Difference between revisions of "Aruba" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Claimed}}{{Images OK}}
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{{Approved}}{{Submitted}}{{Images OK}}{{Paid}}{{Copyedited}}
  
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{{Infobox Country or territory
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{{Infobox country
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|native_name              = Aruba
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|conventional_long_name  = Aruba
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|common_name             = Aruba
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|common_name       = Aruba
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|image_flag               = Flag of Aruba.svg
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|image_flag         = Flag of Aruba.svg
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|image_coat              = Aruba coa.png
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|image_coat              =  
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|national_anthem         = ''[[Aruba Dushi Tera]]''
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|national_anthem   = "[[Aruba Dushi Tera]]"
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|national_motto          = "One Happy Island"
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|image_map         = LocationAruba.png
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|image_map               = LocationAruba.png
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|official_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamento]]<ref> Central Intelligence Agency, Aruba ''The World Factbook''.</ref>
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|official_languages       = [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamento]]<sup>1</sup>
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|demonym           = [[Aruban]]
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|demonym                 = [[Aruban]]
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|capital           = [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
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|capital                 = [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
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|latd               = 12
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|latd=12 |latm=19 |latNS=N |longd=70 |longm=1 |longEW=W
+
|latm               = 31
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|largest_city             = capital
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|latNS             = N
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|government_type         = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
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|longd             = 70
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|leader_title1           = [[Dutch monarchy|Monarch]]
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|longm             = 1
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|leader_name1             = [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]
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|longEW             = W
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|leader_title2           = [[Governor]]
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|largest_city       = capital
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|leader_name2             = [[Fredis Refunjol]]
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|government_type   = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
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|leader_title3           = [[Prime Minister of Aruba|Prime Minister]]
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|leader_title1     = [[Dutch monarchy|Monarch]]
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|leader_name3             = [[Nelson O. Oduber]]
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|leader_name1       = [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]
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|leader_title4            = [[Vice-Prime Minister of Aruba|Vice-Prime Minister]]
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|leader_title2     = [[Governor of Aruba|Governor]]
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|leader_name4            = [[Marisol Lopez-Tromp]]
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|leader_name2       = [[Fredis Refunjol]]
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|sovereignty_type         = [[Independence]]
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|leader_title3     = [[Prime Minister of Aruba|Prime Minister]]
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|sovereignty_note         = from [[Netherlands Antilles]]
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|leader_name3       = [[Mike Eman]]
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|established_event1       = Date
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|legislature        = [[Estates of Aruba]]
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|established_date1       = [[1 January]] [[1986]]
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|sovereignty_type   = [[Autonomy]]
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|land_area_rank           = 214th
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|sovereignty_note   = from [[Netherlands Antilles]]
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|area_magnitude           = 1 E8
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|established_event1 = Date
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|area                    = 193
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|established_date1 = 1 January 1986
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|areami²                  = 74.5
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|land_area_rank     = 214th
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|percent_water           = negligible
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|area_magnitude     = 1 E8
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|population_estimate      = 103,484
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|area_km2          = 180
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|population_estimate_rank = 195th
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|area_sq_mi        = 69
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|population_estimate_year = 2006
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|percent_water     = negligible
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|population_density      = 571
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|population_estimate      = 103,065
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|population_densitymi²    = 1479
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|population_estimate_rank = 186th
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|population_estimate_year = July 2009
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|population_density_km2  = 534
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|population_density_sq_mi = 1383
 
|population_density_rank  = 18th
 
|population_density_rank  = 18th
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|GDP_PPP                  = $3.079 billion
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|GDP_PPP                  = $2.400 billion
 
|GDP_PPP_rank            = 182nd
 
|GDP_PPP_rank            = 182nd
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|GDP_PPP_year            = 2006
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|GDP_PPP_year            = 2007
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $23,299
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $23,831
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 32nd
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 32nd
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|currency                 = [[Aruban florin]]
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|currency           = [[Aruban florin]]
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|currency_code           = AWG<sup>2</sup>
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|currency_code     = AWG
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|time_zone               = [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]
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|time_zone         = [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] ([[UTC-04]])
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|utc_offset              = -4
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|drives_on          = right
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|cctld                   = [[.aw]]
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|cctld             = [[.aw]]
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|calling_code             = 297
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|calling_code       = 297
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|footnote1                = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]] also spoken.
 
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|footnote2                = ''Arubaanse Waarde Geld''.
 
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Aruba''' is a 32&nbsp;km-long island of the [[Lesser Antilles]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], 27&nbsp;km north of the [[Paraguaná Peninsula]], [[Falcón State]], [[Venezuela]]. It is in the Realm of [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], which consists of a European part (The Netherlands) and a Caribbean-American part (Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles). Unlike much of the Caribbean-American region, Aruba has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm sunny weather. It has a land area of [[1 E8 m²|193&nbsp;km²]] and lies outside of the [[hurricane belt]].
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'''Aruba''' is a 32 kilometer-long island of the [[Lesser Antilles]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Curaçao 18 miles north of the [[Paraguaná Peninsula]] of [[Venezuela]]. It belongs to the Realm of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], which consists of a European state, the [[Netherlands]], and two Caribbean states, Aruba and the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Aruba has a land area of 75 square miles (193 km²) and lies just outside of the [[hurricane]] belt. The capital and main port is Oranjestad.
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The original [[Native American|native]] people of Aruba and surrounding islands were the [[Arawak Indians]]. This heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most other Caribbean islands. Though no full-blooded Aboriginals remain, the features of the islanders clearly indicate their genetic heritage.
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{{toc}}
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Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and is considered a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. This setting has strengthened tourism, which is its number one economic strength and has earned it the name, ''"the Las Vegas of the Caribbean".''
  
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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[[Image:Aruba map.png|thumb|200px|right|Map of Aruba]]
 
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[[Image:Arubasunset 2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A [[sunset]] in Aruba.]]
 
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{{main|Geography of Aruba}}
 
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One of the [[Lesser Antilles]], specifically in the [[Leeward Antilles]] island arc, Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. Most of these are located on the western and southern coasts of the island, which are relatively sheltered from fierce ocean currents. The northern and eastern coasts, lacking this protection, are considerably more battered by the sea and have been left largely untouched by humans. The interior of the island features some rolling hills, the better two of which are called [[Hooiberg]] at 165 [[metre]]s (541&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length|ft]]) and [[Mount Jamanota]], which is the highest on the island, at 188 metres (617&nbsp;ft) above [[sea level]]. Oranjestad, the capital, is located at {{coor dm|12|19|N|70|1|W|}}.
 
