Difference between revisions of "Ayodhya" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Ayodhya''' ([[Hindi]]: अयोध्या, [[Urdu]]: '''ایودھیا''', [[IAST]] ''Ayodhyā''), an ancient city of [[India]], the | + | '''Ayodhya''' ([[Hindi]]: अयोध्या, [[Urdu]]: '''ایودھیا''', [[IAST]] ''Ayodhyā''), an ancient city of [[India]], holds a cherished place in the faith of [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Islam|Muslims]]. The [[Ramayana]], a [[Hindu scriptures|Hindu classic]], portrays the splendor of the city, the virtues of the monarchs, and the loyalty and prosperity of the people. Hindus traditionally believe that Ayodhya had been the birthplace of Lord [[Rama|Ram]], at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the site of the demolished [[Babri Mosque]].<ref>Bharatadesam, [http://www.bharatadesam.com/places/ayodhya.php Ayodhya.] Retrieved September 15, 2008.</ref> With the rise of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 to 550 C.E.), [[Hinduism]] again ascended in Ayodhya, entering a golden age. The Gupta Empire covered northern India, [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Tibet]]. |
| + | |||
| + | For [[Jainism]], Ayodhya is sacred place because Jain scripture relates that five [[Tirthankars]], including the founder of Jainism and the first Tirthankar, [[Shri Rishabh Dev]], lived in Ayodhya. For Buddhists, Ayodhya holds a special place as a center for Buddhism during the [[Mauryan Empire]] (322–185 B.C.E.). [[Ashoka the Great]] had been the great promoter of [[Buddhism]], expanding the Mauryan Empire to cover nearly all of the territory of present day India. At the peak of his empire-building, Ashoka renounced war and converted to Buddhism, declaring Buddhism as the empire's religion and establishing Buddhist temples throughout. Ayodhya became one of the centers of Buddhism during his reign. | ||
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | The history of [[Islam]] in Adodhya began with the invasions by the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] (975 to 1187 C.E.) and the [[Ghorid Empire]] (1148-1215 C.E.). In the 1500s, Islam became firmly established, demolishing Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples while building mosques. One case, in particular, has become a flash point in [[Hindu-Moslem relations]], the destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] which had been built on the spot Hindus traditionally revered as the birth place of [[Rama]]. In 1992, Hindus destroyed the Babri Mosque, using the event as a rallying call for Hinduism to reclaim its primacy over Islam in India. Ayodhya stands as an ancient testimony of India's multi-religious fabric. The peaceful working out of dispute over holy places in Ayodhya represents an opportunity to create a harmonious religious atmosphere in India among [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], Moslems, and [[Christianity|Christians]]. The conflict may be best resolved by approaching the dispute in the spirit of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi|Mahatma Ghandi]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | |||
This Hindu holy city, described as early as in the [[Hindu Epics]], had been called '''Ayojjhā''' ([[Pali]]) during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. Under the [[British Raj]] the city and the administrative area around it went by the name [[Oudh]]. Situated on the right bank of the river [[Sarayu]], Ayodhya lay 555 kilometers east of [[New Delhi]]. In [[Sanskrit]], ''ayodhya'' means "not to be warred against." Some [[Purana]]s like the [[Brahmanda Purana]] (4/40/91) consider Ayodhya as one of the six holiest cities in [[Hinduism]]. | This Hindu holy city, described as early as in the [[Hindu Epics]], had been called '''Ayojjhā''' ([[Pali]]) during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. Under the [[British Raj]] the city and the administrative area around it went by the name [[Oudh]]. Situated on the right bank of the river [[Sarayu]], Ayodhya lay 555 kilometers east of [[New Delhi]]. In [[Sanskrit]], ''ayodhya'' means "not to be warred against." Some [[Purana]]s like the [[Brahmanda Purana]] (4/40/91) consider Ayodhya as one of the six holiest cities in [[Hinduism]]. | ||
