Dreiser, Theodore

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'''Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser''' (August 17, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American journalist and novelist who was one of the leading literary figures to employ [http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=764 naturalism]in his writings. His intense and real-life portrayals of characters whose lives were considered amoral pitted him against the forces of censorship. His characters were often guilty of sexual improprieties like infidelity and prostitution, but the American public felt his portrayals were far too sympathic. Public discussion of sexual matters were taboo in his day and especially those of an immoral nature.
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{{epname|Dreiser, Theodore}}
  
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[[Image:Theodore Dreiser 1918.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dreiser in 1918]]
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[[Image:Theodore Dreiser.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dreiser]]
  
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The censorship lasted well past his death, as Dreiser did not live to see many of his novels published in their original form. ''Sister Carrie'' (1900) was not published in its entirety until 1981. It was the story of a young girl who has two illicit sexual relationships. His "An American Tragedy", published in 1925, would later come to be considered a landmark work in American fiction, even though it was banned in Boston in 1927. The novel dealt with the apparent opposites of religious fundamentalism and the extreme individualism and money-worship that is presented as the 'American Dream'. His employed a variety of religious viewpoints in his works that dealt with the conflict between religious and materialistic point of view, including Evangelical Protestantism, Quakerism, Hinduism and Buddhism.
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'''Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser''' (August 17, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American journalist and novelist, who was one of the leading literary figures to employ [[naturalism]] in his writings. His intense and real-life portrayals of characters whose lives were considered amoral pitted him against the forces of censorship. His characters were often guilty of sexual improprieties like infidelity and prostitution, but the American public felt his portrayals were far too sympathetic. Public discussion of sexual matters were taboo in his day, especially those of an immoral nature.
  
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While his writings often focused on the commonplace and sordid in human existence they also challenged contemporary perspectives on the ideal American family. His works explore the conflict between a foreign-born father who fails to understand American ways and the second generation's rebellion against Old World religious and moral values. These motifs were prominent in ''An American Tragedy'' and in ''The Bulwark'' (1946).
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The censorship lasted well past his death, as Dreiser did not live to see many of his novels published in their original form. ''Sister Carrie'' (1900) was not published in its entirety until 1981. It was the story of a young girl who had two illicit sexual relationships. His ''An American Tragedy,'' published in 1925, would later come to be considered a landmark work in American fiction, even though it was banned in Boston, in 1927. The novel dealt with the apparent opposites of religious fundamentalism and the extreme individualism and money-worship that is presented as the "American Dream." He employed a variety of religious viewpoints in his works, which dealt with the conflict between religious and materialistic points of view, including Evangelical Protestantism, Quakerism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
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{{toc}}
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While his writings often focused on the commonplace and sordid in human existence they also challenged contemporary perspectives on the ideal American family. His works explore the conflict between a foreign-born father who fails to understand American ways and the second generation's rebellion against Old World religious and moral values. He also explored the role played by heredity and environment in shaping a character's fate. These motifs were all prominent in ''An American Tragedy,'' ''Jennie Gerhardt'' (1911), and in ''The Bulwark'' (1946).
  
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== Early life ==
  
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Theodore Dreiser was the ninth child born to John Paul Dreiser and Säräh Schanab in 1871. His father had emigrated from Mayen, Germany, in 1844, worked briefly in New England wool mills, and then moved to the Midwest, where large numbers of Germans had settled. He went first to Dayton, Ohio, where he met Sarah, the 17 year old daughter of a Mennonite family. Since he was a Roman Catholic and 12 years her senior, her anti-papist family threatened to disown her. They eloped and she converted to [[Catholicism]]. She never had contact with her family again.
  
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The couple raised their children to follow the Catholic faith. John was successful enough to own his own woolen mill but their fortunes changed dramatically in 1869, when it burned down and he suffered a serious injury. The family became nomadic as Dreiser's father looked for work during the national economic depression of the early 1870s. The constant moving made Theodore's education erratic at best. He would begin a school and three months later be pulled out, only to repeat the process in the next town he moved to. The brief education he did have came in Catholic parochial schools. The strictness he encountered there bred in him a severe abhorrence to the religion. As a result, Dreiser's real education came from self study of books.
  
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At the age of 16, Dreiser left home and worked at odd jobs until he came across a former teacher, Mildred Fielding, in Chicago. She paid for him to attend one year at Indiana University in Bloomington (1889-90).
  
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== Early Life ==
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== Career ==
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After his brief stint in college, he made his first step to a literary career with a job at the ''Chicago Globe'' newspaper in 1892. He soon left the globe for a more lucrative position at the ''St. Louis Globe-Democrat,'' where he gained a reputation for being "a writing machine," as one of his editors referred to him. He excelled at writing local feature pieces where he vividly captured the flavor of communities and their local characters. As his reputation grew, Dreiser was asked to contribute fiction as well, and he often wrote poetry and even a script for a comedic opera. He continued to educate himself by reading widely in fiction, science, natural history, and philosophy.
  
