Aruba
| Aruba | |||||
| |||||
| Motto: "One Happy Island" | |||||
| Anthem: Aruba Dushi Tera | |||||
 | |||||
| Capital | Oranjestad 12°19′N 70°1′W | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largest city | capital | ||||
| Official languages | Dutch, Papiamento1 | ||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
| - Monarch | Queen Beatrix | ||||
| - Governor | Fredis Refunjol | ||||
| - Prime Minister | Nelson O. Oduber | ||||
| - Vice-Prime Minister | Marisol Lopez-Tromp | ||||
| Independence | from Netherlands Antilles | ||||
| - Date | 1 January 1986 | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - Total | 193 km² 74.5 sq mi | ||||
| - Water (%) | negligible | ||||
| Population | |||||
| - 2006 estimate | 103,484 | ||||
| - Density | 571/km² 1479/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate | ||||
| - Total | $3.079 billion | ||||
| - Per capita | $23,299 | ||||
| Currency | Aruban florin (AWG2)
| ||||
| Time zone | AST (UTC-4) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .aw | ||||
| Calling code | +297 | ||||
Aruba is a 32 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, 27 km north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State and Venezuela. It is part of the Realm of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of a European part,the Netherlands, and a Caribbean-American part of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. Unlike much of the Caribbean-American region, Aruba has a dry climate and is considered a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. Most of these are located on the western and southern coasts of the island. This setting has strengthened tourism and has brought visitors to the island that can reliably expect warm sunny weather. Aruba has a land area of 193 km² and lies just outside of the hurricane belt.
The original native people of Aruba and surrounding islands were the Arawak Indians. The Arawak heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most other Caribbean islands. No full-blooded Aboriginals remain, but the features of the islanders clearly indicate their genetic heritage.
Geography
An island of the Lesser Antilles, specifically in the Leeward Antilles island arc, Aruba is a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. Most of these are located on the western and southern coasts of the island, which are relatively sheltered from fierce ocean currents. The northern and eastern coasts, lacking this protection, are considerably more battered by the sea and have been left largely untouched by humans. The interior of the island features some rolling hills, the better-known two of which are called Hooiberg at 165 meters (541 ft) and Mount Jamanota, which is the highest on the island, at 188 meters (617 ft) above sea level. Aruba's capital city is Oranjestad.
To the east are Curaçao and Bonaire, two island territories which form the southwest part of the Netherlands Antilles; Aruba and these two Netherlands Antilles islands are also known as the ABC Islands. As a separate member state of the Netherlands, Aruba has no administrative subdivision.
The local climate sits at a pleasant tropical marine climate. Little seasonal temperature variation exists, which helps Aruba to attract tourists all year round. Temperatures are almost constant at about 28 °C (82 °F), moderated by constant trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The yearly precipitation barely reaches 20 inches (500 mm), with most of it falling in late autumn.
Arikok National Park
Arikok National Park is a preserve of desert resources, including several indigenous species.
The National Park takes up approximately 18 percent of this tiny island, including three primary geological formations, the Aruba lava formation, a quartz diorite formation, and a limestone formation that extends inward from the coast. These formations have directly influenced Aruba's human settlement, as well as its natural wonders.
Aruba is home to several species endemic to the island, including two unique species of snake and two bird species. Rock outcroppings also create micro-climatic conditions to support these unique plant and animal species, as well as settlements. These are located within the Arikok National Park almost exclusively. The two snake species are the cascabel (Crotalus durissus uni-color), and the santanero (Leptodeira bakeri), called the (Aruban) Baker's cat-eyed snake. The shoco (Athene cunicu-laria arubensis), known as the Aruban burrowing owl, and the prikichi (Aratinga pertinax arubensis), the Aruban parakeet. Another indigenous species, the kododo blauw (Cnemido- phorus arubensus) is the Aruban whiptail lizard.
Inside the park are some of the island's oldest Arawak paintings, which have drawn attention from the government.
First designated as an important national area in the 1980s, Arikok National Park is home to popular hiking trails, covering all kinds of terrain from hills to gold mines, and even plantation ruins.
History
Aruba's first inhabitants were the Caquetioss of the Arawak tribe, who migrated there from Venezuela to escape attacks by the Caribs. Fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1,000 C.E. Due to Aruba's mostly distant location from other Caribbean islands and strong currents in the sea which made canoe travel to the other islands difficult, the Caquetios remained tied more strongly to South America than to the Caribbean.
Aruba was discovered by Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda and claimed for Spain in 1499. Although he established a colony there, it was limited in scope. Unlike many other Caribbean islands, no plantation society evolved on Aruba. Instead, the Spanish sent many Caquetios to Hispaniola, where they were enslaved in the mines.
In 1636, Aruba was acquired by the Dutch and remained under their control for nearly two centuries. In 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British took control of the island, but it was returned to Dutch control in 1816.
The island's economy has been dominated by four main industries: gold mining, aloe export, petroleum, and tourism. Though gold was discovered in the nineteenth century, the economy remained weak until the construction of an oil refinery at Sint Nicolaas in the 1920s.