  
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As a separate member state of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], the island has no administrative subdivisions. On the east are [[Curaçao]] and [[Bonaire]], two island territories which form the southwest part of the [[Netherlands Antilles]]; Aruba and these two Netherlands Antilles islands are also known as the [[ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)|ABC islands]].
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An island of the Lesser Antilles, located within the [[Leeward Antilles]] island arc, Aruba is a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. Most of these are located on the western and southern coasts of the island, which are relatively sheltered from fierce [[ocean]] currents. The northern and eastern coasts, lacking this protection, are considerably more battered by the sea and have been left largely untouched by humans.  
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To the east are [[Curaçao]] and [[Bonaire]], two island territories which form the southwest part of the [[Netherlands Antilles]]; Aruba and these two Netherlands Antilles islands are also known as the ''ABC Islands.'' As a separate member state of the [[Netherlands]], Aruba has no administrative subdivision.  
  
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The local [[climate]] is a pleasant tropical marine climate. Little seasonal temperature variation exists, which helps Aruba to attract tourists all year round. Temperatures are almost constant at about 28&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] (82&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]), moderated by constant [[trade wind]]s from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Yearly precipitation barely reaches 500&nbsp;[[millimeter|mm]] (20&nbsp;[[inch|in]]), most of it falling in late autumn.
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The interior of the island features some rolling hills, the better-known two of which are called [[Hooiberg]] at 541 feet (165 m) and [[Mount Jamanota]], which is the highest on the island, at 617 feet (188 m) above [[sea level]]. Immense monolithic boulders of [[diorite]] are piled atop one another throughout the island.  
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[[Image:Aruba map.png|thumb|210px|left|Map of Aruba]]
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The island's [[soil]] is barren, with little or no natural irrigation. Its natural vegetation is comprised of a variety of drought-resistant trees, shrubs and cacti.
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Most drinking water is obtained by desalination of seawater.  
  
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The local [[climate]] is a pleasant and tropical–marine. Little seasonal [[temperature]] variation exists, which helps Aruba to attract tourists all year round. Temperatures are almost constant at about 28 °C (82 °F), moderated by constant [[trade wind]]s from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Rainfall is low and variable, with annual precipitation barely reaching  20 inches (500 mm), with most of it falling in late autumn. The island lies outside the usual path of hurricanes.
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=== Arikok National Park ===
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Arikok National Park is a preserve of desert resources, including several indigenous species.
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The [[National Park]] takes up approximately 18 percent of this tiny island, including three primary geological formations, the Aruba [[lava]] formation, a [[quartz]] diorite formation, and a [[limestone]] formation that extends inward from the coast. These formations have directly influenced Aruba's human settlement, as well as its natural wonders.
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[[Image:Arubasunset 2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A sunset in Aruba.]]
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Aruba is home to several species endemic to the island, including two unique species of [[snake]] and two [[bird]] species. Rock outcroppings also create micro-climatic conditions to support these unique plant and animal species, as well as settlements. These are located within the Arikok National Park almost exclusively. The two snake species are the cascabel ([[Crotalus durissus]] uni-color), and the santanero (Leptodeira bakeri), called the (Aruban) Baker's [[cat-eyed snake]]. The shoco (Athene cunicu-laria arubensis), known as the Aruban [[burrowing owl]], and the prikichi (Aratinga pertinax arubensis), the Aruban [[parakeet]]. Another indigenous species, the kododo blauw (Cnemido- phorus arubensus) is the Aruban [[whiptail lizard]].
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Inside the park are some of the island's oldest [[Arawak]] paintings, which have drawn attention from the government.
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First designated as an important national area in the 1980s, Arikok National Park is home to popular [[hiking]] trails, covering all kinds of terrain from hills to gold mines, and even plantation ruins.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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{{main|History of Aruba}}
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Aruba's first inhabitants were the [[Caquetios]]s of the [[Arawak]] tribe, who migrated there from [[Venezuela]] to escape attacks by the [[Carib]]s. Fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1000 C.E. Due to Aruba's mostly distant location from other [[Caribbean]] islands and strong currents in the sea which made canoe travel to the other islands difficult, the Caquetios remained tied more strongly to [[South America]] than to the Caribbean.
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Europeans first learned of Aruba when [[Amerigo Vespucci]] and [[Alonso de Ojeda]] came across it in August 1499.  
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Vespucci in one of his four letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici describes his voyage to the islands along the coast of Venezuela and describes an island where most trees are of brazilwood, and that from this island he went to one ten leagues of where they had houses built as in Venice. In another letter he describes an island inhabited by very large people, that as small as it was, first they thought was not inhabited.
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Aruba was discovered by Spanish explorer [[Alonso de Ojeda]] and claimed for Spain in 1499. Although he established a colony there, it was limited in scope. Unlike many other Caribbean islands, no plantation society evolved on Aruba. Instead, the Spanish sent many Caquetios to [[Hispaniola]], where they were enslaved in the [[Mining|mines]].   
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In 1636, Aruba was acquired by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and remained under their control for nearly two centuries. In 1805, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the British took control of the island, but it was returned to Dutch control in 1816.
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[[Image:The Aruba Shoreline.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The Aruba shoreline, 2004.]]
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The island's economy has been dominated by four main industries: [[gold]] mining, [[aloe]] export, [[petroleum]], and [[tourism]]. Though gold was discovered in the nineteenth century, the economy remained weak until the construction of an oil refinery at Sint Nicolaas in the 1920s.
  
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In 1508 Alonso de Ojeda was appointed as Spain's first Governor of Aruba, as part of "Nueva Andalucia".  
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In 1976, preparing the people of Aruba to exercise Aruba's Self-determination Right and Independence, the National Flag and National Anthem were introduced by special committee. The National Flag symbolized Aruba's "Status Aparte," obtaining thereby for Aruba the status of an autonomous state, with special ties with the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1977, the first Referendum for Self Determination was held with the support of the [[United Nations]].
  
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It remained a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] for over a century.  
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In 1983, Aruba reached a final official agreement with the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Governments, to become a Member State within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with its own Constitution. Aruba's constitution and autonomy were unanimously approved and proclaimed in August 1985, and an election was held to determine the State of Aruba's first national parliament and institute its first national government.
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The Cacique or Indian Chief in Aruba Simas welcomed the first priests in Aruba and received from them a wooden Cross as a gift .
 
  
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Another known Governor appointed by Spain is the Factor Juan de Ampues.   
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In 1986, Aruba seceded from the [[Netherlands Antilles]] and became a separate, autonomous member of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], under the Dutch crown. This achievement was largely due to the diplomatic prowess of the late [[Betico Croes]] and the support of nations such as the [[United States of America|USA]], [[Panama]], [[Venezuela]] and various European Countries. The governments of Aruba, the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles in 1994 jointly decided to indefinitely postpone the transition to full independence.
  
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A "cédula real" decreed in November 1525, gave Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of Española,  the right to repopulate the depopulated islands of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. The native under Spanish rule enjoyed a certain measure of liberty, his position being actually better than that of the North European farmer of the period.
 