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Theodore Dreiser was the ninth child born to John Paul Dreiser and Säräh Schanab in 1871. The family, which consisted of ten living children, (the eldest of whom was [[Paul Dresser]], the popular songwriter)settled in [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]], [[Indiana]]. The town was the site of settlement for many German immigrants. John had previously worked in various woolen mills in the east, and so when he moved to the Midwest, he finally earned enough to establish his own mill. John was a hard-working man who had emigrated from Germany. As he made his way west, he lived in Dayton, Ohio for a time, and there he met seventeen year old Säräh Schanab, a young girl from a Mennonite community. The couple seemed an unlikely match in matters of age (John was twelve years her senior) and religion, but they fell in love just the same. They were met with severe opposition from Sarah's family who threatened to disown her if she went through with the marriage. Sarah did not heed their threats, and she eloped with John and converted to Catholicism. She never had contact with her family again.  
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While working for O. S. Marden's ''Success,'' he interviewed celebrities like  [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Marshall Field]], [[William Dean Howells]], and [[Philip Armour]]. For other magazines, he wrote articles on a variety of subjects that included America's fruit growing industry, the meatpacking business in Chicago, modern art, and the photography of [[Alfred Stieglitz]].
  
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The couple were devout Catholics, and raised their children to follow the Catholic faith. Despite their best efforts to support the family, John's woolen mill met with failure when it caught fire and burned down. This failure placed upon the family a blanket of poverty that they would never be able to shake off.  The family became nomadic, following John around from town to town as he looked for work. The constant moving around made Theodore's chance at education erratic at best. He would begin a school and three months later be pulled out, only to repeat the process in the next town he moved to. The brief education he did have consisted of months in severe Catholic parochial schools. The strictness of the schools in teaching Dreiser the Catholic religion bread in him a severe abhorrence to the religion itself, and is the root of his harsh criticisms of Catholicism. Thus, Dreiser's real education came from the books he poured himself into. He read constantly, getting his hands on copies of authors such as Freud, Hawthorne, Poe, Shakespeare, Spencer, and Balzac. With the words of these men circling in his mind, Dreiser began to form his own ideas about the world, and in particular, religion.  
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During this time, Dreiser's experiments with poetry and fiction led him to write a short story about a lynching he had witnessed. "Nigger Jeff" was published in a small monthly journal called ''Ainslee''.
  
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Finally, at the age of 16, Theodore Dreiser had enough of following his parents in poverty. He left home and worked at whatever jobs he could find, the similarities between he and his father seemed imminent. However, things changed when he came in contact with an old teacher while working in [[Chicago]]. With the financial help of a former teacher, Mildred Fielding, Dreiser made strives in his education as he was able to be admitted to [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in 1889, however, it was a short-lived education when he flunked out a year later. Throughout these formative years, it was his voracious appetite for reading that had the most impact on his future career as a writer.
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In 1893, Dreiser was sent by the ''Globe'' to cover the [[Columbia Exposition]], and while there he became acquainted with a local school teacher, Sara White. In 1898, they were married and Sara encouraged him to write his first novel, ''Sister Carrie'' (1900). The novel is based partly on the scandalous behavior of his sister, Emma, who had an affair with a married man who embezzled funds from his employer. It tells the story of a young country girl who moves to the urban city of Chicago, and falls into a life of degradation.  
  
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== Career ==
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<blockquote>She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterized her thoughts it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in the throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken (''Sister Carrie,'' 1981 version).
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After Dreiser's brief stint in college, he decided to pursue a career path as a writer. Theodore began with an initial job at the ''Chicago Globe'' newspaper in 1892, but he left the globe for a more lucrative position at the ''St. Louis Globe-Democrat''.  Here Dreiser gained the reputation of being "a writing machine", as one of his editors referred to him. He excelled at writing local cultural pieces where he was able to describe vividly the local dialogue, present character sketches of people, and clearly depict the flavor of the individual towns. As his reputation grew, Dreiser was asked to contribute fiction as well, and he often wrote poetry and even a script for a comedic opera. During any free time he had, he yearned to improve his scanty education, thus he continued to read, and not just literature. He began consuming books on politics, philosophy, psychology, and history. As a public writer for the newspaper, Dreiser also became adept at writing for his own pleasure and satisfaction, and this drive led him to begin with several real and gritty short stories. One of these stories included his account of a lynching he had witnessed. He called the story ''Nigger Jeff'' and found a publisher in a small monthly journal called ''Ainslee''.
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</blockquote>
  
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Even though the book was a critical success, it was a commercial failure because the publishers cowed in the face of social pressures against the immoral character of the heroine in the book. Dreiser went into a decline after the problems encountered in publishing his first novel. His marriage to Sara began to come apart and it was not until 1904, that he again took up literary work. To make ends meet he edited a magazine in New York and then a decade later, in 1910, he wrote his second novel, ''Jennie Gerhardt'' (1911).
  
