Difference between revisions of "Osama bin Laden" - New World Encyclopedia

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However, bin Laden initially denied involvement in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. On  September 16, [[2001]], bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by [[Qatar]]'s [[Al Jazeera]] satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack. Then, in a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]], bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with [[Khaled al-Harbi]] in a way indicating foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, [[2001]]. In a the 2004 video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements, boasting that he had personally directed the 19 hijackers.<ref name="cbc-2004"/><ref>{{cite news |title = Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan|publisher = MSNBC |date=30 October 2004 |url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6363306/|accessdate = 2006-09-07}}—''"In the tape, bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because “we are a free people” who wanted to "regain the freedom" of their nation."''</ref> In the video, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. In two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden also claimed credit for the attacks.
 
However, bin Laden initially denied involvement in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. On  September 16, [[2001]], bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by [[Qatar]]'s [[Al Jazeera]] satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack. Then, in a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]], bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with [[Khaled al-Harbi]] in a way indicating foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, [[2001]]. In a the 2004 video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements, boasting that he had personally directed the 19 hijackers.<ref name="cbc-2004"/><ref>{{cite news |title = Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan|publisher = MSNBC |date=30 October 2004 |url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6363306/|accessdate = 2006-09-07}}—''"In the tape, bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because “we are a free people” who wanted to "regain the freedom" of their nation."''</ref> In the video, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. In two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden also claimed credit for the attacks.
  
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==Criminal charges==
 
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On March 16, 1998, [[Libya]] issued the first official international [[Interpol]] [[arrest warrant]] against Bin Laden and three other people for killing two [[Germany|German]] citizens in Libya on March 10, [[1994]], one of whom is thought to have been a German [[counter-intelligence]] officer. Bin Laden was first indicted by the United States on June 8, 1998, when a [[grand jury]] indicted him on charges of killing five Americans and two [[India]]ns in the November 14, 1995 truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh. Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack. He was charged with "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States" and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden was the head of the terrorist organization called al Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic terrorists worldwide.
 
  
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On November 4, 1998, bin Laden was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death for his alleged role in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]] in Kenya and Tanzania.  The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former Al Qaeda members and satellite phone records. Bin Laden first appeared on the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for [[Capital punishment|capital crimes]] in the 1998 embassy attacks.
 
−
 
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In 1999, US President [[Bill Clinton]] convinced the [[United Nations]] to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an unsuccessful attempt to force the Taliban regime to extradite him.
 
  
 
==Attempted capture by the United States==
 
==Attempted capture by the United States==

Revision as of 20:52, 22 December 2008

Osama bin Laden
10 March 1957 (1957-03-10) (age 67)
230px
Osama bin Laden in the December, 2001 Al-Jazeera video.
Place of birth Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Battles/wars Afghan Jihad
War on Terrorism

Osama bin Laden (Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن transliteration: Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin `Awaḍ bin Lādin; with numerous variations) (born March 10, 1957) is the founder of militant Islamic Al-Qaeda movement, best known for masterminding the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. A member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family, bin Laden used his personal wealth the fund the development of Al-Qaeda and has been associated with numerous other mass casualty attacks against civilian targets.

Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization have been major targets of the United States' War on Terrorism. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders are believed to be hiding in the border region between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Bin Laden's name is transliterated in several ways. The version often used by most English-language mass media is Osama bin Laden. However, most American government agencies, including the FBI and CIA, use either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin", both of which are often abbreviated to UBL.

Childhood, education and personal life

Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on March 10 1957. His father, Muhammed Awad bin Laden, was a wealthy businessman with close ties to the Saudi royal family. The only son of Muhammed bin Laden's tenth wife, Hamida al-Attas, Osama's parents divorced soon after he was born. Osama's mother then married Muhammad al-Attas, who worked at the bin Laden company. The couple had four other children, and Osama lived in the new household with three stepbrothers and one stepsister.

Raised as a devout Sunni Muslim, Osama studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University. Some sources indicate that he earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979, and/or a degree in public administration in 1981.[1] Other describe him as having left university during his third year, without completing a college degree.[2] At university, bin Laden's main interest seems to have been religion.