  
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Ampues was later replaced in 1528 by a representative of the "House of Welser"
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==Politics==
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Aruba has been under Dutch administration since 1647, initially under [[Peter Stuyvesant]]. Under the Dutch W.I.C. administration, as "New Netherlands and Curacao" from 1648-1664 and the Dutch government regulations of 1629, also applied in Aruba. The Dutch administration appointed an Irishman as "Commandeur" in Aruba in 1667.
 
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Aruba was under British occupation from 1799-1802, and again from 1805-1816.
 
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General Francisco de Miranda and a group of 200 freedom fighters on their voyage to liberate Venezuela from Spain stayed for several weeks in Aruba in August 1806. 
 
  
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The island's economy has been dominated by four main industries:  [[gold mining]], [[aloe]] export, [[petroleum]], and [[tourism]].  
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As a [[Constituent Country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], Aruba's politics take place within a framework of a 21-member [[parliamentary democracy|Parliament]] and an eight-member Cabinet. The governor general is appointed for a six-year term by the monarch, and the prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by the Staten (or Parliament) for four-year terms. The Staten is made up of 21 members elected by direct, popular vote to serve a four-year term.
  
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During World War II Aruba became a British protectorate from 1940-1942 and a U.S. protectorate from 1942-1945.
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Together, the [[Netherlands|State of the Netherlands]], the [[Netherlands Antilles|State of the Netherlands Antilles]], and the State of Aruba form a [[Commonwealth]]. As they share the same Dutch citizenship, these three countries also share the Dutch passport as the Kingdom of the Netherlands passport. Aruba recognizes a local citizenship for the island, and reserves some privileges and rights for Arubans.
  
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On [[February 16]], [[1942]], its oil processing refinery, which was at the time one of the largest in the region, was attacked by a German submarine (U-156) under the command of [[Werner Hartenstein]]. The mission failed miraculously. Aruba's Refinery was the main supplier of oil to the Allies at the time. The U-156 was later destroyed by a US plane as the crew was sunbathing, only one survived.  
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Legal jurisdiction lies with a [[Court of First Instance]], a [[Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba]] and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Netherlands.
  
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In March 1944: [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] paid a brief visit to the American troops stationed in Aruba during [[World War II]]. To be in attendance of Mrs. Roosevelt at Aruba were:  His Excellency, Dr. P. Kasteel, the Governor of Curaçao, and his Aide, Lieutenant Ivan Lansberg; Rear Admiral T. E. Chandler and his Aide, Lieutenant W. L. Edgington; Captain Jhr. W. Boreel and his Aide, Lieutenant E. O. Holmberg; and the Netherlands Aide to Mrs. Roosevelt, Lieutenant Commander v.d. Schatte Olivier.
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There is no indigenous military of Aruba, defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Military forces that protect Aruba include the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Netherlands Marine Corps and the Netherlands Coastguard. An increase of instability in [[South America]], specifically [[Venezuela]], prompted the Netherlands to heighten the security level and increase monitoring of the island in cooperation with the [[United States]].
  
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In August 1947, Aruba presented its first "Staatsreglement", for the status of a completely autonomous State within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], under the authority of the crown, which is defined the same as in Britain's Statute of Westminster, an equal status of the Dominion Parliaments with the British Parliament, establishing that the Dominions were under the authority of the Crown, and not the government of Britain.
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The Netherlands Antilles conducts foreign affairs primarily through the Dutch government, however, Aruba has strong relations with other Caribbean governments. Aruba is an observer in the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), an associate member of the [[World Trade Organization]] through the Netherlands and is a full member of the [[Association of Caribbean States]].
  
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In 1972, at a Conference in Surinam, [[Betico Croes]] (MEP) proposed a "sui-generis" Dutch Commonwealth of four states: Aruba, the Netherlands, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. Mr. C. Yarzagaray, a parliamentary member representing the AVP political party proposed a referendum to be held in Aruba for the people of Aruba to determine Aruba's separate status or "Status Aparte" as a completely autonomous state under the authority of the crown.  
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==Economy==
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Prior to the 1800s, the island of Aruba had been used mainly for [[horsebreeding]] by colonial administrators, who used the native population as herdsmen. Efforts were made in the next century to grow [[aloe]] for export, but interest was small. In the 1820s gold mining came to the fore, but had ceased by the early 1900s. From the 1920s to the mid-1980s oil refining supported the island. A financial crisis ensued with the closing of the refinery in 1985.  
  
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In 1976, preparing the people of Aruba to exercise Aruba's Self-determination Right and Independence, the National Flag and National Anthem were introduced by a special committee appointed by Betico Croes. The National Flag symbolized Aruba's "Status Aparte", obtaining hereby for Aruba the status of an autonomous state, with special ties with a Commonwealth of Nations.  
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Since the end of oil refining on the island, tourism has been strongly promoted. Due to the growth of tourism, Aruba enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean region, with the lowest crime rate and low poverty and unemployment rates. Because of the focus on tourism and the number of resorts, luxury hotels and casinos on the island, Arubans enjoy a very low unemployment rate. The island has become known as "the Las Vegas of the Caribbean."
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[[Image:Cruise ship in port in Aruba, 2006.jpg|thumb|300px|Cruise ship in port, Aruba, 2006.]]
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Tourism and related industries provide approximately half of the state's income. Most tourists come to the island from [[Canada]], the [[European Union]] and the [[United States]], which is one of the island's largest trading partners, along with Venezuela, and the Netherlands. Because of tourism's rapid growth in the last ten years, related industries, such as construction, have also flourished.
  
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In 1977, the first Referendum for Self Determination was held with the support of the [[United Nations]].
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Although the island's poor [[soil]] and low [[rain]]fall limit its [[agriculture|agricultural]] prospects, [[aloe]] cultivation, [[livestock]], and [[fishing]] contribute to Aruba's economy. With such a large part of its economy dependent on tourism, the Aruban government is striving to increase business in other sectors to protect against possible industry slumps. Their current focus is on expanding [[technology]], [[finance]], and [[telecommunication|communications]]. The development of a free-trade zone and plans to develop Aruba into an international offshore financial center are in the works.  
  
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In 1983, Aruba reached a final official agreement with the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Governments, to become a Member State within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with its own Constitution/Grondwet. Aruba's constitution and autonomy were unanimously approved and proclaimed in August 1985, and an election was held for the people to elect the State of Aruba's first national parliament and institute its first national government.
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In addition, the country exports art and collectibles, machinery, electrical equipment, and transport equipment. Aruba's small labor force and low unemployment rate have led to a large number of unfilled job vacancies, despite sharp rises in wage rates in recent years.  
  