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In 1893, Dreiser was sent by the ''Globe'' to cover the Columbia Exposition, and while there he became acquainted with a local school teacher, Sara White. In 1897 Dreiser became a freelance writer, working for several newspapers and magazines at a time, among them were ''Munsey's Metropolitan'' and ''Harper's Monthly''. For several of the articles he wrote, he was able to interview various influential people of his time, including Andrew Carnegie and Thomas Edison. During this exciting time in his life, he finally felt financially stable enough to marry, and in 1898, he married Sara White. Early on in their marriage, Sara was most encouraging and supportive. It was she who finally gave him the courage to begin writing his first novel, ''Sister Carrie'' (1900). The novel is based, in part, on the scandalous behavior of his sister, Emma. It tells the story of a young country girl who moves to the urban city of [[Chicago]], and there falls into a terrible life of sin and denigration.  
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''Jennie Gerhardt'' was the story of a young woman (again based on the life of one of his sisters, Mame) who was seduced by the town Senator. She becomes pregnant, has a child, and lives a life of poverty while never telling anyone who the father was in order to protect the Senator's career. With its publication, he began a decade and a half of literary productivity which included fourteen books of fiction, plays, autobiography, travel writing, sketches, and philosophical essays.
  
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{{Quotation|She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterized her thoughts it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in the throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken.|Theodore Dreiser| Sister Carrie|(from the 1981 version).}}
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In 1912, he published ''The Financier''. In this work, he shifts his earlier attention on female protagonists to a male protagonist, Frank Cowperwood. Dreiser decided that he needed a trilogy to explore this figure, and it came to be called "The Trilogy of Desire." The second book was ''The Titan'' (1914), but Dreiser had difficulty completing the third book and was still working on the final chapter of ''The Stoic'' when he died in 1945.  
  
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In 1947, thirty-three years after ''The Titan,'' the final volume was published. The novel's emphasis from the material to the spiritual is generally viewed as evidence of Dreiser's decline while at the same time the trilogy is considered to be among the finest American historical novels. ''The Stoic'' reflected his late interest in Hinduism, which, like his earlier attraction to Quakerism, centered on the mystical element in its system of belief. The book was published with an appendix by Helen Dreiser that outlined the novelist's plans for the ending.
  
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Even though the book did poorly in its first printing, many critics saw in Dreiser a man who knew how to portray the harsh and realistic side of life. At only 29, Dreiser was beginning to make a name for himself. The book's failure was due impart to the lack of publicity by Dreiser's publishing company. To counter the slight by his publisher, it was necessary for Dreiser to take a regular, paying job. He became an editor for a collection of women's magazines, but in 1910, he was forced to resign due to the discovery of an intraoffice romance. Things in Dreiser's personal life had not been well, the failure of his marriage, combined with the failure of his novel caused Dreiser to attempt suicide. Although he never divorced Sara officially, the couple decided to permanently separated in 1909.
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===Censorship===
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Censorship was an issue Dreiser faced throughout his writing career. After his experience with ''Sister Carrie,'' censorship became an issue again when Dreiser's publisher, Harper and Brothers, decided that ''The Titan'' would be too risky to publish because of the heroes' promiscuous sexuality.
  
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While his personal life was tumultuous during the early years of his career, he still kept to his writing, and by 1911, Dreiser's second novel, ''Jennie Gerhardt'', was published. Again, the novel told of a young woman, Jennie, who was seduced by the town Senator. Jennie becomes pregnant, has a child, and lives a life of poverty; she never tells anyone who the father is so that the Senator's career is protected. The success of ''Jennie'' marked the beginning of a very steady writing career as novel after novel was published. ''The Financier'' was published in 1912, ''The Titan'' in 1914, and ''The Stoic'' in 1945. May consider these three books to form a trilogy that dealt with evolutionary ideas of Spencer and Nietzsche, while portraying these ideas through largely successful business men.  Dreiser did not feel comfortable writing "safe novels", he continued to stretch himself and his literary ground.
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Soon afterwards, with the publication of ''Genius'' (1915), an autobiographical novel, The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice pushed for it to be removed from  bookshelves, precipitating a court battle that lasted for years. The book was finally reissued in 1923.  
  
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{{Quotation| At the height of his success, when he had settled old scores and could easily have become the smiling public man, he chose instead to rip the whole fabric of American civilization straight down the middle, from its economy to its morality. It was the country that had to give ground." |Nelson Algren| Nation| 16 May, 1959|.}}
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His first taste of commercial success came with the publication of ''An American Tragedy'' (1925), but it also caused cries for censorship and it was banned from Boston bookshelves in 1927. And in 1935, the library trustees of Warsaw, Indiana, ordered that all the library's works by Dreiser should be burned. One publishing company even cut the original text of ''A Traveler at Forty,'' omitting over forty chapters and diluting many of the sequences that did appear in print. Dreiser's distrust of publishers, born of his continual mistreatment, resulted in continual contractual disputes.
  
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The underlying theme of all of Dreiser's works was poverty, naturalism, harsh realities, and the injustice and consequence of inequality. Dreiser himself admitted freely that he would never have been able to pen such writings if he had not personally experienced the poverty and harshness that life had to offer first hand.
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He even faced a form of censorship from Hollywood with William Wyler's film version of ''Sister Carrie,'' starring [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Jennifer Jones]], when its release was delayed because studio executives decided the picture was not good for America. It ended up being a flop.
  
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== Success and Censorship ==
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===Marriage===
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Dreiser separated permanently from Sara White in 1909, but never earnestly sought a divorce. In his own life, Dreiser proved that he was just as controlled by his sexual appetite as were his characters. He carried on several affairs at once.
  
