Actors Studio

The Actors Studio is an non-profit organization for professional actors, theater directors and playwrights located in the Old Labor Stage at 432 West 44th Street in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Founded in 1947 by Elia Kazan, Cheryl Crawford, and Robert Lewis, it has produced notable talent such as, Marlon Brando, Robert de Niro, Norman Mailer, Eli Wallach, Sidney Poitier, Edward Albee, Marilyn Monroe, and James Dean.

Constantin Stanislavski, acting innovator

The Studio is best known for its work refining and teaching method acting, especially after being headed by its charismatic, although controversial president Lee Strasberg, who took over in 1951. The "method style" of acting, as it came to be called in the United States, was an approach to acting, based on the innovations of Constantin Stanislavski, and developed by the Group Theatre in the 1930s. Method acting was further refined by Strasberg and others who sought to break with the traditional and more formalized conventions of 19th century theater.

The primary goal of the Actor's Studio is to create an environment where actors can progress in their development and work at their craft without the constraints of commercial pressures, so that they can be free to experiment with new forms of theater. Membership in the Actor's Studio is selective and admittance can only be accomplished through an audition; however, once accepted, actors are lifelong members and do not pay fees unlike the other organizations for actors such as the Screen Actors Guild.

In 1967, the west coast branch of The Actors Studio, called Actors Studio West was opened and still exists in the City of West Hollywood.

History

In 1931, the Group Theatre was formed in New York City by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg with the intention of being a collective where actors trained together as part of an ensemble and there were no "stars." It was the Group Theatre that, prior to World War II, was working to develope a naturalistic technique, one that would be uniquely American, although coming on the foundation of Russian theater and the revolutionary dramatic pioneering work of Stanislavski. Group Theater, according to its founders' vision, was intended to be a base for struggling actors and actresses who aspired to do better work. During the war years funding for the organization dried up and the group dissolved.

In 1949 Lee Strasberg began his career with the Actor's Studio and in 1951 became its artistic director. It was a dynamic, sometimes controversial, collaboration that would flourish until his death at age 80 in 1982. The first Broadway success for The Actors Studio Theater was its production of Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude.

Ellen Burstyn and Al Pacino were named co-artistic directors of the studio in September 1982, seven months after the death of Strasberg. Pacino resigned in 1984. In the late 1980s an atmosphere of stagnation began to set in as the leaders grappled with complaints from members that the studio lacked a coherent program. Things came to a standstill in 1987 when workshops were suspended.

In 1988, Frank Corsaro, for more than two decades a director at the New York City Opera, became the new artistic director at the urging of Paul Newman, its president. As a result the financially struggling Actors Studio added more than 100 new members, opened up its famous "sessions" to diverse stylistic approaches, presented workshop productions for invited audiences of nonmembers and revived the dream of a full-fledged Actors Studio Theater.

He became the first full-time, salaried artistic director in the history of the studio. His mandate was to emphasize the production of new work, something with which the studio had only limited success with over the years.

In the early 1990's, the Studio found itself with a vastly expanded budget, $450,000 in 1994, that was no longer being provided by one source. The task of raising funds began to eat up too much of the executive committee's time.

In 1994 The New School came to the rescue announcing the beginning of a three-year master of fine arts program in theater arts, administered by and offered at the New School but with a curriculum created and taught by Studio members. Selected students were permitted to attend Tuesday and Friday sessions at the Studio.

The Studio director at the time, Arthur Penn, said that without the New School program, "the Actors Studio is, I'm afraid, struggling in a fairly terminal illness. The financial handwriting is on the wall; to succeed and survive, smaller cultural organizations have to affiliate."

New School and the Actor's Studio drama program

From September 1994 through May 2005, the Studio collaborated with The New School in the education of masters-level theater students. In 2005, New School President, U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey, chose not to renew a contract with the Actors Studio, ending the collaboration and causing controversy with students who enrolled at the school under the pretense that they would be a part of the prestigious program.

At least some of the controversy and parting of ways may have had to do with the television program being filmed at the school called Inside the Actors Studio; a program which received some criticism for its choice of interview subjects and style of interviewing.

The television program, airs on the cable television network Bravo. Hosted by James Lipton, Dean Emeritus of the Actors Studio Drama School, it provides in-depth interviews with actors, directors, writers, and other artists, some of whom are members of the Studio. The program is taped in front of the students of ASDS, and served as a class seminar for them, until the school's dissolution. Beginning with the twelfth season, in the fall of 2005, Inside the Actors Studio is now taped at the Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts at Pace University's New York City campus. It has won numerous Emmy Awards and is the network’s longest-running original series.

Since the fall of 2006, the Actors Studio has offered a three-year MFA degree program through Pace University.

Critics

Some actors still regard the Method as a subject for ridicule. In his book, On Acting, Laurence Olivier advises young actors to "work on a building site rather than go to a 'method' studio." And Philip Bosco, an American actor who specializes in classics, has said, "The greatest disservice to American theater and the tradition of American acting has been caused by the prevalence of the Actors Studio."

'The System' and method acting

Theater pioneer, actor and director, and a co-founder of the Moscow Art Theatre at the turn-of-the century, Stanislavski was responsible for grounding breaking work that united the art of acting with psychological realism and expressionism that was finding voice in the 20th century fields of drama, art, dance and literature.

