Difference between revisions of "Surface science" - New World Encyclopedia
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Revision as of 03:53, 17 October 2008
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid-liquid interfaces, solid-gas interfaces, solid-vacuum interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics.[1] Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers and adhesives.
Surface science is closely related with Interface and Colloid Science.[2] Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. Methods are different. In addition, Interface and Colloid Science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
History
The field of surface chemistry started with heterogeneous catalysis pioneered by Paul Sabatier on hydrogenation and Fritz Haber on the Haber process.[3] Irving Langmuir was also one of the founders of this field, and the scientific journal, Langmuir, on surface science bears his name. The Langmuir adsorption equation is used to model monolayer adsorption where all surface adsorption sites have the same affinity for the adsorbing species.
Gerhard Ertl in 1974 described for the first time the adsorption of hydrogen on a palladium surface using a novel technique called LEED.[4] Similar studies with platinum,[5] nickel[6][7], and iron [8] followed. Most recent developments in surface sciences include the 2007 Nobel Prize of Chemistry winner Gerhard Ertl's advancements in surface chemistry, specifically his investigation of the interaction between carbon monoxide molecules and platinum surfaces.
Surface chemistry
Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. It is closely related to surface functionalization, which aims at modifying the chemical composition of a surface by incorporation of selected elements or functional groups that produce various desired effects or improvements in the properties of the surface or interface. Surface chemistry also overlaps with electrochemistry. Surface science is of particular importance to the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
The adhesion of gas or liquid molecules to the surface is known as adsorption. This can be due to either chemisorption or by physisorption. These too are included in surface chemistry.
The behaviour of a solution based interface is affected by the surface charge, dipoles, energies and their distribution within the electrical double layer.
Surface physics
Surface physics can be roughly defined as the study of physical changes that occur at interfaces. It overlaps with surface chemistry. Some of the things investigated by surface physics include surface diffusion, surface reconstruction, surface phonons and plasmons, epitaxy and Surface enhanced Raman scattering, the emission and tunneling of electrons, spintronics, and the self-assembly of nanostructures on surfaces.
Analysis techniques
The study and analysis of surfaces involves both physical and chemical analysis techniques.
Several modern methods probe the topmost 1-10 nm of the of surfaces exposed to vacuum. These include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, thermal desorption spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and other surface analysis methods included in the list of materials analysis methods. Many of these techniques require vacuum as they rely on the detection of electrons or ions emitted from the surface under study.
Purely optical techniques can be used to study interfaces under a wide variety of conditions. Reflection-Absorption Infrared, Surface Enhanced Raman and Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopies can be used to probe solid-vacuum as well as solid-gas, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas surfaces.
Modern physical analysis methods include scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) and a family of methods descended from it. Two of these are atomic force microscopy (AFM) and SPM. These microscopies have considerably increased the ability and desire of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces. This increase is related to a more general interest in nanotechnology.
See also
- Marcus Textor, a pioneer of bio-interface science.
- Surface finishing
- Tribology
Notes
- ↑ Prutton, Martin. 1994. Introduction to Surface Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198534760.
- ↑ Lyklema. J. 1995-2005. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science. vol. 1-5. Academic Press.
- ↑ Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces Håkan Wennerström, Sven Lidin http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/chemadv07.pdf
- ↑ Adsorption of hydrogen on palladium single crystal surfaces Surface Science, Volume 41, Issue 2, February 1974, Pages 435-446 H. Conrad, G. Ertl and E. E. Latta DOI:10.1016/0039-6028(74)90060-0
- ↑ Adsorption of hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface Surface Science, Volume 54, Issue 2, February 1976, Pages 365-392 K. Christmann, G. Ertl and T. Pignet DOI:doi:10.1016/0039-6028(76)90232-6
- ↑ Adsorption of hydrogen on nickel single crystal surfaces K. Christmann, O. Schober, G. Ertl, and M. Neumann The Journal of Chemical Physics — June 1, 1974 — Volume 60, Issue 11, pp. 4528-4540 DOI:10.1063/1.1680935
- ↑ Chemisorption geometry of hydrogen on Ni(111): Order and disorder The Journal of Chemical Physics — May 1, 1979 — Volume 70, Issue 9, pp. 4168-4184 DOI:10.1063/1.438041
- ↑ Phase transitions of a two-dimensional chemisorbed system-H on Fe(110) Surface Science, Volume 117, 1982, Pages 257-266 R.Imbihl, R.J. Behm, K. Christmann, G.Ertl, and T. Matsushima DOI:doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90506-4
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Prutton, Martin. 1994. Introduction to Surface Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198534760.
External links
- Langmuir, a journal of the American Chemical Society
- The Institute for Surface Science
- "Ram Rao Materials and Surface Science", a video from the Vega Science Trust
- Surface Chemistry Discoveries
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University
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