| − | In the first few centuries of the [[Common Era]], Ayodhya had the name Śāketa. The great [[Kushan]]/[[Yuezhi]] Emperor [[Kanishka]] Śāketa, or 沙奇 ([[Pinyin]]: Shāqí), who made it the administrative center of his eastern territories, conquered the city in c. 127 C.E. | + | In the first few centuries of the [[Common Era]], Ayodhya had the name Śāketa. The great [[Kushan]]/[[Yuezhi]] Emperor [[Kanishka]] Śāketa, or 沙奇 ([[Pinyin]]: Shāqí), who made it the administrative center of his eastern territories, conquered the city in c. 127 C.E.<ref>John E. Hill, ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 C.E.'' Draft annotated English translation, [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html Weilue.] Retrieved July 31, 2008.</ref> The name occurs again in [[Faxian]] as 沙祗 (Pinyin: Shāzhī) in the early fifth century. When the name changed remains unclear, but by the time of the visit of the Chinese pilgrim monk, [[Xuanzang]], c. 636 C.E., the city had the name Ayodhya. |
[[Image:Rama welcomed.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rama welcomed back to Ayodhya.]] | [[Image:Rama welcomed.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rama welcomed back to Ayodhya.]] | ||
| − | ===Great | + | ===Great city in ancient India=== |
| − | Ayodhya had been one of the most ancient, largest and most magnificent of Indian cities, covering an area of 250 km² (96 square miles). The city served as the capital of the [[Hindu]] kingdom of [[Kosala]] (Kaushal), the court of the great king [[Dasaratha]], the 63rd monarch of the Solar line in descent from Vivaswan or the Sun God. The son of Vivaswan "Viavswat Manu" founded the city of Ayodhya. The opening chapters of the [[Ramayana]], a [[mythological]] religious epic of the Classical Hindu period, recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of his people. Dasaratha, the father of [[Rama]], had been the Seventh [[Avatar]] of the [[Vishnu]]. Many Hindus believe that [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the site of the demolished [[Babri Mosque]], had been the birthplace of Rama. According to the Ramayana, the House of [[Ikshvaku]], the son of [[Manu]], ruled Ayodhya. Eventually, Rama ruled Ayodhya. | + | Ayodhya had been one of the most ancient, largest and most magnificent of Indian cities, covering an area of 250 km² (96 square miles). The city served as the capital of the [[Hindu]] kingdom of [[Kosala]] (Kaushal), the court of the great king [[Dasaratha]], the 63rd monarch of the Solar line in descent from Vivaswan or the Sun God. The son of Vivaswan "Viavswat Manu" founded the city of Ayodhya. The opening chapters of the [[Ramayana]], a [[mythological]] religious epic of the Classical Hindu period, recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of his people. Dasaratha, the father of [[Rama]], had been the Seventh [[Avatar]] of the [[Vishnu]]. Many Hindus believe that [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the site of the demolished [[Babri Mosque]], had been the birthplace of Rama.<ref>Bharatadesam, [http://www.bharatadesam.com/places/ayodhya.php Ayodhya]. Retrieved September 15, 2008.</ref> According to the Ramayana, the House of [[Ikshvaku]], the son of [[Manu]], ruled Ayodhya. Eventually, Rama ruled Ayodhya. |
===Significance of Ayodhya=== | ===Significance of Ayodhya=== | ||
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[[Image:EpicIndiaCities.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places (Title and location names listed in English.)]] | [[Image:EpicIndiaCities.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places (Title and location names listed in English.)]] | ||
| − | The [[Atharva Veda]] called Ayodhya "a city built by gods and being as prosperous as paradise itself."<ref>Sarina Singh | + | The [[Atharva Veda]] called Ayodhya "a city built by gods and being as prosperous as paradise itself."<ref>Sarina Singh, ''India'' (Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet Publications, 2005), 382.</ref> Ayodhya had been the victim of pillage and sacking during the Ghaznavid raids and Ghorid invasions. Some Hindu temples had been looted and destroyed. Some believe that the [[Babri Mosque]] had been constructed on the remains of a temple, but that claim remains controversial. With Muslim rulers established around the city under [[Mohammed of Ghor]], it lost its strategic and economic importance to [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]]. |