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Theodore Dreiser met with success and censorship throughout his writing career. His first round of censorship came with his very first publication as a novelist. The story behind ''Sister Carrie'' is one of the most famous stories in all of publishing history. The novel was published (edited for content in several parts) by the Doubleday company. However, the verbal agreement and contract given to Dreiser came not from Doubleday (who was on a business trip in Europe at the time), but from a beginning editor, Frank Norris. Norris read the copy of ''Sister Carrie'' and believed it to be the best work he had read since starting at Doubleday. He was so convincing in his convictions that he persuaded the second in command, Walter Hines Page, to offer Dreiser a contract. The rough draft was underway to becoming a published book when Doubleday returned, read the book, and was disgusted. He thought the book represented everything immoral and wrong in society. He refused to publish a novel that herald a fallen woman as a heroine. Doubleday tried to get out of the agreement, but at cost to the companies reputation, Mr. Doubleday's lawyer firmly convinced him to publish Dreiser's novel. Even though the publishing house published the book, they did nothing for the publicity and the novel did not do well for this reason. This experience gave Dreiser his first glimpse of how many people would see his work. He often referred to this story when discussing the harms of censorship, and the novel grew in popularity among those who also hated any means of censoring work.
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In 1919, he met Helen Patges Richardson, whose grandmother was a sister of Dreiser's mother. She was a young and beautiful actress. They had a twenty-five year relationship that survived periods of separation, estrangement, and his affairs.
  
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Despite the different means and lengths that some went through to censor Dreiser's works, he still became a huge success. His first taste at the joys of commercial success came from his most widely read novel, ''An American Tragedy'' (1925), which has been made into a motion picture on two occasions, once in 1931 and again in 1951 (under the title ''A Place in the Sun'', starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor). This novel is also considered one of the top one hundred novels of all time. ''An American Tragedy'' was banned in Boston in 1927, as it was based on a murder case from that state. The main character, Clyde Griffiths, a poor bell-boy who seduces a young woman, Robert, but he leaves her when he falls in love with an aristocrat. Roberta becomes pregnant, and Clyde, worried that she will ruin all of his plans for weath and popularity, murders her. The end of the novel deals with Clyde's hearing and conviction.
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Dreiser and Richardson left New York in 1938, and permanently settled in California. In 1942, Dreiser's wife, Sara died, and Dreiser married Richardson in 1944.
  
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In 1935 the library trustees of [[Warsaw, Indiana]] ordered the [[Book burning|burning]] of all the library's works by Dreiser. This was probably the largest act of censorship that Dreiser ever encountered.
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== Writing style ==
  
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== Writing Style ==
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Early in his career, Dreiser had a host of distinguished supporters of his work, such as [[Sherwood Anderson]], [[H. L. Mencken]], and [[Randolph Bourne]].
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Dreiser had a unique style characterized by his excessively long sentences that depict his scrutinizing attention to detail. These characteristics caused his work to be even more real that his contemporaries. It was he alone who was able to reach such heights of realism in his work, it was he alone who explored the social status of society with so much detail, emphasizing the causes and effects of such behaviors and beliefs.
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Dreiser had a unique style characterized by his excessively long sentences that depict his scrutinizing attention to detail. But his contemporaries overlooked his style because his rich realism and naturalism were so powerful. His stunning character development and his portrayal of rural and urban American life had an enormous influence on generations to follow. In his tribute "Dreiser" from ''Horses and Men'' (1923), Sherwood Anderson wrote:
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<blockquote>Heavy, heavy, the feet of Theodore. How easy to pick some of his books to pieces, to laugh at him for so much of his heavy prose… The fellows of the ink-pots, the prose writers in America who follow Dreiser, will have much to do that he has never done. Their road is long but, because of him, those who follow will never have to face the road through the wilderness of Puritan denial, the road that Dreiser faced alone.
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</blockquote>
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Dreiser was a man of eclectic interests that included scientific research and development; he collected a great many books and much information on the latest scientific concerns. He also had a special fondness for philosophy, a subject that he explored in great detail and about which he collected and wrote extensively. His tastes ranged from [[Herbert Spencer]] to [[Jacques Loeb]] and from [[Sigmund Freud|Freudianism]] to [[Karl Marx|Marxism]]. His writings indicate that Dreiser drew heavily on scientists and philosophers to confirm his own scientific and philosophical views of the nature of man and life.
  
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Needless to say, long sentences and attention to detail do not make Dreiser's books the most easy and cozy to read. They take dedication and diligence, but are well worth the task for the ideas and depictions the reader comes away with.  In fact, many would not complement Dreiser's style at all, deciding only to comment on his rich realism and his contributions to naturalism in the written word. His stunning character development and his portrayal of rural and urban American life had an enormous influence on generations to follow. In his tribute "Dreiser" from ''Horses and Men'' (1923), [[Sherwood Anderson]] writes:
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== Later life ==
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:Heavy, heavy, the feet of Theodore.  How easy to pick some of his books to pieces, to laugh at him for so much of his heavy prose... The fellows of the ink-pots, the prose writers in America who follow Dreiser, will have much to do that he has never done.  Their road is long but, because of him, those who follow will never have to face the road through the wilderness of Puritan denial, the road that Dreiser faced alone.
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In his later life, Dreiser became interested in [[socialism]], visiting the [[Soviet Union]] as a guest of the government and writing his perceptions: ''Dreiser Looks at Russia'' (1928) and ''Tragic America'' (1931). Among his other works are such collections of short stories as ''Free'' (1918), ''Chains'' (1927), and ''A Gallery of Women'' (1929). For this reason, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]](FBI) kept his actions under surveillance. Dreiser joined the [[American Communist Party]] just before his death in 1945.
  