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Aruba's gained independence from the [[Netherlands Antilles]] on [[January 1]], [[1986]], as an autonomous, self-governing member state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in preparation for its full independence in 1996. This last achievement is largely due to the diplomatic prowess of the late [[Betico Croes]] and his political support of other nations like the USA, Panama, Venezuela and various European Countries. Movement toward full independence by 1996 was postponed upon the request of Aruba's prime minister, [[Nelson O. Oduber]], in 1990. It was decided to postpone Aruba's independence date until the people decide otherwise through a referendum. [[Betico Croes]], after his death in 1986, was proclaimed as the Libertador di Aruba.
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The G.D.P. per capita for Aruba is calculated to be around $23,600.00; one of the highest in the Americas.
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[[Deficit spending]] has been a staple in Aruba's history, and modestly high inflation has been present as well, although recent efforts at tightening monetary policy may correct this. Aruba receives some [[development aid]] from the Dutch government each year, which decreases each year and will cease completely in 2009.
  
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==Politics==
 
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{{main|Politics of Aruba}}
 
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As a [[Constituent Country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], Aruba's politics take place within a framework of a 21-member [[parliamentary democracy|Parliament]] and an eight-member Cabinet. The governor general is appointed for a six-year term by the monarch, and the prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by the Staten (or "Parlamento") for four-year terms. The Staten is made up of 21 members elected by direct, popular vote to serve a four-year term.
 
  
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Together, the State of the [[Netherlands]], the State of the [[Netherlands Antilles]], and the State of Aruba form a [[Commonwealth]].
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==Demographics==
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Most of Aruba's population is racially mixed, with a huge percentage containing [[Native American|Aboriginal]] ancestry, though no full-bloods remain. The majority of the population is descended from [[Arawak]], in combination with [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Spain|Spanish]], and [[Africa]]n ancestors.  
  
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As they share the same Dutch citizenship, these three countries  still also share the Dutch passport as the Kingdom of the Netherlands passport. Aruba does still recognize a local citizenship for Aruba, and does reserve some privileges and rights for Arubans.
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Since there was no plantation economy due to the island's poor soil, the few slaves used in the gold mines were Arawak. African slaves were not brought in, resulting in Aruba having the distinction of having one of the longest lasting non-integrated Arawak tribes in the region. The Arawak culture is still evident in language and traditions. The Arawak heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most Caribbean islands.  
  
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==Law==
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Recently there has been substantial immigration to the island from neighboring [[Latin America]]n and Caribbean nations, attracted by the lure of well-paying jobs.
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Legal jurisdiction lies with a ''Gerecht in Eerste Aanleg'' ([[Court of First Instance]]) on Aruba, a ''Gemeenschappelijk Hof van Justitie voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba'' ([[Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba]] and the ''[[Hoge Raad der Nederlanden]]'' (Supreme Court of Justice of the Netherlands).
 
  
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==Economy==
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===Census figures===
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'''GRIFFIN - Look at Wikipedia's article titled Economy of Aruba to see if there is good information you can copy over.'''
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[[Image:Aruba-demography.png|thumb|300px|Population of Aruba, Data of [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], Number of inhabitants in thousands, 2005.]]
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Aruba enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean region, the lowest crime rate, with low poverty and unemployment rates. About half of the Aruban [[Gross National Product]] is earned through [[tourism]] or related activities. Most of the tourists are from [[Canada]], the [[European Union]] and the [[United States]], which is the country's largest trading partner. Before the Status Aparte (Secession from the Neth. Antilles) oil processing was the dominant industry in Aruba, despite expansion of the tourism sector. Today, the influence of the oil processing business is minimal. The size of the agriculture and manufacturing industries remains minimal.
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[[Image:Aruba_population_pyramid_2006.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Population pyramid]] of Aruba.]]
  
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The G.D.P. per capita for Aruba is calculated to be around $23.600,00 ; one of the highest in the American Continent.
+
'''Population:''' 102,695 (March 2006 est.)
  
−
[[Deficit spending]] has been a staple in Aruba's history, and modestly high inflation has been present as well, although recent efforts at tightening monetary policy may correct this. Aruba receives some [[development aid]] from the Dutch government each year, which will stop in 2009 as part of a deal where each year the Netherlands will lower their financial help to the island. The Aruban florin is pegged to the [[United States dollar]] with a fixed exchange rate where 1.79 florin equals 1 U.S. dollar.  
+
'''Age structure:'''
 +
* 0-14 years: 20.7 percent (male 7,540; female 7,121)
 +
* 15-64 years: 68.3 percent (male 23,427; female 24,955)
 +
* 65 years and over: 11 percent (male 3,215; female 4,586) (2003 est.)
  
−
In [[2006]] the Aruban government has also changed several tax laws in order to further reduce the deficit. [[Direct tax]]es have been converted to indirect taxes as proposed by the IMF. The inflation for 2006 has been calculated to 2.5%.
+
'''Median age:'''
 +
* total: 37.1 years
 +
* male: 35.3 years
 +
* female: 38.5 years (2002)
  
−
----
+
'''Population growth rate:''' 0.55 percent (2003 est.)
−
The '''[[economy]]''' of '''[[Aruba]]''' is an [[open economy|open]] system, with [[tourism]] currently providing the largest percentage of the country's income. Because of tourism's rapid growth in the last ten years, related industries like [[construction]] have also flourished.  Other primary industries include [[oil refining]] and storage, as well as [[offshore bank]]ing.  Although the island's poor soil and low rainfall limit its agricultural prospects, [[aloe]] cultivation, [[livestock]], and [[fishing]] contribute to Aruba's economy.  In addition, the country also exports art and collectibles, machinery, electrical equipment, and transport equipment.  Aruba's small labor force and low unemployment rate have led to a large number of unfilled job vacancies, despite sharp rises in wage rates in recent years.  
 
  
−
With such a large part of its economy dependent on tourism, the Aruban government is striving to increase business in other sectors to protect against possible industry slumps. Their current focus is on expanding [[technology]], [[finance]], and [[telecommunication|communications]].
+
'''Birth rate:''' 11.86 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
  
−
==Demographics==
+
'''Death rate:''' 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
−
[[Image:Aruba-demography.png|thumb|300px|left|Population of Aruba according to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] in 2005; number of inhabitants given in thousands.]]
 
−
{{main|Demographics of Aruba}}
 
−
Aruba is situated in the deep southern part of the Caribbean.
 
−
Because of almost no rainfall, Aruba was saved from plantation and the economics of the [[slave trade]].  
 