In 1976, preparing the people of Aruba to exercise Aruba's Self-determination Right and Independence, the National Flag and National Anthem were introduced by special committee. The National Flag symbolized Aruba's "Status Aparte," obtaining thereby for Aruba the status of an autonomous state, with special ties with the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1977, the first Referendum for Self Determination was held with the support of the United Nations.
In 1983, Aruba reached a final official agreement with the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Governments, to become a Member State within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with its own Constitution. Aruba's constitution and autonomy were unanimously approved and proclaimed in August 1985, and an election was held to determine the State of Aruba's first national parliament and institute its first national government.
In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, under the Dutch crown. This achievement was largely due to the diplomatic prowess of the late Betico Croes and the support of nations such as the USA, Panama, Venezuela and various European Countries. The governments of Aruba, the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles in 1994 jointly decided to indefinitely postpone the transition to full independence.
Politics
As a Constituent Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba's politics take place within a framework of a 21-member Parliament and an eight-member Cabinet. The governor general is appointed for a six-year term by the monarch, and the prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by the Staten (or Parliament) for four-year terms. The Staten is made up of 21 members elected by direct, popular vote to serve a four-year term.
Together, the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles, and the State of Aruba form a Commonwealth. As they share the same Dutch citizenship, these three countries also share the Dutch passport as the Kingdom of the Netherlands passport. Aruba recognizes a local citizenship for the island, and reserves some privileges and rights for Arubans.
Legal jurisdiction lies with a Court of First Instance, a Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Netherlands.
There is no indigenous military of Aruba, defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Military forces that protect Aruba include the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Netherlands Marine Corps and the Netherlands Coastguard. An increase of instability in South America, specifically Venezuela, prompted the Netherlands to heighten the security level and increase monitoring of the island in cooperation with the United States.
The Netherlands Antilles conducts foreign affairs primarily through the Dutch government, however, Aruba has strong relations with other Caribbean governments. Aruba is an observer in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an associate member of the World Trade Organization through the Netherlands and is a full member of the Association of Caribbean States.
Economy
Prior to the 1800s, the island of Aruba had been used mainly for horsebreeding by colonial administrators, who used the native population as herdsmen. Efforts were made in the next century to grow aloe for export, but interest was small. In the 1820s gold mining came to the fore, but had ceased by the early 1900s. From the 1920s to the mid-1980s oil refining supported the island. A financial crisis ensued with the closing of the refinery in 1985.
Since the end of oil refining on the island, tourism has been strongly promoted. Due to the growth of tourism, Aruba enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean region, with the lowest crime rate and low poverty and unemployment rates. Because of the focus on tourism and the number of resorts, luxury hotels and casinos on the island, Arubans enjoy a very low unemployment rate. The island has become known as "the Las Vegas of the Caribbean."
Tourism and related industries provide approximately half of the state's income. Most tourists come to the island from Canada, the European Union and the United States, which is one of the island's largest trading partners, along with Venezuela, and the Netherlands. Because of tourism's rapid growth in the last ten years, related industries, such as construction, have also flourished.
Although the island's poor soil and low rainfall limit its agricultural prospects, aloe cultivation, livestock, and fishing contribute to Aruba's economy. With such a large part of its economy dependent on tourism, the Aruban government is striving to increase business in other sectors to protect against possible industry slumps. Their current focus is on expanding technology, finance, and communications. The development of a free-trade zone and plans to develop Aruba into an international offshore financial center are in the works.
In addition, the country exports art and collectibles, machinery, electrical equipment, and transport equipment. Aruba's small labor force and low unemployment rate have led to a large number of unfilled job vacancies, despite sharp rises in wage rates in recent years.
The G.D.P. per capita for Aruba is calculated to be around $23,600.00; one of the highest in the Americas.
Deficit spending has been a staple in Aruba's history, and modestly high inflation has been present as well, although recent efforts at tightening monetary policy may correct this. Aruba receives some development aid from the Dutch government each year, which decreases each year and will cease completely in 2009.
Demographics
Most of Aruba's population is racially mixed, with a huge percentage containing Aboriginal ancestry, though no full-bloods are known to remain. The majority of the population is descended from Arawak, in combination with Dutch, Spanish, and African ancestors. The African influence is minimal, however, as slavery was not adopted on the island as it was throughout the rest of the Caribbean. The Arawak heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most Caribbean islands.
Recently there has been substantial immigration to the island from neighboring Latin American and Caribbean nations, attracted by the lure of well-paying jobs.
The two official languages are the Dutch language and the predominant, national language Papiamento, which is classified as a Creole language. This creole language is formed primarily from 16th century Portuguese, and several other languages. Spanish and English are also spoken. Islanders can often speak four or more languages and are mostly Roman Catholic.
Population: 102,695 (March 2006 est.)
Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 20.7 percent (male 7,540; female 7,121)
- 15-64 years: 68.3 percent (male 23,427; female 24,955)
- 65 years and over: 11 percent (male 3,215; female 4,586) (2003 est.)