According to an eleventh century Korean chronicle the [[Samguk Yusa]], the wife of [[King Suro]] of the ancient Korean kingdom of Geumgwan Gaya had been a princess who traveled by boat from a faraway land called Ayuta to Korea in 48 C.E. The common view has been that the Korean chronicles refer to Ayodha, but some scholars believe that the foreign land may have been [[Ayutthaya of Thailand]]. The Koreans know the princess as [[Heo Hwang-ok]], the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya considered an ancestor by several Korean lineages. | According to an eleventh century Korean chronicle the [[Samguk Yusa]], the wife of [[King Suro]] of the ancient Korean kingdom of Geumgwan Gaya had been a princess who traveled by boat from a faraway land called Ayuta to Korea in 48 C.E. The common view has been that the Korean chronicles refer to Ayodha, but some scholars believe that the foreign land may have been [[Ayutthaya of Thailand]]. The Koreans know the princess as [[Heo Hwang-ok]], the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya considered an ancestor by several Korean lineages. | ||
| − | === Ayodhya | + | === Ayodhya debate === |
{{AyodhyaDebate}} | {{AyodhyaDebate}} | ||
| − | Ayodhya serves as the center of the Ayodhya Debate concerning the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] temple and the [[Babri Mosque]]. The first [[Mughal]] emperor of [[India]], [[Babur]], constructed the | + | Ayodhya serves as the center of the Ayodhya Debate concerning the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] temple and the [[Babri Mosque]]. The first [[Mughal]] emperor of [[India]], [[Babur]], constructed the Babri Mosque in [[Ayodhya]] in the sixteenth century. The mosque took on the name Masjid-i Janmasthan ("mosque of the birthplace") before the 1940s. The mosque stood on the ''Ramkot ("Rama's fort") hill'' (also called ''Janamsthan ("birthplace")''. According Hindus scholars, it had been built on the birthplace of the [[deity]] [[Rama]] after the Mughal rulers demolished the ''Ram Mandir'' ("Temple of Rama") on its location as they had done to many other temples around India.<ref>Voice of Dharma, [http://www.voiceofdharma.com/books/tlmr/ch8.htm Legacy of Muslim Rule in India.] Retrieved July 31, 2008.</ref> Hindu activists, in turn, destroyed the mosque in a riot on December 6, 1992. |
| − | Many Indian observers see the controversy surrounding the mosque within the framework of [[Hindu fundamentalism]] and Hindu Revivalism. A debate has been engaging the Hindu community concerning the place where Moslem constructed the Babri Mosque. On the one hand, some contend that the mosque stood on an ancient Hindu temple ground. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] of 1989 reported that the Babri Mosque stood "on a site traditionally identified" as an earlier temple dedicated to Rama's birthplace. | + | Many Indian observers see the controversy surrounding the mosque within the framework of [[Hindu fundamentalism]] and Hindu Revivalism. A debate has been engaging the Hindu community concerning the place where Moslem constructed the Babri Mosque. On the one hand, some contend that the mosque stood on an ancient Hindu temple ground. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] of 1989 reported that the Babri Mosque stood "on a site traditionally identified" as an earlier temple dedicated to Rama's birthplace. ("Rama’s birthplace is marked by a mosque, erected by the Moghul emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of an earlier temple," 1989 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, entry "Ayodhya.") |