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[[Image:Dreiser.jpg|thumb|Theodore Dreiser, photographed by [[Carl Van Vechten]], 1933]]
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As a champion of public causes in the last two decades of his life, he had always prided himself on being what he called "radically American," which for him had included his freedom to defend the rights of speech of socialists, anarchists, and other radical groups who had criticized American capitalism. Dreiser joined many American intellectuals whose idealization of the Soviet Union was stimulated by the economic breakdown and social malaise of the Depression years.
  
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Humorist Corey Ford (writing as "John Riddell") quipped that Dreiser had only one plot: Boy meets Girl = Tragedy.
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In 1944, he traveled to New York to receive the Award of Merit from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
  
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Renowned mid-century [[literary critic]] [[Irving Howe]] said of Dreiser, He was "among the American giants, one of the very few American giants we have had."
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Dreiser died of heart failure at his home in Hollywood, California, on December 28, 1945. He was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood.
  
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== Later Life ==
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His novel, ''An American Tragedy,'' was adapted for screen for the second time in 1951, under the title ''A Place in the Sun,'' starring [[Montgomery Clift]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]]. The director, [[George Stevens]], won an [[Academy Award]], as did the writers Michael Wilson and Harry Brown for Best Screenplay.
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In 1942, Dreiser's wife, Sara died, and Dreiser married his cousin, Helen Richardson. The two had been living as a couple since 1919. In the 1920s, Dreiser joined the American Communist Party and was considered by many in America to be a danger. For this reason, the F.B.I. constantly followed him and kept his actions under surveillance. The later part of his life, Dreiser returned to writing non-fiction, and he wrote several books on political issues including <i>Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)</i>, which was a direct result of his travels in Russia. He also wrote<i>Tragic America (1931)</i> and <i>America is Worth Saving (1941)</i>. Dreiser was also an advocate for [[socialism]] and became very fascinated and actively involved in several political campaigns against various social injustices. Among these were the lynching of [[Frank Little (U.S. Trade Unionist)|Frank Little]], who was one of the leaders of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]], the [[Sacco and Vanzetti]] case, the deportation of [[Emma Goldman]], and the conviction of the trade union leader [[Tom Mooney]].
 
  
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Dreiser died of heart failure at his home in Hollywood, California on December 28th 1945.
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<blockquote>He had an enormous influence on American literature during the first quarter of the century—and for a time he was American literature, the only writer worth talking about in the same breath with the European masters. Out of his passions, contradictions, and sufferings, he wrenched the art that was his salvation from the hungers and depressions that racked him. It was no wonder that he elevated the creative principle to a godhead and encouraged by word and example truthful expression in others (Richard Linegman, ''Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey 1908-1945'').
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</blockquote>
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==Works==
  
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{{Quotation| He had an enormous influence on American literature during the first quarter of the century - and for a time he was American literature, the only writer worth talking about in the same breath with the European masters. Out of his passions, contradictions, and sufferings, he wrenched the art that was his salvation from the hungers and depressions that racked him. It was no wonder that he elevated the creative principle to a godhead and encouraged by word and example truthful expression in others.|Richard Linegman| Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey 1908-1945}}
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* ''Sister Carrie'' (1900) ISBN 0451527607
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* ''Jennie Gerhardt'' (1911) ISBN 055321425X
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* ''The Financier'' (1912) ISBN 0452008255
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* ''A Traveler at Forty'' (1913) ISBN 0766196585
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* ''The Titan'' (1914) ISBN 0404200842
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* ''The Genius'' (1915) ISBN 0848809947
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* ''A Hoosier Holiday'' (1916) ISBN 0253332834
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* ''Free and Other Stories'' (1918) ISBN 0403009499
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* ''Twelve Men'' (1919) ISBN 0812233638
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* ''Hey-Rub-a-Dub-Dub'' (1920) ISBN 1582016216
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* ''A Book About Myself'' (1922)
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* ''The Color of a Great City'' (1923) ISBN 0815603363
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* ''An American Tragedy'' (1925) ISBN 0451527704
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* ''Chains'' (1927) ISBN 0865273545
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* ''Dreiser Looks at Russia'' (1928)
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* ''A Gallery of Women'' (1929)
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* ''Dawn'' (1939) ISBN 1574230735
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* ''America Is Worth Saving'' (1941)
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* ''The Bulwark'' (1946) ASIN B000FMJD0G
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* ''The Stoic'' (1947) ISBN 0451515498
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
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*Lingeman, Richard, ''Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey'', Wiley (1993) ISBN 0471574260
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*Cassuto, Leonard and Clare Virginia Eby, eds. ''The Cambridge Companion to Theodore Dreiser'', Cambridge (2004) ISBN 0521894654  
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* Lingeman, Richard. ''Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey.'' Wiley, 1993. ISBN 0471574260
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*Loving, Jerome. ''The Last Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser'', University of California Press (2005). ISBN 0520234812
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* Cassuto, Leonard and Clare Virginia Eby, eds. ''The Cambridge Companion to Theodore Dreiser.'' Cambridge, 2004. ISBN 0521894654  
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* Loving, Jerome. ''The Last Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser.'' University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0520234812
  