  
−
In [[1515]], the first Spanish Governor of this region, Alonso de Ojeda had the entire population transported to [[Hispaniola]] where they all had to learn the fifteenth century vulgar "Spanish" spoken there and work in the [[copper]] [[mining|mines]]; most were allowed to return when the mines were tapped out.  
+
'''Net migration rate:''' 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
  
−
The Dutch, who took control almost two centuries later, left the [[Arawaks]], who spoke the "broken Spanish" their ancestors had learned in Hispaniola, to farm and graze livestock, using the island as a source of meat for other Dutch possessions in the Caribbean. The Arawak heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most Caribbean islands. No full-blooded [[Native American (Americas)|Aboriginals]] remain, but the features of the islanders clearly indicate their genetic heritage. The majority of the population is descended mostly from Arawak, Spanish, Italian and Dutch and a few French, British and African ancestors.  
+
'''Sex ratio:'''<br />
 +
at birth: 1.05 male / female<br />
 +
under 15 years: 1.06 male / female<br />
 +
15-64 years: 0.94 male / female<br />
 +
65 years and over: 0.7 male / female<br />
 +
total population: 0.93 male / female (2003 est.)
  
−
Recently there has been another substantial immigration to the island from neighboring American and Caribbean nations, attracted by the lure of well-paying jobs.
+
'''Infant mortality rate:'''
 +
* total: 6.14 deaths/1,000 live births
 +
* female: 5.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
 +
* male: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births
  
−
==Culture==
+
'''Life expectancy at birth:'''
−
[[Image:Baby_Beach_Aruba.jpg|thumb|250px|Baby Beach, Aruba]]
+
* total population: 78.83 years
−
On March 18 Aruba celebrates its National Day. In 1976, Aruba presented its National Anthem (Aruba Dushi Tera) and Flag.
+
* male: 75.48 years
 +
* female: 82.34 years (2003 est.)
  
−
The origins of the population and location of the island give Aruba a mixed culture. Dutch influence can still be seen, as in the celebration of the "[[Sinterklaas]]" Day on December 5 and 6 and other national Holidays like April 30, when in Aruba and the Dutch Kingdom celebrates the Queen's birthday or "Dia di Reina" ([[Koninginnedag]]).
+
'''Total fertility rate:''' 1.79 children born/woman (2003 est.)
  
−
Christmas and New Year are celebrated with the typical music and songs of gaitas for Christmas and the dande for New Year, and the "ayaca", the "ponchi crema" and "ham", and other typical foods and drinks. Millions of dollars worth of fireworks are burnt at midnight on New Year's.
+
'''Nationality:'''<br />
 +
''noun:'' Aruban(s)<br />
 +
''adjective:'' Aruban; Dutch
  
−
In June there is the celebration of the "Dia di San Juan", with the song of "Dera Gay".
+
'''Religions:''' [[Roman Catholic]] 82 percent, [[Protestantism|Protestant]] 8 percent, [[Hindu]], [[Muslim]], [[Buddhism]] 1.2 percent, [[Jew]]ish
  
−
Tourism from the United States has recently also increased the visibility of American culture on the island, with such celebrations as Halloween and Thanksgiving Day in November.
+
'''Languages:'''
−
+
[[Dutch language|Dutch]] (official), [[Papiamento]] (national language), [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]].
−
The holiday of [[Carnival]] is also an important one in Aruba, as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries, and is related to [[Mardi Gras]], celebrated in New Orleans. Its celebration in Aruba started during World War II, around the 1940s, either influenced by the American Troops from New Orleans stationed in Aruba, or/and the Refinery workers brought to Aruba from Trinidad. Over the years the Carnival Celebration has changed and now starts from the beginning of January till the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday with a large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities (Sunday before Ash Wednesday).
 
  
−
According to the ''Bureau Burgelijke Stand en Bevolkingsregister'' (BBSB), as of 2005 there are ninety-two different nationalities living on the island.
+
'''Ethnic Groups'''
 +
[[Arawak]] [[Caribbean]] [[Amerindian]] 80  percent, [[Caucasian]] & Other 20  percent
  
−
Aruba's [[Queen Beatrix International Airport]] is located near Oranjestad. This airport has daily flights to various cities across the United States, to San Juan, Puerto Rico; Miami, Florida;  Chicago, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Houston, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina; New York, and Boston, Massachusetts. It also connects Aruba with Canada and South America, with daily flights to the international airports of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Spain, England and most of Europe through the [[Schiphol Airport]] in the [[Netherlands]].
 
  
−
According to the Aruba Airport Authority, in 2005 almost 1.7 millions travelers used the airport, of which 61% were Americans.
+
===Language===
 +
[[Image:Inland Aruba 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|Inland Aruba, 2004.]]
 +
Language is an important part of Aruba's culture. The cultural mix has given rise to a linguistic blend known as [[Papiamento]], the predominant language on Aruba. The two official languages are the [[Dutch language]] and Papiamento.  
  
−
==Language==
+
Papiamento has evolved through the centuries and absorbed many words from other languages such as [[Spanish language|Spanish]], Dutch, [[English language|English]], African dialects, and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. However, like many islands in the region, Spanish is also often spoken. The English language has historical connections due to the [[British Empire]]'s rule and is known by many; the usage has also grown due to tourism. Other common languages spoken are Portuguese, Chinese, German and French depending on the size of the individual communities. The latter is offered in high school and college, since a high percentage of Aruban students continue their studies in [[Europe]].
−
{{main|Language in Aruba}}
 
−
Language can be seen as an important part of island culture in Aruba. The cultural mixture has given rise to a linguistic mixture known as [[Papiamento]], the predominant language on Aruba. The two official languages are the [[Dutch language]] and Papiamento. Papiamento is a language that has been evolving through the centuries and absorbed many words from other languages like Spanish, Dutch, English, African dialects, and Portuguese. However, like many islands in the region, Spanish is also often spoken. English has historical connections (with the [[British Empire]]) and is known by many, English usage has also grown due to tourism. Other common languages spoken based on the size of their community is Portuguese, Chinese, German and French. The latter is offered in high school and college, since a high percentage of Aruban students continue their studies in Europe.
 
  
−
In recent years, the government of Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs per island and even per group of people. Some are more oriented towards the Portuguese roots and use the equivalent spelling (e.g. "y" instead of "j"), where others are more oriented towards the Dutch roots.  
+
In recent years, the government of Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs from island to island and sometimes even between groups of people on the same island, variously utilizing either the Dutch or Portuguease roots.  
  
−
In a book ''The Buccaneers of America'' first published in 1678, is stated by eyewitness account that the Indians on Aruba spoke "Spanish". The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento, dates from 1803.  
+
In the book ''The Buccaneers of America'' originally published in 1678, it is written that by eyewitness account the Indians on Aruba spoke Spanish. The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento, dates from 1803.  
  
−
Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: ''Diario'', ''Bon Dia'', ''Solo di Pueblo'' and ''Awe Mainta'' and two in English : ''Aruba Today'' and ''The News''.
+
Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: ''Diario,'' ''Bon Dia,'' ''Solo di Pueblo'' and ''Awe Mainta'' and two in English: ''Aruba Today'' and ''The News.''
 
Aruba also has 18 Radio Stations (2 AM and 16 FM) and three TV stations.
 
Aruba also has 18 Radio Stations (2 AM and 16 FM) and three TV stations.
  
