Walt Disney
- For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation)
| Walt Disney |
|---|
 Walt Disney
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| Born |
| December 5, 1901 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died |
| December 15, 1966 Los Angeles, California U.S. |
Walter Elias Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966), was an American film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is most remembered for being a leading pioneer in animation and innovative amusement parks. He was an entrepreneur who founded, along with his brother Roy O. Disney, Walt Disney Productions, and the Disneyworld and Disneyland entertainment complexes.
He was also a visionary whose animated cartoon characters, such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck would became cultural icons recognized throughout the world in various mediums from film to advertising.
He was nominated for a record number 48 Academy Awards and seven Emmys, some for his films adapting literary works, such as fairy tales, classic children's books, and true inspirational stories.
The Walt Disney Company is recognized today for being the standard-bearer for wholesome family values in entertainment. His idealistic outlook on life, his patriotism, and his sense of humor all enabled him to capture the heart of average Americans. Walt Disney was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.
Early Life
Born December 5, 1901, he was the son of Flora and Elias Disney, and had three brothers and one sister.
Walt Disney's ancestors emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny in Ireland. His father moved to the United States after his parents failed at farming in Canada. He settled in Chicago soon after his marriage to Flora Call where their five children were born.
In April, 1906 Elias moved his family to Marceline, Missouri and tried his hand at operating a small farm. The family experienced several moves as Elias Disney pursued various ways to support his family. They moved back to Chicago in 1917 where young Walt took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[1] Disney's childhood, in some ways, was circumvented by the Disney children's need to go to work and help contribute to the struggling finances of the family.
Disney dropped out of high school so he could join the Army, but at 16 he was underage and told he could not enlist. Instead, he decided to join the Red Cross. His mother forged Walt's birth certificate saying he was born in 1900 instead of 1901. The Red Cross sent him to France for a year where he drove an ambulance covered with his drawings of imaginative characters.
After his war experience, Disney moved to Kansas City, Kansas to begin his career as a commercial artist, working on ads for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. It was there that he met a shy cartoonist named Ubbe Iwwerks. The two decided to start their own art business and formed a company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists" in January 1920. Their business failed but Disney, always one to learn from experience, decided to head for Hollywood.
Hollywood
When Disney arrived in Los Angeles, he had $40 in his pocket and an unfinished cartoon in his suitcase. Disney stated that his first ambition was to be a film director of live action films, but he was rejected by every major studio. He then turned to something more familiar - animation - and set up his first cartoon studio in a garage in his uncle's house. He started out with the "Alice in Cartoonland" series which he peddled to local theaters.
Roy Disney agreed to go into business with his brother and was to become his financial partner throughout the years. Together they started Disney Brothers' Studio in the Silver Lake district, where the studio remained until 1939. Their road to success began with the creation of cartoons, like The Silly Symphonies during the silent era, and, later, with what would become the iconic character of Mickey Mouse.
Mickey Mouse and cartoons
By 1927 Disney was looking for a new approach to his cartoons; a new "star" was born with the creation of a mouse. Originally named "Mortimer," he was soon christened "Mickey Mouse" by Lillian Disney who felt the name "Mortimer" was too serious. Disney himself performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1946. After seeing the movie The Jazz Singer (the first talking picture) Disney decided to make an all-sound talking and music cartoon, starring Mickey Mouse, called Steamboat Willie.
Within the next eight years Mickey Mouse began to appear on everything from watches to toys to comic books and soon became one of the most recognized characters in the world. For a number of years Disney feared he would only be remembered as the creator of Mickey Mouse. He once complained, "Fancy being remembered around the world for the invention of a mouse." In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse, and soon spinoff series were launched for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto.
Marriage and Family Life
In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. He was soon taken with his new employee and they would often go for drives together in the hills of Los Angeles. While on a date he asked her if he should buy a new car or a ring for her finger. They were married on July 15, 1925 and, unlike many Hollywood marriages, their's lasted for over 40 years.