 
== Further Reading ==
 
== Further Reading ==
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* Bloom, Harold, ''Theodore Dreiser's an American Tragedy.'' Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1555460364
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* Dreiser, Helen. <i>My Life With Dreiser</i>. Cleveland: World, 1951.
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* Dudley, Dorothy. <i>Forgotten Frontiers: Dreiser and the Land of the Free</i>. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1932. ISBN 0403009170
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* Elias, Robert H. <i>Theodore Dreiser: Apostle of Nature</i>. New York: Knopf, 1949; revised, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970.
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* Lingeman, Richard. <i>Theodore Dreiser: At the Gates of the City, 1871-1907</i>. New York: Putnam, 1986. ISBN 0399131477
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* Matthiessen, F. O. <i>Theodore Dreiser</i>. New York: Sloane, 1951.
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* Riggio, Thomas P., ed. <i>Dreiser-Mencken Letters: The Correspondence of Theodore Dreiser & H. L. Mencken, 1907-1945 </i>. 2 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. ISBN 081228044X
 +
* Swanberg, W. A. <i>Dreiser</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1965.
  
−
*Dreiser, Helen. <i>My Life With Dreiser</i>. Cleveland: World, 1951.
 
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*Dudley, Dorothy. <i>Forgotten Frontiers: Dreiser and the Land of the Free</i>. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1932. ISBN 0403009170
 
−
*Elias, Robert H. <i>Theodore Dreiser: Apostle of Nature</i>. New York: Knopf, 1949; revised, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970.
 
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*Lingeman, Richard. <i>Theodore Dreiser: At the Gates of the City, 1871-1907</i>. New York: Putnam, 1986.
 
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*Matthiessen, F. O. <i>Theodore Dreiser</i>. New York: Sloane, 1951.
 
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*Riggio, Thomas P., ed. <i>Dreiser-Mencken Letters: The Correspondence of Theodore Dreiser & H. L. Mencken, 1907-1945 </i>. 2 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. ISBN 081228044X
 
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*Swanberg, W. A. <i>Dreiser</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1965.
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved April 30, 2023.
 +
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*[http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-sc/vivadoc.pl?file=viu02724.xml  Theodore Dreiser Collection at University of Virginia].
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*{{gutenberg author|id=Theodore_Dreiser|name=Theodore Dreiser}}.
 +
*[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ADM/steneo.htm Some impressions of the Buddha: Dreiser and Sir Edwin Arnold's the light of Asia].
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 +
 +
[[Category:Writers and poets]]
  
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{{wikiquote}}
 
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*[http://www.uncwil.edu/dreiser/ The International Theodore Dreiser Society]
 
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*[http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/dreiser/ DreiserWebSource University of Pennsylvania Library]
 
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*[http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-sc/vivadoc.pl?file=viu02724.xml  Theodore Dreiser Collection at University of Virginia]
 
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*{{gutenberg author|id=Theodore_Dreiser|name=Theodore Dreiser}}
 
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*[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ADM/steneo.htm Some impressions of the Buddha: Dreiser and Sir Edwin Arnold's the light of Asia]
 
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[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
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[[Category:Biography]]
 
  
 
{{Credit|90735724}}
 
{{Credit|90735724}}

Latest revision as of 17:57, 30 April 2023

Dreiser

Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (August 17, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American journalist and novelist, who was one of the leading literary figures to employ naturalism in his writings. His intense and real-life portrayals of characters whose lives were considered amoral pitted him against the forces of censorship. His characters were often guilty of sexual improprieties like infidelity and prostitution, but the American public felt his portrayals were far too sympathetic. Public discussion of sexual matters were taboo in his day, especially those of an immoral nature.

The censorship lasted well past his death, as Dreiser did not live to see many of his novels published in their original form. Sister Carrie (1900) was not published in its entirety until 1981. It was the story of a young girl who had two illicit sexual relationships. His An American Tragedy, published in 1925, would later come to be considered a landmark work in American fiction, even though it was banned in Boston, in 1927. The novel dealt with the apparent opposites of religious fundamentalism and the extreme individualism and money-worship that is presented as the "American Dream." He employed a variety of religious viewpoints in his works, which dealt with the conflict between religious and materialistic points of view, including Evangelical Protestantism, Quakerism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

While his writings often focused on the commonplace and sordid in human existence they also challenged contemporary perspectives on the ideal American family. His works explore the conflict between a foreign-born father who fails to understand American ways and the second generation's rebellion against Old World religious and moral values. He also explored the role played by heredity and environment in shaping a character's fate. These motifs were all prominent in An American Tragedy, Jennie Gerhardt (1911), and in The Bulwark (1946).