| − | According to that view, the ancient temple could have been destroyed on the orders of [[Mughal]] emperor Babur. Thousands of Hindu temples had been destroyed by Islamic invaders for both political and religious reasons. No surviving temple structure in the ancient and holy Hindu places of Varanasi and Mathura date prior to the seventeenth century. <ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007 | + | According to that view, the ancient temple could have been destroyed on the orders of [[Mughal]] emperor Babur. Thousands of Hindu temples had been destroyed by Islamic invaders for both political and religious reasons. No surviving temple structure in the ancient and holy Hindu places of Varanasi and Mathura date prior to the seventeenth century.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007.</ref> The Hindu Nationalist movement has been pressing for reclaiming three of its most holy sites which had been suffered sacrilege at the hands of Islam--at Ayodhya, Mathura, and Varanasi. On the other hand, some argue that although the judiciary has been debating on the dispute of Babri Masjid (mosque) in Ayodhya for more than 40 years, and that it had remained a non-issue until the mid-1980s.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0203/03191.html Christian Scientist Monitor.] Retrieved July 31, 2008.</ref> |
| − | A legal case continues over who owns the title for deed of the a government controlled property. While the Muslim parties have agreed to hand over the land (not unlike the [[Masjid Shahidganj]] case in Lahore where the [[Sikhs]]) received the Gurudwara<ref> [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42303332.cms Lessons for Ayodhya from Lahore gurdwara] | + | A legal case continues over who owns the title for deed of the a government controlled property. While the Muslim parties have agreed to hand over the land (not unlike the [[Masjid Shahidganj]] case in Lahore where the [[Sikhs]]) received the Gurudwara<ref>''Times of India,'' [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42303332.cms Lessons for Ayodhya from Lahore gurdwara.] Retrieved July 31, 2008. </ref> if proven that the Ramjanmbhumi (that is, Ram was born on this site) temple existed.<ref>''Times of India,'' [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/36885584.cms Obeying court orders only course open: Muslim board.] Retrieved July 31, 2008.</ref> The Hindu side wants Parliament to pass a law mandating construction of the Hindu temple, arguing a court of law can not decide an issue of faith concerning the existence of Ram Janmabhoomi. |
| − | [[Nobel Laureate]] [[V. S. Naipaul]] praised [[Hindu Nationalist]]s for "reclaiming India's Hindu heritage"<ref> V. S. Naipaul | + | [[Nobel Laureate]] [[V. S. Naipaul]] praised [[Hindu Nationalist]]s for "reclaiming India's Hindu heritage."<ref>V.S. Naipaul, ''Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples'' (New York: Random House, 1998). </ref> He further added that the destruction of Babri mosque had been an act of historical balancing<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20000508&fname=V&sid=1&pn=4 Outlook India.] Retrieved July 31, 2008.</ref> and the repatriation of the Ramjanmabhoomi had been a "welcome sign that Hindu pride was re-asserting itself."<ref>V. S. Naipaul, ''India: A Million Mutinies Now'' (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1992). </ref> [[Kar Sevak]]s and rioters destroyed the [[mosque]] in 1992 spurned by the belief that the Ram Janmabhoomi existed prior to the mosque's construction and that the temple had been the birthplace of [[Rama]]. The title suit on the disputed site awaits, pending, in the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court. |
| − | On 5 | + | On July 5, 2005, [[2005 attack on Ayodhya|five militants attacked]] the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple, in Ayodhya. Security forces guarding the area shot all five in the ensuing gunfight, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered by the terrorists to breach the cordon wall. The claim of police that the militants came from [[Pakistan]] remains uncorroborated by independent evidence. The reason for the attack remains a mystery. |
===Contemporary Ayodhya=== | ===Contemporary Ayodhya=== | ||
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Image:ChanceGanesha.JPG|Countertenor Michael Chance as Ganesha in Somtow's opera "Ayodhya" | Image:ChanceGanesha.JPG|Countertenor Michael Chance as Ganesha in Somtow's opera "Ayodhya" | ||
Image:Meister des Râmâyana-Manuskripts 001.jpg|Râmâyana-Manuscript, Ayodhyâ-Kânda, Detail | Image:Meister des Râmâyana-Manuskripts 001.jpg|Râmâyana-Manuscript, Ayodhyâ-Kânda, Detail | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