−
==Places of interest==
+
Islanders can often speak four or more languages and are mostly [[Roman Catholic]].
−
{{columns |width=13.3em
+
 
−
|col1width=20.4em
+
==Culture==
−
|col1 =
+
 
−
* [[Alto Vista Chapel]]
+
The origins of the population and location of the island gives Aruba a mixed culture. Dutch influence can still be seen, as in the celebration of the "[[Sinterklaas]]" Day on December 5 and 6, and other national holidays such as "Dia di Reina" ([[Koninginnedag]]) when Aruba and the Dutch Kingdom celebrates the Queen's birthday each year on April 30.
−
* [[Arikok National Park]]
+
 
−
* [[Ayo Rock Formations|Ayo and Casibari Rock Formations]]
+
[[Christmas]] and New Year's are celebrated with the typical music and songs of gaitas for Christmas and the dande for New Year's. The "ayaca," the "ponchi crema" and ham along with other typical foods and drinks are eaten on these days. Hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of fireworks are set off at midnight on New Year's.
−
* [[Bushiribana and Balashi]]
+
[[Image:Baby_Beach_Aruba.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Baby Beach, Aruba]]
−
* [[California Lighthouse]]
+
Tourism from the United States has recently also increased the visibility of American culture on the island, with such celebrations as [[Halloween]] and [[Thanksgiving Day]].
−
* [[Frenchman's Pass]]
+
 
−
|col2 =
+
In June the celebration of the "Dia di San Juan" (Saint John's Day), with the song of "Dera Gay" and bright vivid colors of carnival cover the island.
−
* [[Hooiberg]]
+
 
−
* Lourdes Grotto
+
The holiday of [[Carnival]] is important in Aruba as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries, and is related to [[Mardi Gras]] celebrated in [[New Orleans]]. Its celebration in Aruba began during [[World War II]], believed to have been influenced by the American Troops from New Orleans stationed on the island. Over the years the Carnival Celebration has changed, now beginning in early January and continuing until the Tuesday before [[Ash Wednesday]]. A large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities closes the celebration.
−
* Natural Bridge*
 
−
* Natural Pool
 
−
* Palm Beach
 
−
|col3 =
 
−
* Eagle Beach
 
−
* Arashi
 
−
* Caves
 
−
* [[Baby Beach, Aruba]]
 
−
* Aruba Aloe Factory
 
−
}}
 
−
{{spaces|2}}<span style="font-size:90%;">* Collapsed [[September 2]], [[2005]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-09-02-aruba-bridge_x.htm?csp=36 Coral bridge, natural Aruba tourist spot, collapses]</ref></span>
 
  
−
==See also==
+
==Notes==
−
*[[Communications in Aruba]]
+
<references/>
−
*[[Divi-divi]]
 
−
*[[Foreign relations of Aruba]]
 
−
*[[Military of Aruba]]
 
−
*[[Scouting Aruba]]
 
−
*[[Transportation in Aruba]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
{{reflist|1}}
+
* [http://aruba-guide.info/past.and.present/culture/ One Happy People] Aruba Guide. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
 +
* [http://www.lago-colony.com Lago Colony and Lago Refinery] ''Lago Colony and Lago Refinery''. Retrieved September 19, 2007
 +
* [http://www.avparuba.net AVP Website] ''Aruban Political Website''. Retrieved September 19, 2007
 +
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html CIA World Factbook - Aruba] ''United States Government files of Aruba''. Retrieved September 19, 2007
 +
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AW Languages of Aruba] ''Ethnologue of Aruba''. Retrieved September 19, 2007
 +
* Ember, Melvin, and Carol R. Ember. 2001. ''Countries and their cultures.'' New York: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028649467
 +
* Farnsworth, Paul. 2001. ''Island lives: historical archaeologies of the Caribbean.'' Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817310932
 +
* Hartog, J. 1961. ''Aruba, past and present; from the time of the Indians until today.'' Oranjestad, Aruba: D.J. DeWit.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{commons|Aruba}}
+
All links retrieved August 16, 2023.  
−
{{wiktionarypar|Aruba}}
 
−
* [http://www.cbaruba.org/ Central Bank of Aruba]
 
−
* [http://www.arubaports.com/ Aruba Ports Authority]
 
−
* [http://www.airportaruba.com/ Aruba Airport Authority]
 
−
* [http://www.uoazv.aw/azv_en/ Aruba Health Insurance (AZV)]
 
−
* [http://www.aruba.com/ Aruba.com] - Governmental Tourism Portal
 
−
* [http://www.ua.aw/ University of Aruba]
 
−
* [http://www.arubaplaza.com/ Arubaplaza.com] - Many details on Aruba
 
−
* {{CIA World Factbook link|aa|Aruba}}
 
−
* [http://numismondo.com/pm/abw/ Aruba Paper Money]
 
  
 +
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/aruba/ Aruba] CIA ''World Factbook''
 +
* [http://www.cbaruba.org/ Central Bank van Aruba]. ''Central Bank of Aruba''.
 +
* [http://www.arubaports.com/ Aruba Ports Authority]. ''Aruba Ports Authority''.
 +
* [http://www.airportaruba.com/ Aruba Airport Authority]. ''Reina Beatrix International Airport''.
 +
* [http://www.aruba.com/ Government of Aruba Tourism site]. ''Governmental Tourism Portal''.
 +
* [http://www.ua.aw/ University of Aruba]. ''University of Aruba''.
  
  
−
{{credit|Aruba|142730246|Economy_of_Aruba|148570588}}
+
{{credit|Aruba|142730246|Economy_of_Aruba|148570588|Arikok_National_Park|124249625|Foreign_relations_of_Aruba|114668187|Military_of_Aruba|143498878|History_of_Aruba|136339736|Demographics_of_Aruba|157229526}}
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
−
[[Category:Caribbean countries]]
+
[[Category|Central America]]
 +
[[Category:Caribbean]]
 +
[[Category:Islands]]
 +
[[Category:Countries]]

Latest revision as of 17:44, 16 August 2023


Aruba
Anthem: "Aruba Dushi Tera"
Capital
(and largest city)		Oranjestad
12°31′N 70°1′W / 12.517, -70.017
Official language(s) Dutch, Papiamento[1]
Demonym Aruban
Government Constitutional monarchy
 -  Monarch Queen Beatrix
 -  Governor Fredis Refunjol
 -  Prime Minister Mike Eman
Legislature Estates of Aruba
Autonomy from Netherlands Antilles 
 -  Date 1 January 1986 
Area
 -  Total 180 km2 
69 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) negligible
Population
 -  July 2009 estimate 103,065 (186th)
 -  Density 534/km2 (18th)
1,383/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
 -  Total $2.400 billion (182nd)
 -  Per capita $23,831 (32nd)
Currency Aruban florin (AWG)
Time zone AST (UTC-04)
Drives on the right
Internet TLD .aw
Calling code 297

Aruba is a 32 kilometer-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Curaçao 18 miles north of the Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela. It belongs to the Realm of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of a European state, the Netherlands, and two Caribbean states, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. Aruba has a land area of 75 square miles (193 km²) and lies just outside of the hurricane belt. The capital and main port is Oranjestad.

