harthacanute broke a pledge and betrayed Earl Eadwulf of Northumbria, who was under his safe conduct.

In 1041, Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no known children. It is rumoured he fathered an illegitimate son, William Canute. On June 8, 1042, he died at Lambeth—he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth with an awful convulsion; and those who were close by took hold of him, and he spoke no word afterwards…" He was buried at Winchester, his father's place of rest, and his mother's, on her death. Edward assumed the throne on Harthacanute's death, restoring the Saxon royal line of Wessex.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Anonymous. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 2007. Eastbourne, East Sussex: Gardners Books. ISBN 9781406817416
• Campbell, Alistair, and Simon Keynes. 1998. Encomium Emmae Reginae. Camden classic reprints, 4. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society. ISBN 9780521626552.
• Howard, Ian. 2008. Harthacnut, King of England. Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: History. ISBN 9780752446745
• Ingram, J. 2004. The Anglo-Saxon chronicles. [Belle Fourche]: NuVision Publications. ISBN 9781595472755
• O'Brien, Harriet. 2005. Queen Emma and the Vikings: power, love, and greed in eleventh-century England. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781582345963
• Stenton, F. M. 2001. Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780192801395

Born: 1018; Died: June 8 1042
Preceded by: Canute the Great	King of Denmark 1035-1042	Succeeded by: Magnus the Good
Preceded by: Harold Harefoot	King of England 1040-1042	Succeeded by: Edward the Confessor

Monarchs of England

Pre-conquest
Alfred the Great • Edward the Elder • Athelstan the Glorious • Edmund the Magnificent • Edred • Edwy the Fair • Edgar the Peacable • Edward the Martyr • Ethelred the Unready • Sweyn Forkbeard*^† • Edmund Ironside • Canute the Great*^† • Harold Harefoot • Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy)* • Edward the Confessor • Harold Godwinson • Edgar the Outlaw
Post-conquest
William I the Conqueror • William II Rufus • Henry I Beauclerc • Stephen • Matilda • Henry II • Richard I the Lionheart • John Lackland • Henry III • Edward I Longshanks • Edward II • Edward III • Richard II • Henry IV Bolingbroke • Henry V • Henry VI • Edward IV • Edward V • Richard III • Henry VII • Henry VIII^‡ • Edward VI^‡ • Lady Jane Grey^‡ • Mary I^‡ • Elizabeth I^‡ • James I^‡§ • Charles I^‡§ • Interregnum • Charles II^‡§ • James II^‡§ • William III^‡§¶ & Mary II^‡§ • William III^‡§¶ • Anne^‡§

* also Monarch of Denmark • ^† also Monarch of Norway • ^‡ also Monarch of Ireland • ^§ also Monarch of Scotland • ^¶ also Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel and Drenthe

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