In 1974, at the age of 17, bin Laden married his first wife Najwa Ghanem at Latakia (Laodicea), Turkey. As of 2002 bin Laden had married four women and fathered roughly 25 children.[3]

Beliefs and ideology

Bin Laden emphasizes that only the restoration of Sharia law will set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies—"pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy"—must be opposed. In his view, Afghanistan under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world. He has consistently dwelt on the need for external jihad (holy war) to right what he believes are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and other non-Muslim states, the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the Middle East.[4] He has also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication (and) homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury," in an October 2002 letter.[5]

The most controversial part of bin Laden's ideology is his insistence that civilians, including women and children, can be killed in jihad.[6] He has also delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery," he claims. "They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."[7] He lists Shia Muslims as "heretics" and one of the principal "enemies of Islam" at ideology classes of bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization.[8]

Bin Laden alo opposes music on religious grounds. [9] His attitude toward technology is mixed. He studied civil engineering and is interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants", on the one hand, but rejects "chilled water" on the other.[10]

Militant activity

Mujahideen in Afghanistan

After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined militant Palestinian scholar Abdullah Azzam to fight the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and lived for a time in Peshawar. By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established Maktab al-Khadamat, known in English as the Afghan Services Bureau, which funneled money, arms and Muslim fighters from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Bin Laden's inherited family fortune—estimated at around $7 million—paid for travel, accommodations, and administrative expenses of the Afghan fighters. During this time bin Laden met his future al-Qaeda collaborator Ayman al-Zawahiri, who encouraged Osama to split from Abdullah Azzam. Osama then established a camp in Afghanistan, and with other volunteers fought the Soviets.

By 1988, bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat and Azzam, determined to take a more directly military role. Osama also insisted that Arab units form separate fighting forces rather than being integrated into native Afghan Taliban units.[11] After the defeat of the Soviets, Bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad.

During this time, when Iraq invaded Kuwait, Laden met Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia and told him not to depend on non-Muslim troops offering to use his forces to help defend Saudi Arabia from possible Iraqi aggression. When he was rebuffed, bin Laden publicly denounced Saudi Arabia's dependence on the US military.

Sudan

Bin Laden moved to Sudan in 1992 and established a new base for operations in Khartoum. Due to bin Laden's continuous verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, in 1994 Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden's passport. His family was also persuaded to cut off his monthly stipend, thought to be the equivalent of $7 million a year. By now bin Laden was strongly associated with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ attempted to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The attempt failed and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.

In late 1995, Sudanese officials discussed with the Saudi government the possibility of deporting Bin Laden to Saudi Arabia, but the Saudi's who had revoked his citizenship, refused. In May 1996, with Sudan under increasing pressure from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, bin Laden returned to Afghanistan and forged a close relationship with Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar.

Early terrorist attacks

It is believed that the first bombing attack involving bin Laden was the December 29, 1992 bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in Aden in which two people were killed.[12] It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa—issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public—by Al Qaeda leader Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to Paradise if they were good Muslims and will go to hell if they were bad Muslims or infidels.[13]

In the 1990s, with bin Laden's aid, al-Qaeda assisted jihadists financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid Islamists there, urging armed struggle rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded, but the civil war that followed killed 150,000-200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist forces surrendering to the government. Another attack funded by bin Laden was the Luxor massacre of November 17, 1997, which killed 62 civilians. This action disgusted the Egyptian public and turned it against Islamist terror. In mid-1997, the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing Bin Laden to abandon his compound in Nazim Jihad and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.[14]

Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with his Taliban hosts by sending several hundred of his Afghan Arab fighters to help the Taliban in a successful attack on the city of Mazar-e-Sharif, in which more than 5,000 people were killed.[15]

In 1998, bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, declaring that the killing of the Americans and their allies was an "individual duty for every Muslim" to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the holy mosque (in Mecca) from their grip".[16] At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that Americans are "very easy targets," boasting to attending journalists that, "You will see the results of this in a very short time."[17]

September 11 attacks

The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11, 2001 is clear and irrefutable, and bin Laden himself has claimed responsibility for the attacks. The attacks involved the hijacking of United Airlines Flight 93, United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines Flight 11, and American Airlines Flight 77; the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Center in New York City, New York; severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia; and the deaths of 2,974 people excluding the nineteen hijackers. In response to the attacks, the United States demanded that the Taliban withdraw its protection of bin Laden and his terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and launched a War on Terrorism to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan when the government refused to cooperate in the capture of Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda operatives.