As Mickey's co-creator and producer, Disney was almost as famous as his mouse cartoon character, but he remained a largely private individual. His greatest hope was to have a large family; however, the Disneys' first attempts at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. This, coupled with pressures at the studio, led to Disney having "a hell of a breakdown", as he referred to it. His doctors recommended a vacation and the couple went on a cruise to the Carribean. Eventually Lilly gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933. The Disneys then adopted Sharon Mae Disney, born on December 21,1934.
1937-1941: The Golden Age of Animation
"Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Although his studio produced the two most successful cartoon series in the industry, Disney's ambition was to make longer films, and in 1934 he began plans for a full-length feature. When other film industry executives learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they dubbed the project "Disney's Folly" and were certain that the project would destroy the Disney studio. Both Disney's wife and brother tried to talk him out of the project, but he was undeterred. He employed Chouinard Art Institute to supervise training for the studio staff, and used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera.
Staff training and the help of animation students elevated the technical level of the studio to a position where it could produce a quality feature according to Disney's standards. The success of Snow White proved Disney's detractors wrong and earned Disney an Oscar - one full-sized one, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes. In 1939 the feature animation staff, after completing Pinocchio, began work on Fantasia and Bambi, while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series.
Animators' strike and WWII
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into movie theatres in 1940, but both were financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was planned as an income generator, but during production of the new film, most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining the relationship between Disney and his artists. Disney reflected that this was another time in his life when he suffered a "breakdown." Disney was known to be ambitious, hard driving and perfectionistic as a boss. (In 1947 he would testify against union organizers for the House Un-American Committee during the Cold War years.)
Shortly after Dumbo, a successful money maker, was released in October 1941, the United States entered World War II. The U.S. Army contracted for most of the Disney studio's facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military. The military films did not generate income, however, and the feature film Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942. By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.They also began work on Cinderella. Some Disney analysts believe that the studio would have gone bankrupt during the war years if it were not for the U.S. military films that Disney produced.
1955-1966: Theme Parks and Television
In the late-1940s, Disney began to draw sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. Disney, who had a lifelong love of trains knew that he wanted the park to be surrounded by a train. He had once constructed a miniature live steam locomotive in his backyard for his daughters, complete with loops, overpasses and a tunnel that went underneath his wife's flower garden. Soon, Disney had a small group of employees working on Disneyland development as engineers and planners. They were appropriately dubbed the Imagineers.
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. Treasure Island (1950) became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed by such successes as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), The Shaggy Dog (1959), and The Parent Trap (1961).
Although movies were seen to be in competition with television by Hollywood producers, The Walt Disney Studio was one of the first to embark on a production with this new medium. Disney created its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. In 1955, he debuted the studio's first daily television show, the popular Mickey Mouse Club, which would continue in various incarnations into the 1990s, and was to become a platform for new and rising starts like Annette Funicello - one of the original Mouseketeers.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp (in CinemaScope, 1955), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), the financially disappointing Sleeping Beauty (in Super Technirama 70mm, 1959) and The Sword in the Stone (1963).
Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which boasted attractions based upon a number of successful Disney films and their well loved characters. After 1955, the Disneyland TV show became known as Walt Disney Presents. The show went from black-and-white to color in 1961 — changing its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. It eventually evolved into what is today known as the The Wonderful World of Disney, which continued to air on ABC until 2005. Since 2005, Disney features have been split between ABC, the Hallmark Channel, and Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. It currently airs periodically, with features such as the December 2005 revival of Once Upon a Mattress.
Early 1960s successes
By the early 1960s, despite ups and downs, Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. After decades of trying, Disney finally procured the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s, combining animation and live-action. The movie starred Julie Andrews, who won an oscar for her performance, and a memorable musical score. Many hailed the live-action/animation combination feature as Disney's greatest achievement. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and the new theme park project to be built in FLorida - later called Disneyworld. .
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT
In 1964 Walt Disney Productions began quietly purchasing land in central Florida southwest of Orlando. Although, considered swamp land, prices rose when it was discovered that Disney was buying the property in hopes of building another Disneyland.