Early life

Theodore Dreiser was the ninth child born to John Paul Dreiser and Säräh Schanab in 1871. His father had emigrated from Mayen, Germany, in 1844, worked briefly in New England wool mills, and then moved to the Midwest, where large numbers of Germans had settled. He went first to Dayton, Ohio, where he met Sarah, the 17 year old daughter of a Mennonite family. Since he was a Roman Catholic and 12 years her senior, her anti-papist family threatened to disown her. They eloped and she converted to Catholicism. She never had contact with her family again.

The couple raised their children to follow the Catholic faith. John was successful enough to own his own woolen mill but their fortunes changed dramatically in 1869, when it burned down and he suffered a serious injury. The family became nomadic as Dreiser's father looked for work during the national economic depression of the early 1870s. The constant moving made Theodore's education erratic at best. He would begin a school and three months later be pulled out, only to repeat the process in the next town he moved to. The brief education he did have came in Catholic parochial schools. The strictness he encountered there bred in him a severe abhorrence to the religion. As a result, Dreiser's real education came from self study of books.

At the age of 16, Dreiser left home and worked at odd jobs until he came across a former teacher, Mildred Fielding, in Chicago. She paid for him to attend one year at Indiana University in Bloomington (1889-90).

Career

After his brief stint in college, he made his first step to a literary career with a job at the Chicago Globe newspaper in 1892. He soon left the globe for a more lucrative position at the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, where he gained a reputation for being "a writing machine," as one of his editors referred to him. He excelled at writing local feature pieces where he vividly captured the flavor of communities and their local characters. As his reputation grew, Dreiser was asked to contribute fiction as well, and he often wrote poetry and even a script for a comedic opera. He continued to educate himself by reading widely in fiction, science, natural history, and philosophy.

While working for O. S. Marden's Success, he interviewed celebrities like Andrew Carnegie, Thomas Edison, Marshall Field, William Dean Howells, and Philip Armour. For other magazines, he wrote articles on a variety of subjects that included America's fruit growing industry, the meatpacking business in Chicago, modern art, and the photography of Alfred Stieglitz.

During this time, Dreiser's experiments with poetry and fiction led him to write a short story about a lynching he had witnessed. "Nigger Jeff" was published in a small monthly journal called Ainslee.

In 1893, Dreiser was sent by the Globe to cover the Columbia Exposition, and while there he became acquainted with a local school teacher, Sara White. In 1898, they were married and Sara encouraged him to write his first novel, Sister Carrie (1900). The novel is based partly on the scandalous behavior of his sister, Emma, who had an affair with a married man who embezzled funds from his employer. It tells the story of a young country girl who moves to the urban city of Chicago, and falls into a life of degradation.

She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. Whatever touch of regret at parting characterized her thoughts it was certainly not for advantages now being given up. A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in the throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken (Sister Carrie, 1981 version).

Even though the book was a critical success, it was a commercial failure because the publishers cowed in the face of social pressures against the immoral character of the heroine in the book. Dreiser went into a decline after the problems encountered in publishing his first novel. His marriage to Sara began to come apart and it was not until 1904, that he again took up literary work. To make ends meet he edited a magazine in New York and then a decade later, in 1910, he wrote his second novel, Jennie Gerhardt (1911).

Jennie Gerhardt was the story of a young woman (again based on the life of one of his sisters, Mame) who was seduced by the town Senator. She becomes pregnant, has a child, and lives a life of poverty while never telling anyone who the father was in order to protect the Senator's career. With its publication, he began a decade and a half of literary productivity which included fourteen books of fiction, plays, autobiography, travel writing, sketches, and philosophical essays.

In 1912, he published The Financier. In this work, he shifts his earlier attention on female protagonists to a male protagonist, Frank Cowperwood. Dreiser decided that he needed a trilogy to explore this figure, and it came to be called "The Trilogy of Desire." The second book was The Titan (1914), but Dreiser had difficulty completing the third book and was still working on the final chapter of The Stoic when he died in 1945.

In 1947, thirty-three years after The Titan, the final volume was published. The novel's emphasis from the material to the spiritual is generally viewed as evidence of Dreiser's decline while at the same time the trilogy is considered to be among the finest American historical novels. The Stoic reflected his late interest in Hinduism, which, like his earlier attraction to Quakerism, centered on the mystical element in its system of belief. The book was published with an appendix by Helen Dreiser that outlined the novelist's plans for the ending.

Censorship

Censorship was an issue Dreiser faced throughout his writing career. After his experience with Sister Carrie, censorship became an issue again when Dreiser's publisher, Harper and Brothers, decided that The Titan would be too risky to publish because of the heroes' promiscuous sexuality.

Soon afterwards, with the publication of Genius (1915), an autobiographical novel, The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice pushed for it to be removed from bookshelves, precipitating a court battle that lasted for years. The book was finally reissued in 1923.