| − | * Elst, Koenraad | + | * Elst, Koenraad.''Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple''. 2002. ISBN 8185990751. |
| − | * Emmanuel, Dominic. "The Mumbai bomb blasts and the Ayodhya tangle." ''National Catholic Reporter '' (Kansas City, August 27 2003). | + | * Emmanuel, Dominic. "The Mumbai bomb blasts and the Ayodhya tangle." ''National Catholic Reporter'' (Kansas City, August 27 2003). |
| − | * Legge, James | + | * Legge, James. ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline.'' New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1965. ISBN 9780486267609. |
| − | * Mandal, D., and Shereen Ratnagar | + | * Mandal, D., and Shereen Ratnagar. ''Ayodhya: Archaeology After Excavation''. New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2007. ISBN 9788189487317. |
| − | * Naipaul, V. S | + | * Naipaul, V. S. ''India: A Million Mutinies Now''. New York: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 9780140156805. |
| − | * Naipaul, V. S | + | * Naipaul, V. S. ''Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples''. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 9780375501180. |
| − | * Narain, Harsh | + | * Narain, Harsh. ''The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources''. Delhi: Penman Publishers, 1993. |
| − | * "India Begins Search for Contentious Ayodhya Temple." | + | * "India Begins Search for Contentious Ayodhya Temple."''Science'' (5615) (2003): 1958. {{OCLC|205067478}} |
| − | * "India's Hindus After Ayodhya." 2002. | + | * "India's Hindus After Ayodhya." ''Economist'' 12. 2002. {{OCLC|194357968}} |
| − | * Irani, Cushrow | + | * Irani, Cushrow. ''Ayodhya, demolishing a dream''. New Delhi: UBPSD, 2004. ISBN 9788174764751. |
| − | * Rawat, Vidya Bhushan | + | * Rawat, Vidya Bhushan. ''Sufi Shrines of Ayodhya''. Ghaziabad: Vidya Bhushan Rawat, 2002. {{OCLC|66644862}} |
| − | * Singh, Sarina. | + | * Singh, Sarina. ''India.'' Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet Publications, 2005. ISBN 9781740596947. |
| − | * Thomas, F. W. | + | * Thomas, F. W. “Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka: Tung-li P’an-ch’i and Chinese Turkestan.” New Indian antiquary. 1938. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House. |
| − | * Watters, Thomas | + | * Watters, Thomas. ''On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, A.D. 629-645''. New Delhi: Munshiram Mancharial, 1973. {{OCLC|221256602}} |
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{{Hindu Holy Cities in India}} | {{Hindu Holy Cities in India}} | ||
{{Ramayana}} | {{Ramayana}} | ||
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[[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | [[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
| + | [[category:literature]] | ||
[[Category:Geography]] | [[Category:Geography]] | ||
[[Category:Hinduism]] | [[Category:Hinduism]] | ||
| + | [[category:Jainism]] | ||
| + | [[category:Buddhism]] | ||
| + | [[category:Islam]] | ||
[[Category:Sites of religious pilgrimages]] | [[Category:Sites of religious pilgrimages]] | ||
{{credits|Ayodhya|162207263|Ayodhya_debate|226575765|}} | {{credits|Ayodhya|162207263|Ayodhya_debate|226575765|}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:27, 23 August 2023
| Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh • India | |
 | |
| Coordinates: | |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Area • Elevation |
10.24 km² (4 sq mi) • 93 m (305 ft) |
| District(s) | Faizabad |
| Population • Density |
75,000 (2001) • 7,324 /km² (18,969 /sq mi) |
| Codes • Pincode • Telephone • Vehicle |
• 224123 • +05278 • UP-42 |
Coordinates:
Ayodhya (Hindi: अयोध्या, Urdu: ایودھیا, IAST Ayodhyā), an ancient city of India, holds a cherished place in the faith of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Muslims. The Ramayana, a Hindu classic, portrays the splendor of the city, the virtues of the monarchs, and the loyalty and prosperity of the people. Hindus traditionally believe that Ayodhya had been the birthplace of Lord Ram, at Ram Janmabhoomi, the site of the demolished Babri Mosque.[1] With the rise of the Gupta Empire (320 to 550 C.E.), Hinduism again ascended in Ayodhya, entering a golden age. The Gupta Empire covered northern India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Tibet.