The original native people of Aruba and surrounding islands were the Arawak Indians. This heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most other Caribbean islands. Though no full-blooded Aboriginals remain, the features of the islanders clearly indicate their genetic heritage.

Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and is considered a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. This setting has strengthened tourism, which is its number one economic strength and has earned it the name, "the Las Vegas of the Caribbean".

Geography

An island of the Lesser Antilles, located within the Leeward Antilles island arc, Aruba is a generally flat, river-less island renowned for its white, sandy beaches. Most of these are located on the western and southern coasts of the island, which are relatively sheltered from fierce ocean currents. The northern and eastern coasts, lacking this protection, are considerably more battered by the sea and have been left largely untouched by humans.

To the east are Curaçao and Bonaire, two island territories which form the southwest part of the Netherlands Antilles; Aruba and these two Netherlands Antilles islands are also known as the ABC Islands. As a separate member state of the Netherlands, Aruba has no administrative subdivision.

The interior of the island features some rolling hills, the better-known two of which are called Hooiberg at 541 feet (165 m) and Mount Jamanota, which is the highest on the island, at 617 feet (188 m) above sea level. Immense monolithic boulders of diorite are piled atop one another throughout the island.

Map of Aruba

The island's soil is barren, with little or no natural irrigation. Its natural vegetation is comprised of a variety of drought-resistant trees, shrubs and cacti. Most drinking water is obtained by desalination of seawater.

The local climate is a pleasant and tropical–marine. Little seasonal temperature variation exists, which helps Aruba to attract tourists all year round. Temperatures are almost constant at about 28 °C (82 °F), moderated by constant trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean. Rainfall is low and variable, with annual precipitation barely reaching 20 inches (500 mm), with most of it falling in late autumn. The island lies outside the usual path of hurricanes.


Arikok National Park

Arikok National Park is a preserve of desert resources, including several indigenous species.

The National Park takes up approximately 18 percent of this tiny island, including three primary geological formations, the Aruba lava formation, a quartz diorite formation, and a limestone formation that extends inward from the coast. These formations have directly influenced Aruba's human settlement, as well as its natural wonders.

A sunset in Aruba.

Aruba is home to several species endemic to the island, including two unique species of snake and two bird species. Rock outcroppings also create micro-climatic conditions to support these unique plant and animal species, as well as settlements. These are located within the Arikok National Park almost exclusively. The two snake species are the cascabel (Crotalus durissus uni-color), and the santanero (Leptodeira bakeri), called the (Aruban) Baker's cat-eyed snake. The shoco (Athene cunicu-laria arubensis), known as the Aruban burrowing owl, and the prikichi (Aratinga pertinax arubensis), the Aruban parakeet. Another indigenous species, the kododo blauw (Cnemido- phorus arubensus) is the Aruban whiptail lizard.

Inside the park are some of the island's oldest Arawak paintings, which have drawn attention from the government.

First designated as an important national area in the 1980s, Arikok National Park is home to popular hiking trails, covering all kinds of terrain from hills to gold mines, and even plantation ruins.

History

Aruba's first inhabitants were the Caquetioss of the Arawak tribe, who migrated there from Venezuela to escape attacks by the Caribs. Fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1000 C.E. Due to Aruba's mostly distant location from other Caribbean islands and strong currents in the sea which made canoe travel to the other islands difficult, the Caquetios remained tied more strongly to South America than to the Caribbean.

Aruba was discovered by Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda and claimed for Spain in 1499. Although he established a colony there, it was limited in scope. Unlike many other Caribbean islands, no plantation society evolved on Aruba. Instead, the Spanish sent many Caquetios to Hispaniola, where they were enslaved in the mines.

In 1636, Aruba was acquired by the Dutch and remained under their control for nearly two centuries. In 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British took control of the island, but it was returned to Dutch control in 1816.

The Aruba shoreline, 2004.

The island's economy has been dominated by four main industries: gold mining, aloe export, petroleum, and tourism. Though gold was discovered in the nineteenth century, the economy remained weak until the construction of an oil refinery at Sint Nicolaas in the 1920s.

In 1976, preparing the people of Aruba to exercise Aruba's Self-determination Right and Independence, the National Flag and National Anthem were introduced by special committee. The National Flag symbolized Aruba's "Status Aparte," obtaining thereby for Aruba the status of an autonomous state, with special ties with the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1977, the first Referendum for Self Determination was held with the support of the United Nations.

In 1983, Aruba reached a final official agreement with the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Governments, to become a Member State within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with its own Constitution. Aruba's constitution and autonomy were unanimously approved and proclaimed in August 1985, and an election was held to determine the State of Aruba's first national parliament and institute its first national government.

In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, under the Dutch crown. This achievement was largely due to the diplomatic prowess of the late Betico Croes and the support of nations such as the USA, Panama, Venezuela and various European Countries. The governments of Aruba, the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles in 1994 jointly decided to indefinitely postpone the transition to full independence.


Politics

As a Constituent Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba's politics take place within a framework of a 21-member Parliament and an eight-member Cabinet. The governor general is appointed for a six-year term by the monarch, and the prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by the Staten (or Parliament) for four-year terms. The Staten is made up of 21 members elected by direct, popular vote to serve a four-year term.

Together, the State of the Netherlands, the State of the Netherlands Antilles, and the State of Aruba form a Commonwealth. As they share the same Dutch citizenship, these three countries also share the Dutch passport as the Kingdom of the Netherlands passport. Aruba recognizes a local citizenship for the island, and reserves some privileges and rights for Arubans.

Legal jurisdiction lies with a Court of First Instance, a Common Court of Justice of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Netherlands.

There is no indigenous military of Aruba, defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Military forces that protect Aruba include the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Netherlands Marine Corps and the Netherlands Coastguard. An increase of instability in South America, specifically Venezuela, prompted the Netherlands to heighten the security level and increase monitoring of the island in cooperation with the United States.

The Netherlands Antilles conducts foreign affairs primarily through the Dutch government, however, Aruba has strong relations with other Caribbean governments. Aruba is an observer in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an associate member of the World Trade Organization through the Netherlands and is a full member of the Association of Caribbean States.

Economy

Prior to the 1800s, the island of Aruba had been used mainly for horsebreeding by colonial administrators, who used the native population as herdsmen. Efforts were made in the next century to grow aloe for export, but interest was small. In the 1820s gold mining came to the fore, but had ceased by the early 1900s. From the 1920s to the mid-1980s oil refining supported the island. A financial crisis ensued with the closing of the refinery in 1985.