However, bin Laden initially denied involvement in the September 11, 2001 attacks. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack. Then, in a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way indicating foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001. In a the 2004 video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements, boasting that he had personally directed the 19 hijackers.[18][19] In the video, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War. In two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden also claimed credit for the attacks.


Attempted capture by the United States

US leaflet used in Afghanistan.

According to The Washington Post, the US government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the Battle of Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the US to commit US ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the US in the war against al Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.[20]

The Washington Post also reported that the CIA unit dedicated to capturing Osama was shut down in late 2005.[21]

US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between 14 August and 16 August 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al Zawahiri.[22]

Bounty: Immediately after the 9/11 attacks, US government officials named bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death.[23][24] On 13 July 2007, this figure was doubled to $50 million.[25]

The Airline Pilots Association and the Air Transport Association are offering an additional $2 million reward.[26]

Current whereabouts

Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods.

An 11 December 2005, letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership … I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them…" Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to the Washington Post.[27][28]

Reports of his death

April 2005: The Sydney Morning Herald stated "Dr Clive Williams, director of terrorism studies at the Australian National University, says documents provided by an Indian colleague suggested bin Laden died of massive organ failure in April last year … 'It's hard to prove or disprove these things because there hasn't really been anything that allows you to make a judgment one way or the other,' Dr. Williams said."[29]

August 2006: On 23 September 2006, the French newspaper L'Est Républicain quoted a report from the French secret service (DGSE) stating that Osama bin Laden had died in Pakistan on 23 August 2006, after contracting a case of typhoid fever that paralyzed his lower limbs.[30] According to the newspaper, Saudi security services first heard of bin Laden's alleged death on 4 September 2006.[31][32][33] The alleged death was reported by the Saudi Arabian secret service to its government, which reported it to the French secret service. The French defense minister Michèle Alliot-Marie expressed her regret that the report had been published while French President Jacques Chirac declared that bin Laden's death had not been confirmed.[34] American authorities also cannot confirm reports of bin Laden's death,[35] with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice saying only, "No comment, and no knowledge."[36] Later, CNN's Nic Robertson said that he had received confirmation from an anonymous Saudi source that the Saudi intelligence community has known for a while that bin Laden has a water-borne illness, but that he had heard no reports that it was specifically typhoid or that he had died.[37]

November 2007: In an interview with political interviewer David Frost taken on November 2, 2007, the Pakistani politician and Pakistan Peoples Party chairwoman Benazir Bhutto claimed that bin Laden had been murdered by Omar Sheikh. During her answer to a question pertaining to the identities of those who had previously attempted her own assassination, Bhutto named Sheikh as a possible suspect while referring to him as "the man who murdered Osama bin Laden." Despite the weight of such a statement, neither Bhutto nor Frost attempted to clarify it during the remainder of the interview.[38] Omar Chatriwala, a journalist for Al Jazeera English, claims that he chose not to pursue the story at the time because he believes Bhutto misspoke, meaning to say Sheikh murdered Daniel Pearl and not Osama Bin Laden.[39] The BBC drew criticism when it rebroadcast the Frost/Bhutto interview on its website, but edited out Bhutto's statement regarding Osama Bin Laden. Later the BBC apologized and replaced the edited version with the complete interview.[40] Bhutto's statement regarding Bin Laden conflicts with an earlier statement in October 2007, where Bhutto stated in an interview that she would cooperate with the American military in targeting Osama bin Laden.[41]

Criticism

Among Salafist Muslims who have criticized bin Laden for adherence to Qutbism (the ideology of Sayyid Qutb), takfir and Khaarijite deviance, are said to include Muhammad Ibn Haadee al-Madkhalee, Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz, Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan and Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi'ee.