Stanislavski felt that tension was the "enemy of the actor." Strasberg, building on this idea, developed various relaxation exercises and techniques that while borrowing from the techniques of Stanislavski were also unique to his own methods. The further refining of this method was soon to be called in America "method acting."

"The method" style of acting, where actors draw on their own experiences to tap into emotional reserves in portraying characters and creating roles both for stage and screen, was first developed at Group Theatre and then at the Actor's Studio where it went through several developmental paths.

Method acting uses various techniques to put an actor in touch with emotions when developing a characterization for a role. Actors learn to use relaxation techniques, sense memory (recall), concentration, the "magic if", substitution and even animal imitation exercises.

Famous alumni

Over its long history, many famous and successful actors, directors and playwrights have come out of the Studio, including:

Edward Albee Carmen Argenziano Carroll Baker Barbara Bain James Baldwin Anne Bancroft Ellen Barkin Marlon Brando Ellen Burstyn Nandita Chandra Lee J. Cobb Montgomery Clift Bruce Dern

Robert De Niro James Dean Jane Fonda Robert Ginty David Groh Steven Hill Pat Hingle Dustin Hoffman Anne Jackson Salome Jens Harvey Keitel Bruno Kirby Richard Kuranda Martin Landau Diane Ladd

Brandon Lee Norman Mailer Karl Malden Terrence McNally Steve McQueen Allan Miller Marilyn Monroe Paul Newman Jack Nicholson Gerald S. O'Loughlin Al Pacino Geraldine Page

Estelle Parsons Chazz Palminteri Will Patton Sidney Poitier Michael J. Pollard Julia Roberts Mickey Rourke Eva Marie Saint Gene Saks P.J. Soles Sissy Spacek Kim Stanley Maureen Stapleton

Rod Steiger Eric Stoltz Susan Strasberg Rip Torn Christopher Walken Eli Wallach Gene Wilder Tennessee Williams Shelley Winters Joanne Woodward Lance Henriksen

Legacy

Drama, performing arts, and acting will probably always be a source of controversy for human beings who love to be entertained and, seemingly in every culture, nearly worship their entertainers. And in the 21st century, as people seek to express deeper emotional levels and more complex roles the art of acting does not get any easier for those that pursue this career path.

Fame, fortune, and celebrity, from my perspective, are the wrong reasons for choosing acting as a way of life. Real actors are artists first. They make their choices based on living acting as a way of life, not as a career. For most, it's a struggle of monumental proportions for which there will be no reward. That fact does not concern the real actor, who has no choice but to continue to find ways to illuminate the life of the human spirit through art, because it must be done.

Harry Governick

Artistic Director

TheatrGROUP, Inc.

After Strasberg's death in 1982 the Actor's Studio struggled with various issues from funding to having a cohesive philosophy and identity. Just before his death a documentary film about him and Actors Studio debuted in 1981 titled Acting: Lee Strasberg and the Actor Studio. In 1987 the film Hello Actors Studio was released and another documentary titled Overview for Miracle on 44th Street: A Portrait of the Actors Studio made its debut in 1991.

In an article for The Guardian in the year 2000, artistic director, Estelle Parsons reflected on the mission, purpose and intention of the Actor's Studio saying, " We want to work toward making it that kind of place again, a place of refuge from the commercial world."

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Adams, Cindy Heller. 1980. Lee Strasberg, The Imperfect Genius of the Actors Studio. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0385124961
• Frome, Shelly. 2001. The Actors Studio: A History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0786410736
• Garfield, David. 1980. A Player's Place: The Story of the Actors Studio. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0025426508
• Hirsch, Foster. 1984. A Method to Their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393017834

External links

All links retrieved August 22, 2008.

• The official web site of The Actors Studio. Theactorsstudio.org.
• The Actors Studio Actors-studio.com.
• Hirsch. Foster. A Method to Their Madness Books.google.com.
• Wilmeth, Don B., C. W. E. Bigsby. The Cambridge History of American Theatre Books.google.com.
• Carnicke, Sharon Marie. Stanislavsky in Focus Books.google.com.
• PBS American Masters Series profile. Pbs.org.
• Inside the Actors Studio. Bravotv.com.
• The Actors Studio MFA Program at Pace University. Appserv.pace.edu.
• Ellison, Michael. 2000. Stars to make Method work at Actors' Studio Guardian.co.uk.
• Gussow, Mel. 1987. The Method, Still Disputed But Now Ubiquitous Query.nytimes.com.
• Smith, Wendy. 1994. Noises Off at the Venerable Actors Studio Query.nytimes.com.
• Collins, Glenn. 1994. Actors Studio to Teach Program at New School Query.nytimes.com.
• McKinley, Jesse. 2005. New School, in Split With Actors Studio, to Create Own Program Nytimes.com.
• Gussow, Mel. 1997. Once-Exclusive Actors Studio Reaches Out to the Public Query.nytimes.com.
• Audio collection of the Actors Studio from 1956-1969 Wisconsin Historical Society Digicoll.library.wisc.edu.
• Krasner, David. Method Acting Reconsidered Books.google.com.

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