Since the end of oil refining on the island, tourism has been strongly promoted. Due to the growth of tourism, Aruba enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean region, with the lowest crime rate and low poverty and unemployment rates. Because of the focus on tourism and the number of resorts, luxury hotels and casinos on the island, Arubans enjoy a very low unemployment rate. The island has become known as "the Las Vegas of the Caribbean."

Cruise ship in port, Aruba, 2006.

Tourism and related industries provide approximately half of the state's income. Most tourists come to the island from Canada, the European Union and the United States, which is one of the island's largest trading partners, along with Venezuela, and the Netherlands. Because of tourism's rapid growth in the last ten years, related industries, such as construction, have also flourished.

Although the island's poor soil and low rainfall limit its agricultural prospects, aloe cultivation, livestock, and fishing contribute to Aruba's economy. With such a large part of its economy dependent on tourism, the Aruban government is striving to increase business in other sectors to protect against possible industry slumps. Their current focus is on expanding technology, finance, and communications. The development of a free-trade zone and plans to develop Aruba into an international offshore financial center are in the works.

In addition, the country exports art and collectibles, machinery, electrical equipment, and transport equipment. Aruba's small labor force and low unemployment rate have led to a large number of unfilled job vacancies, despite sharp rises in wage rates in recent years.

The G.D.P. per capita for Aruba is calculated to be around $23,600.00; one of the highest in the Americas.

Deficit spending has been a staple in Aruba's history, and modestly high inflation has been present as well, although recent efforts at tightening monetary policy may correct this. Aruba receives some development aid from the Dutch government each year, which decreases each year and will cease completely in 2009.


Demographics

Most of Aruba's population is racially mixed, with a huge percentage containing Aboriginal ancestry, though no full-bloods remain. The majority of the population is descended from Arawak, in combination with Dutch, Spanish, and African ancestors.

Since there was no plantation economy due to the island's poor soil, the few slaves used in the gold mines were Arawak. African slaves were not brought in, resulting in Aruba having the distinction of having one of the longest lasting non-integrated Arawak tribes in the region. The Arawak culture is still evident in language and traditions. The Arawak heritage is stronger on Aruba than on most Caribbean islands.

Recently there has been substantial immigration to the island from neighboring Latin American and Caribbean nations, attracted by the lure of well-paying jobs.

Census figures

Population of Aruba, Data of FAO, Number of inhabitants in thousands, 2005.
Population pyramid of Aruba.

Population: 102,695 (March 2006 est.)

Age structure:

  • 0-14 years: 20.7 percent (male 7,540; female 7,121)
  • 15-64 years: 68.3 percent (male 23,427; female 24,955)
  • 65 years and over: 11 percent (male 3,215; female 4,586) (2003 est.)

Median age:

  • total: 37.1 years
  • male: 35.3 years
  • female: 38.5 years (2002)

Population growth rate: 0.55 percent (2003 est.)

Birth rate: 11.86 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male / female
under 15 years: 1.06 male / female
15-64 years: 0.94 male / female
65 years and over: 0.7 male / female
total population: 0.93 male / female (2003 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

  • total: 6.14 deaths/1,000 live births
  • female: 5.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
  • male: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

  • total population: 78.83 years
  • male: 75.48 years
  • female: 82.34 years (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.79 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Aruban(s)
adjective: Aruban; Dutch

Religions: Roman Catholic 82 percent, Protestant 8 percent, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhism 1.2 percent, Jewish

Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento (national language), Spanish, English.

Ethnic Groups Arawak Caribbean Amerindian 80 percent, Caucasian & Other 20 percent


Language

Inland Aruba, 2004.

Language is an important part of Aruba's culture. The cultural mix has given rise to a linguistic blend known as Papiamento, the predominant language on Aruba. The two official languages are the Dutch language and Papiamento.

Papiamento has evolved through the centuries and absorbed many words from other languages such as Spanish, Dutch, English, African dialects, and Portuguese. However, like many islands in the region, Spanish is also often spoken. The English language has historical connections due to the British Empire's rule and is known by many; the usage has also grown due to tourism. Other common languages spoken are Portuguese, Chinese, German and French depending on the size of the individual communities. The latter is offered in high school and college, since a high percentage of Aruban students continue their studies in Europe.

In recent years, the government of Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs from island to island and sometimes even between groups of people on the same island, variously utilizing either the Dutch or Portuguease roots.

In the book The Buccaneers of America originally published in 1678, it is written that by eyewitness account the Indians on Aruba spoke Spanish. The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento, dates from 1803.

Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: Diario, Bon Dia, Solo di Pueblo and Awe Mainta and two in English: Aruba Today and The News. Aruba also has 18 Radio Stations (2 AM and 16 FM) and three TV stations.

Islanders can often speak four or more languages and are mostly Roman Catholic.

Culture

The origins of the population and location of the island gives Aruba a mixed culture. Dutch influence can still be seen, as in the celebration of the "Sinterklaas" Day on December 5 and 6, and other national holidays such as "Dia di Reina" (Koninginnedag) when Aruba and the Dutch Kingdom celebrates the Queen's birthday each year on April 30.

Christmas and New Year's are celebrated with the typical music and songs of gaitas for Christmas and the dande for New Year's. The "ayaca," the "ponchi crema" and ham along with other typical foods and drinks are eaten on these days. Hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of fireworks are set off at midnight on New Year's.

Baby Beach, Aruba

Tourism from the United States has recently also increased the visibility of American culture on the island, with such celebrations as Halloween and Thanksgiving Day.

In June the celebration of the "Dia di San Juan" (Saint John's Day), with the song of "Dera Gay" and bright vivid colors of carnival cover the island.

The holiday of Carnival is important in Aruba as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries, and is related to Mardi Gras celebrated in New Orleans. Its celebration in Aruba began during World War II, believed to have been influenced by the American Troops from New Orleans stationed on the island. Over the years the Carnival Celebration has changed, now beginning in early January and continuing until the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. A large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities closes the celebration.

Notes

  1. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, Aruba The World Factbook.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • One Happy People Aruba Guide. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  • Lago Colony and Lago Refinery Lago Colony and Lago Refinery. Retrieved September 19, 2007
  • AVP Website Aruban Political Website. Retrieved September 19, 2007
  • CIA World Factbook - Aruba United States Government files of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
  • Languages of Aruba Ethnologue of Aruba. Retrieved September 19, 2007
  • Ember, Melvin, and Carol R. Ember. 2001. Countries and their cultures. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028649467
  • Farnsworth, Paul. 2001. Island lives: historical archaeologies of the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817310932
  • Hartog, J. 1961. Aruba, past and present; from the time of the Indians until today. Oranjestad, Aruba: D.J. DeWit.

External links

All links retrieved August 16, 2023.


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