See also

  • Messages of Osama bin Laden
  • Messages of Ayman al-Zawahiri
  • Afghan Arabs
  • Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
  • Afghan Civil War
  • Clearstream scandal (Bin Laden's Bahrain International Bank used this clearing house for its financial activities).
  • Bin Laden Issue Station (The CIA's bin Laden tracking unit, 1996-2005)
  • The Golden Chain
  • Islamic fundamentalism
  • Islamist terrorism
  • Islamofascism
  • Ladenese epistle
  • Mujahideen
  • Osama bin Laden as destructive Cult leader
  • Osama bin Laden in popular culture
  • Saleh Abdullah Kamel

Notes

  1. ↑ Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 22. Gale Group, 2002
  2. ↑ Hug, Aziz (19 January 2006). The Real Osama. American Prospect.
  3. ↑ CNN.com - Transcripts
  4. ↑ Messages to the World, (2005), pp. xix, xx, editor Bruce Lawrence
  5. ↑ Oct. 6, 2002. Appeared in Al-Qala'a website and then the London Observer 24 November 2002.
  6. ↑ Messages, (2005) p. 70.
  7. ↑ Messages, (2005), p. 190.
  8. ↑ Wright, Looming Tower (2006), p.303
  9. ↑ Wright, (2006), p. 167
  10. ↑ Wright, (2006), p. 172
  11. ↑ Bergen, pp.74–88
  12. ↑ who is bin laden?: chronology PBS. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
  13. ↑ testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, US v. Usama bin Laden, et.al.
  14. ↑ Testimony of Abdurahman Khadr as a witness in the trial against Charkaoui, July 13, 2004
  15. ↑ Rashid, Taliban, p.139
  16. ↑ Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, Fazlur Rahman (1998-02-23). World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: Initial "Fatwa" Statement (in Arabic). al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
  17. ↑ Van Atta, Dale (1998). CARBOMBS & CAMERAS - The Need for Responsible Media Coverage of Terrorism. Harvard International Review 20 (4): 66.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cbc-2004
  19. ↑ "Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan", MSNBC, 30 October 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-07.—"In the tape, bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because “we are a free people” who wanted to "regain the freedom" of their nation."
  20. ↑ "U.S. Concludes Bin Laden Escaped at Tora Bora Fight", 2002-04-16. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  21. ↑ CIA Reportedly Disbands Bin Laden Unit
  22. ↑ Bin Laden may have just escaped U.S. forces - Nightly News with Brian Williams - MSNBC.com
  23. ↑ Five Years Ago Today - Usama bin Laden: Wanted for Murder. Federal Bureau of Investigation (5 November 2003).
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fbiwantednotice
  25. ↑ "Senate doubles Bin Laden reward". BBC News (2007-07-13). Retrieved 2007-07-14.
  26. ↑ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report", CNN, 24 September 2006.
  27. ↑ Karen DeYoung. "Letter Gives Glimpse of Al-Qaeda's Leadership", Washington Post, 2 October 2006.
  28. ↑ "Letter Exposes New Leader in Al-Qa`ida High Command (PDF)", Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 25 September 2006.
  29. ↑ "Expert says bin Laden could be dead", by Australian Associated Press, 16 January 2006, in the Sydney Morning Herald.
  30. ↑ "Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report", CNN, 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  31. ↑ "French paper says bin Laden died in Pakistan", Reuters, 2006-09-23.
  32. ↑ Sammari, Laïd, "Oussama Ben Laden serait mort", L'Est Républicain, 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-23. (written in French)
  33. ↑ "Chirac says no evidence bin Laden has died", MSNBC.com/AP, 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  34. ↑ "Information sur la mort de ben Laden: Washington ne confirme pas", Le Monde/Agence France-Presse, 2006-09-23. (written in French)
  35. ↑ Anna Willard and David Morgan. "France, US, unable to confirm report bin Laden dead", Reuters, 2006-09-23.
  36. ↑ The Age (2006). Doubts over bin Laden death. Retrieved on 24 September 2006.
  37. ↑ "Conflicting reports: Bin Laden could be dead or ill", CNN, 2006-09-23.
  38. ↑ "Frost over the World - Benazir Bhutto - 02 Nov 07 ". Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  39. ↑ "Bhutto and Bin Laden in the rumor mill". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  40. ↑ "BBC News: Editing Interviews". Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  41. ↑ "Bhutto would take US aid against bin Laden". Retrieved 2008-01-18.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: New York: Free Press, 2006
  • Michael Scheuer, Through Our Enemies' Eyes, Washington, D.C. : Brassey's, c2002
  • Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda And The Road To 9/11, New York : Knopf, 2006.

External links


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