For Jainism, Ayodhya is sacred place because Jain scripture relates that five Tirthankars, including the founder of Jainism and the first Tirthankar, Shri Rishabh Dev, lived in Ayodhya. For Buddhists, Ayodhya holds a special place as a center for Buddhism during the Mauryan Empire (322–185 B.C.E.). Ashoka the Great had been the great promoter of Buddhism, expanding the Mauryan Empire to cover nearly all of the territory of present day India. At the peak of his empire-building, Ashoka renounced war and converted to Buddhism, declaring Buddhism as the empire's religion and establishing Buddhist temples throughout. Ayodhya became one of the centers of Buddhism during his reign.
The history of Islam in Adodhya began with the invasions by the Ghaznavid Empire (975 to 1187 C.E.) and the Ghorid Empire (1148-1215 C.E.). In the 1500s, Islam became firmly established, demolishing Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples while building mosques. One case, in particular, has become a flash point in Hindu-Moslem relations, the destruction of the Babri Mosque which had been built on the spot Hindus traditionally revered as the birth place of Rama. In 1992, Hindus destroyed the Babri Mosque, using the event as a rallying call for Hinduism to reclaim its primacy over Islam in India. Ayodhya stands as an ancient testimony of India's multi-religious fabric. The peaceful working out of dispute over holy places in Ayodhya represents an opportunity to create a harmonious religious atmosphere in India among Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Moslems, and Christians. The conflict may be best resolved by approaching the dispute in the spirit of Mahatma Ghandi.
History
This Hindu holy city, described as early as in the Hindu Epics, had been called Ayojjhā (Pali) during the time of Gautama Buddha. Under the British Raj the city and the administrative area around it went by the name Oudh. Situated on the right bank of the river Sarayu, Ayodhya lay 555 kilometers east of New Delhi. In Sanskrit, ayodhya means "not to be warred against." Some Puranas like the Brahmanda Purana (4/40/91) consider Ayodhya as one of the six holiest cities in Hinduism.
In the first few centuries of the Common Era, Ayodhya had the name Śāketa. The great Kushan/Yuezhi Emperor Kanishka Śāketa, or 沙奇 (Pinyin: Shāqí), who made it the administrative center of his eastern territories, conquered the city in c. 127 C.E.[2] The name occurs again in Faxian as 沙祗 (Pinyin: Shāzhī) in the early fifth century. When the name changed remains unclear, but by the time of the visit of the Chinese pilgrim monk, Xuanzang, c. 636 C.E., the city had the name Ayodhya.
Great city in ancient India
Ayodhya had been one of the most ancient, largest and most magnificent of Indian cities, covering an area of 250 km² (96 square miles). The city served as the capital of the Hindu kingdom of Kosala (Kaushal), the court of the great king Dasaratha, the 63rd monarch of the Solar line in descent from Vivaswan or the Sun God. The son of Vivaswan "Viavswat Manu" founded the city of Ayodhya. The opening chapters of the Ramayana, a mythological religious epic of the Classical Hindu period, recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of his people. Dasaratha, the father of Rama, had been the Seventh Avatar of the Vishnu. Many Hindus believe that Ram Janmabhoomi, the site of the demolished Babri Mosque, had been the birthplace of Rama.[3] According to the Ramayana, the House of Ikshvaku, the son of Manu, ruled Ayodhya. Eventually, Rama ruled Ayodhya.
Significance of Ayodhya
Ayodhya also served as the birth place of five Tirthankars, including the first Tirthankar of Jainism, Shri Rishabh Dev, known as the father of Jain religion. The city displays evidence of its importance in the history and heritage of Buddhism in India, with several Buddhist temples, monuments and centers of learning having been established here during the age of the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Dynasty. Ayodhya reached the peak of its golden age during the reign of the Guptas over India.