Disney World was to be a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland, whose central theme park would be called the Magic Kingdom. Additionally, it would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, or EPCOT for short. EPCOT was designed to be an operational city where residents would live, work, and interact using advanced and experimental technology, while scientists would develop and test new technologies to improve human life and health.
Death of Walt Disney
In late 1966; after many years of chain-smoking cigarettes, Disney was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died, from cardiac arrest, on December 15, 1966 ten days after his 65th birthday and three years before the completion of Disney World. He was cremated at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. Roy O. Disney worked to finish the "Florida project", and died just three months after the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971.
At his funeral the song - what could be considered a Disney theme song - When You Wish Upon a Star was played in Disney's honor. Roy Disney said of his brother, "He was really in my opinion, truly a genius - creative, with great determination, singleness of purpose, and drive; and through his entire life he was never pushed off his course or diverted to other things."
Legacy and Cal Arts
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carries his name. The Walt Disney Company today owns, among other assets, five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network.
Disney was a major benefactor for The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) . When he died, one fourth of his estate went towards CalArts. He also donated 38 acres (154,000 m²) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the site of a new campus which opened in 1971. CalArts is one of the largest independent universities in California today, largely due to the generosity of the Disney family.
In October 2003 the 2,265 seat Walt Disney Concert Hall was officially dedicated in Los Angeles and became the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Los Angeles Master Chorale. It was first conceived in May 1987, when Lillian Disney made the initial gift of $50 million to build an additional performance space on Los Angeles County land as a tribute to her late husband Walt and his dedication to the arts.
Disney Animation today
Traditional hand-drawn animation, the foundation of success of the Walt Disney Company, no longer continues at the Walt Disney Feature Animation studio. After a stream of financially unsuccessful traditionally-animated features in the late-1990s and early 2000s, Disney's main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility. In 2004, Disney released their final traditionally animated feature film, Home on the Range.
However, with the Disney purchase of Pixar Animation Studios, there has been some revival of the traditional style of animation. The Frog Princess is a traditionally animated film currently in development by Walt Disney Feature Animation, which is scheduled for release in 2008.
Academy Awards
Among his many awards, Walt Disney currently holds the record for having the most Academy Awards; 22 wins, and 4 honorary. D- why is Mary Poppins not on this list? E
- 1969 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
- 1959 Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects for: Grand Canyon
- 1956 Best Documentary, Short Subjects for: Men Against the Arctic
- 1955 Best Documentary, Features for: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1954 Best Documentary, Features for: The Living Desert (1953)
- Best Documentary, Short Subjects for: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Bear Country (1953)
- 1953 Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Water Birds (1952)
- 1952 Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1951 Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1949 Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Seal Island (1948)
- 1943 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1942 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Lend a Paw (1941)
- Honorary Award for: Fantasia (1940)
Shared with: William E. Garity J.N.A. Hawkins For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures.
- Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
- 1940 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Ugly Duckling(1939)
- 1939 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- Honorary Award for: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
- 1938 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1937 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1936 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1935 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1934 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1932 Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- Honorary Award For the creation of Mickey Mouse.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Thomas, Bob (1976,1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion, pp. 42-43. ISBN ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
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This article or section contains insufficiently sourced phrases. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. You may improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. This article has been tagged since December 2006. |
- "Walt Disney." American Decades. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomason Gale. 2007.
- "Walt Disney" Business Leader Profiles for Students. Vol. 1 Gale Research, 1999. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007
Resources
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1563420090
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard (1985, 2002). Disney's World: A Biography Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. (2006) Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination, New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond ISBN 0-9646059-3-7.
- Thomas, Bob]] (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1562828991
- Thomas, Bob (1976, 1994). Walt Disney: An American Original New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0826213790
External links
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- 1985 audio interview with Leonard Mosley, author of Disney's World, a biography about Walt Disney by Don Swaim
- Neal Gabler, Inside Walt Disney
- Anaheim Walk of Stars
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