Median age:
- total: 37.1 years
- male: 35.3 years
- female: 38.5 years (2002)
Population growth rate: 0.55 percent (2003 est.)
Birth rate: 11.86 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male / female
under 15 years: 1.06 male / female
15-64 years: 0.94 male / female
65 years and over: 0.7 male / female
total population: 0.93 male / female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
- total: 6.14 deaths/1,000 live births
- female: 5.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
- male: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
- total population: 78.83 years
- male: 75.48 years
- female: 82.34 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.79 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Aruban(s)
adjective: Aruban; Dutch
Religions: Roman Catholic 82 percent, Protestant 8 percent, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhism 1.2 percent, Jewish
Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento (national language), Spanish, English.
Ethnic Groups Arawak Caribbean Amerindian 80 percent, Caucasian & Other 20 percent
Culture
On March 18 Aruba celebrates its National Day. In 1976, Aruba presented its National Anthem (Aruba Dushi Tera) and Flag.
The origins of the population and location of the island gives Aruba a mixed culture. Dutch influence can still be seen, as in the celebration of the "Sinterklaas" Day on December 5 and 6 and other national Holidays like April 30, when Aruba and the Dutch Kingdom celebrates the Queen's birthday or "Dia di Reina" (Koninginnedag).
Christmas and New Year's are celebrated with the typical music and songs of gaitas for Christmas and the dande for New Year's. The "ayaca," the "ponchi crema" and ham along with other typical foods and drinks are eaten with joy on these days. Hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of fireworks are set off at midnight on New Year's.
Tourism from the United States has recently also increased the visibility of American culture on the island, with such celebrations as Halloween and Thanksgiving Day in November.
In June the celebration of the "Dia di San Juan" (St. John's Day), with the song of "Dera Gay" and bright vivid colors of carnival cover the island.
The holiday of Carnival is also an important one in Aruba, as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries, and is related to Mardi Gras, celebrated in New Orleans. Its celebration in Aruba started during World War II, around the 1940s, either influenced by the American Troops from New Orleans stationed in Aruba, and/or the Refinery workers brought to Aruba from Trinidad. Over the years the Carnival Celebration has changed and now starts from the beginning of January till the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday with a large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities (Sunday before Ash Wednesday).
According to the Bureau Burgelijke Stand en Bevolkingsregister (BBSB), as of 2005 there are ninety-two different nationalities living on the island.
Aruba's Queen Beatrix International Airport is located near Oranjestad, the capital. This airport has daily flights to various cities across the United States; Miami, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Houston, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina; New York City, New York and Boston, Massachusetts; as well as San Juan and Puerto Rico. It also connects Aruba with Canada and South America, with daily flights to the international airports of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Spain, England and most of Europe through the Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands.
According to the Aruba Airport Authority, in 2005 almost 1.7 millions travelers used the airport, 61% of which were American citizens.
Language
Language can be seen as an important part of island culture in Aruba. The cultural mixture has given rise to a linguistic mixture known as Papiamento, the predominant language on Aruba. The two official languages are the Dutch language and Papiamento. Papiamento is a language that has been evolving through the centuries and absorbed many words from other languages like Spanish, Dutch, English, African dialects, and Portuguese. However, like many islands in the region, Spanish is also often spoken. The English language has historical connections (with the British Empire) and is known by many, the usage has also grown due to tourism. Other common languages spoken are Portuguese, Chinese, German and French depending on the size of the individual communities. The latter is offered in high school and college, since a high percentage of Aruban students continue their studies in Europe.
In recent years, the government of Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs from island to island and even from groups of people on the same island in some cases. Some are more oriented towards the Portuguese roots and use the equivalent spelling (i.e. "y" instead of "j"), where others are more oriented towards the Dutch roots.
In the book The Buccaneers of America originally published in 1678, it reads that by eyewitness account the Indians on Aruba spoke Spanish. The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento, dates from 1803.
Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: Diario, Bon Dia, Solo di Pueblo and Awe Mainta and two in English : Aruba Today and The News. Aruba also has 18 Radio Stations (2 AM and 16 FM) and three TV stations.
Sources and further reading
- Lago Colony and Lago Refinery Lago Colony and Lago Refinery. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- AVP Website Aruban Political Website. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- CIA World Factbook - Aruba United States Government files of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Languages of Aruba Ethnologue of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Ember, Melvin, and Carol R. Ember. 2001. Countries and their cultures. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028649467
- Farnsworth, Paul. 2001. Island lives: historical archaeologies of the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817310932
- Hartog, J. 1961. Aruba, past and present; from the time of the Indians until today. Oranjestad, Aruba: D.J. DeWit.
External links
- Central Bank van Aruba. Central Bank of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Aruba Ports Authority. Aruba Ports Authority. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Aruba Airport Authority. Reina Beatrix International Airport. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- AZV. Aruba Health Organization. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Government of Aruba Tourism site. Governmental Tourism Portal. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- University of Aruba. University of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Aruba Plaza. Multiple details about Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
- Aruba Paper Money Index. Aruba Paper Money. Retrieved September 19, 2007
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- History_of_Aruba history
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