Bhagwan Swaminarayan, founder of the Swaminarayan Sect of Hinduism, lived here during his childhood years. Bhagwan Swaminarayan started his seven year journey across India as Neelkanth in Ayodhya. Tulsidas began to write his famous Ramayana poem Shri Ramacharitamanas in Ayodhya in 1574 C.E. Several Tamil Alwar mention the city of Ayodhya. Ayodhya had been the birthplace of Bhahubali, Brahmi, Sundari, King Dasaratha, Acharya Padaliptasurisvarji, King Harishchandra, Shri Rama, Achalbhrata, and the ninth Gandhara of Mahavir Swami.
The Atharva Veda called Ayodhya "a city built by gods and being as prosperous as paradise itself."[4] Ayodhya had been the victim of pillage and sacking during the Ghaznavid raids and Ghorid invasions. Some Hindu temples had been looted and destroyed. Some believe that the Babri Mosque had been constructed on the remains of a temple, but that claim remains controversial. With Muslim rulers established around the city under Mohammed of Ghor, it lost its strategic and economic importance to Lucknow and Kanpur.
According to an eleventh century Korean chronicle the Samguk Yusa, the wife of King Suro of the ancient Korean kingdom of Geumgwan Gaya had been a princess who traveled by boat from a faraway land called Ayuta to Korea in 48 C.E. The common view has been that the Korean chronicles refer to Ayodha, but some scholars believe that the foreign land may have been Ayutthaya of Thailand. The Koreans know the princess as Heo Hwang-ok, the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya considered an ancestor by several Korean lineages.
Ayodhya debate
| The Ayodhya debate |
|---|
| Timeline |
| Babri Mosque |
| Ram Janmabhoomi |
| Archaeology of Ayodhya |
| 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya |
| People and organizations |
| L. K. Advani |
| All India Babri Masjid Action Committee |
| Babur |
| Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Koenraad Elst |
| Indian National Congress |
Ayodhya serves as the center of the Ayodhya Debate concerning the Ram Janmabhoomi temple and the Babri Mosque. The first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, constructed the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya in the sixteenth century. The mosque took on the name Masjid-i Janmasthan ("mosque of the birthplace") before the 1940s. The mosque stood on the Ramkot ("Rama's fort") hill (also called Janamsthan ("birthplace"). According Hindus scholars, it had been built on the birthplace of the deity Rama after the Mughal rulers demolished the Ram Mandir ("Temple of Rama") on its location as they had done to many other temples around India.[5] Hindu activists, in turn, destroyed the mosque in a riot on December 6, 1992.
Many Indian observers see the controversy surrounding the mosque within the framework of Hindu fundamentalism and Hindu Revivalism. A debate has been engaging the Hindu community concerning the place where Moslem constructed the Babri Mosque. On the one hand, some contend that the mosque stood on an ancient Hindu temple ground. The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1989 reported that the Babri Mosque stood "on a site traditionally identified" as an earlier temple dedicated to Rama's birthplace. ("Rama’s birthplace is marked by a mosque, erected by the Moghul emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of an earlier temple," 1989 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, entry "Ayodhya.")
According to that view, the ancient temple could have been destroyed on the orders of Mughal emperor Babur. Thousands of Hindu temples had been destroyed by Islamic invaders for both political and religious reasons. No surviving temple structure in the ancient and holy Hindu places of Varanasi and Mathura date prior to the seventeenth century.[6] The Hindu Nationalist movement has been pressing for reclaiming three of its most holy sites which had been suffered sacrilege at the hands of Islam—at Ayodhya, Mathura, and Varanasi. On the other hand, some argue that although the judiciary has been debating on the dispute of Babri Masjid (mosque) in Ayodhya for more than 40 years, and that it had remained a non-issue until the mid-1980s.[7]
A legal case continues over who owns the title for deed of the a government controlled property. While the Muslim parties have agreed to hand over the land (not unlike the Masjid Shahidganj case in Lahore where the Sikhs) received the Gurudwara[8] if proven that the Ramjanmbhumi (that is, Ram was born on this site) temple existed.[9] The Hindu side wants Parliament to pass a law mandating construction of the Hindu temple, arguing a court of law can not decide an issue of faith concerning the existence of Ram Janmabhoomi.