His first taste of commercial success came with the publication of An American Tragedy (1925), but it also caused cries for censorship and it was banned from Boston bookshelves in 1927. And in 1935, the library trustees of Warsaw, Indiana, ordered that all the library's works by Dreiser should be burned. One publishing company even cut the original text of A Traveler at Forty, omitting over forty chapters and diluting many of the sequences that did appear in print. Dreiser's distrust of publishers, born of his continual mistreatment, resulted in continual contractual disputes.

He even faced a form of censorship from Hollywood with William Wyler's film version of Sister Carrie, starring Laurence Olivier and Jennifer Jones, when its release was delayed because studio executives decided the picture was not good for America. It ended up being a flop.

Marriage

Dreiser separated permanently from Sara White in 1909, but never earnestly sought a divorce. In his own life, Dreiser proved that he was just as controlled by his sexual appetite as were his characters. He carried on several affairs at once.

In 1919, he met Helen Patges Richardson, whose grandmother was a sister of Dreiser's mother. She was a young and beautiful actress. They had a twenty-five year relationship that survived periods of separation, estrangement, and his affairs.

Dreiser and Richardson left New York in 1938, and permanently settled in California. In 1942, Dreiser's wife, Sara died, and Dreiser married Richardson in 1944.

Writing style

Early in his career, Dreiser had a host of distinguished supporters of his work, such as Sherwood Anderson, H. L. Mencken, and Randolph Bourne. Dreiser had a unique style characterized by his excessively long sentences that depict his scrutinizing attention to detail. But his contemporaries overlooked his style because his rich realism and naturalism were so powerful. His stunning character development and his portrayal of rural and urban American life had an enormous influence on generations to follow. In his tribute "Dreiser" from Horses and Men (1923), Sherwood Anderson wrote:

Heavy, heavy, the feet of Theodore. How easy to pick some of his books to pieces, to laugh at him for so much of his heavy prose… The fellows of the ink-pots, the prose writers in America who follow Dreiser, will have much to do that he has never done. Their road is long but, because of him, those who follow will never have to face the road through the wilderness of Puritan denial, the road that Dreiser faced alone.

Dreiser was a man of eclectic interests that included scientific research and development; he collected a great many books and much information on the latest scientific concerns. He also had a special fondness for philosophy, a subject that he explored in great detail and about which he collected and wrote extensively. His tastes ranged from Herbert Spencer to Jacques Loeb and from Freudianism to Marxism. His writings indicate that Dreiser drew heavily on scientists and philosophers to confirm his own scientific and philosophical views of the nature of man and life.

Later life

In his later life, Dreiser became interested in socialism, visiting the Soviet Union as a guest of the government and writing his perceptions: Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928) and Tragic America (1931). Among his other works are such collections of short stories as Free (1918), Chains (1927), and A Gallery of Women (1929). For this reason, the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) kept his actions under surveillance. Dreiser joined the American Communist Party just before his death in 1945.

As a champion of public causes in the last two decades of his life, he had always prided himself on being what he called "radically American," which for him had included his freedom to defend the rights of speech of socialists, anarchists, and other radical groups who had criticized American capitalism. Dreiser joined many American intellectuals whose idealization of the Soviet Union was stimulated by the economic breakdown and social malaise of the Depression years.

In 1944, he traveled to New York to receive the Award of Merit from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Dreiser died of heart failure at his home in Hollywood, California, on December 28, 1945. He was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood.

His novel, An American Tragedy, was adapted for screen for the second time in 1951, under the title A Place in the Sun, starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor. The director, George Stevens, won an Academy Award, as did the writers Michael Wilson and Harry Brown for Best Screenplay.

He had an enormous influence on American literature during the first quarter of the century—and for a time he was American literature, the only writer worth talking about in the same breath with the European masters. Out of his passions, contradictions, and sufferings, he wrenched the art that was his salvation from the hungers and depressions that racked him. It was no wonder that he elevated the creative principle to a godhead and encouraged by word and example truthful expression in others (Richard Linegman, Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey 1908-1945).

Works

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Lingeman, Richard. Theodore Dreiser: An American Journey. Wiley, 1993. ISBN 0471574260
  • Cassuto, Leonard and Clare Virginia Eby, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Theodore Dreiser. Cambridge, 2004. ISBN 0521894654
  • Loving, Jerome. The Last Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser. University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0520234812

Further Reading

  • Bloom, Harold, Theodore Dreiser's an American Tragedy. Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1555460364
  • Dreiser, Helen. My Life With Dreiser. Cleveland: World, 1951.
  • Dudley, Dorothy. Forgotten Frontiers: Dreiser and the Land of the Free. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1932. ISBN 0403009170
  • Elias, Robert H. Theodore Dreiser: Apostle of Nature. New York: Knopf, 1949; revised, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970.
  • Lingeman, Richard. Theodore Dreiser: At the Gates of the City, 1871-1907. New York: Putnam, 1986. ISBN 0399131477
  • Matthiessen, F. O. Theodore Dreiser. New York: Sloane, 1951.
  • Riggio, Thomas P., ed. Dreiser-Mencken Letters: The Correspondence of Theodore Dreiser & H. L. Mencken, 1907-1945 . 2 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. ISBN 081228044X
  • Swanberg, W. A. Dreiser. New York: Scribner's, 1965.


External links

All links retrieved April 30, 2023.


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