Nobel Laureate V. S. Naipaul praised Hindu Nationalists for "reclaiming India's Hindu heritage."[10] He further added that the destruction of Babri mosque had been an act of historical balancing[11] and the repatriation of the Ramjanmabhoomi had been a "welcome sign that Hindu pride was re-asserting itself."[12] Kar Sevaks and rioters destroyed the mosque in 1992 spurned by the belief that the Ram Janmabhoomi existed prior to the mosque's construction and that the temple had been the birthplace of Rama. The title suit on the disputed site awaits, pending, in the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court.
On July 5, 2005, five militants attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple, in Ayodhya. Security forces guarding the area shot all five in the ensuing gunfight, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered by the terrorists to breach the cordon wall. The claim of police that the militants came from Pakistan remains uncorroborated by independent evidence. The reason for the attack remains a mystery.
Contemporary Ayodhya
Ayodhya today exists as a small, rustic city with ancient Hindu architecture predominating, and with some Mughal influence. Its population, mostly Hindu, has a minority of Muslims, Jains and Buddhists. Its history and heritage hold an unequivocal importance for over Hindus in India and across the world. The Thai kingdom and city of Ayutthaya may have been named for Ayodhya, reflecting the common Southeast Asian practice of adopting place names from Hindu kingdoms.
Gallery
Countertenor Michael Chance as Ganesha in Somtow's opera "Ayodhya"
Râmâyana-Manuscript, Ayodhyâ-Kânda, Detail
See also
- Ramayana
- Bhagwan Swaminarayan
- Hou Hanshu
- Ram Janmabhoomi
- Babri Mosque
- Hanumangarhi
- Prakash vir Shastri
Notes
- ↑ Bharatadesam, Ayodhya. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ↑ John E. Hill, The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 C.E. Draft annotated English translation, Weilue. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ Bharatadesam, Ayodhya. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ↑ Sarina Singh, India (Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet Publications, 2005), 382.
- ↑ Voice of Dharma, Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007.
- ↑ Christian Scientist Monitor. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ Times of India, Lessons for Ayodhya from Lahore gurdwara. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ Times of India, Obeying court orders only course open: Muslim board. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ V.S. Naipaul, Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples (New York: Random House, 1998).
- ↑ Outlook India. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
- ↑ V. S. Naipaul, India: A Million Mutinies Now (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1992).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Elst, Koenraad.Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple. 2002. ISBN 8185990751.
- Emmanuel, Dominic. "The Mumbai bomb blasts and the Ayodhya tangle." National Catholic Reporter (Kansas City, August 27 2003).
- Legge, James. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1965. ISBN 9780486267609.
- Mandal, D., and Shereen Ratnagar. Ayodhya: Archaeology After Excavation. New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2007. ISBN 9788189487317.
- Naipaul, V. S. India: A Million Mutinies Now. New York: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 9780140156805.
- Naipaul, V. S. Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 9780375501180.
- Narain, Harsh. The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources. Delhi: Penman Publishers, 1993.
- "India Begins Search for Contentious Ayodhya Temple."Science (5615) (2003): 1958. OCLC 205067478
- "India's Hindus After Ayodhya." Economist 12. 2002. OCLC 194357968
- Irani, Cushrow. Ayodhya, demolishing a dream. New Delhi: UBPSD, 2004. ISBN 9788174764751.
- Rawat, Vidya Bhushan. Sufi Shrines of Ayodhya. Ghaziabad: Vidya Bhushan Rawat, 2002. OCLC 66644862
- Singh, Sarina. India. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet Publications, 2005. ISBN 9781740596947.
- Thomas, F. W. “Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka: Tung-li P’an-ch’i and Chinese Turkestan.” New Indian antiquary. 1938. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House.
- Watters, Thomas. On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, A.D. 629-645. New Delhi: Munshiram Mancharial, 1973. OCLC 221256602
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