Difference between revisions of "Raphael" - New World Encyclopedia

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: ''This article is about the Renaissance artist. For other uses, please see [[Raphael (disambiguation)]].''
 
 
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'''Raphael''' or '''Raffaello''' (April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520) was an [[Italy|Italian]] master [[painter]] and [[architect]] of the [[Florence|Florentine]] school in [[High Renaissance]], celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings. He was also called '''Raffaello Sanzio''', '''Raffaello Santi''', '''Raffaello da Urbino''' or '''Rafael Sanzio da Urbino'''.  
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'''Raphael''' or '''Raffaello''' (April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520) was an [[Italy|Italian]] master [[painter]] and [[architect]] of the [[Florence|Florentine]] school in [[High Renaissance]], celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings. He is most well known for his [[Madonna]]s and his work in the [[Vatican]]. He was also called Raffaello Sanzio, Raffaello Santi, Raffaello da Urbino, or Rafael Sanzio da Urbino.
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Raphael apprenticed with [[Perugino]], studied the work of [[Michelangelo]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]], and was influenced by [[Fra Barolomeo]] toward painting more robust figures. At 25, he moved to [[Rome]] and was commissioned by Pope [[Julius II]] to paint some of the rooms at his palace at the [[Vatican Palace|Vatican]]. At 31, he became architect of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. The next year, 1515, he was entrusted with the preservation and recording of the Vatican collections of ancient sculpture.
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In addition to his many famous paintings, Raphael is also known for his ten [[cartoon]]s for tapestries with scenes of the lives of [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]]. [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] also turned a number of Raphael's sketches into engravings that were distributed throughout Europe which allowed more people to see his work and added to his reputation.
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{{toc}}
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He never married, and died at age 37 on his birthday, from a wrong dosage of medicine for fever after a long night of passion with his lover, Margherite, whose image is seen in his painting, ''La Fornarina''. He was buried in the Pantheon, at his own request.
  
 
==Early life and work==
 
==Early life and work==
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Raphael was born in [[Urbino]]. The surname ''Sanzio'' derives from the [[latinization]] of the Italian, ''Santi'', into ''Santius'' (also, when signing solely using his baptismal name, "Raphael"). His father, [[Giovanni Santi]], was also a painter in the court of Urbino.  
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Raphael (his baptismal name) was born in [[Urbino]], Italy. The surname ''Sanzio'' derives from the [[latinization]] of the Italian, ''Santi,'' into ''Santius''. His father, [[Giovanni Santi]], was a lesser painter in the court of Urbino.  
  
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In 1491, his mother Màgia died; his father died on August 1, 1494, having already remarried. Thus orphaned at eleven, Raphael was entrusted to his uncle Bartolomeo, a priest. He had already shown talent, according to Giorgio Vasari - he tells that since childhood Raphael had been "a great help to his father."  His father's workshop continued and probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. He is described as a "master" in 1501. In Urbino he came into contact with the works of [[Uccello]] and [[Signorelli]]. According to Vasari, his father placed him in [[Perugino]]'s workshop as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother"; the subsequent influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is most obvious. The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari, and has been disputed. But most modern historians agree that Raphael worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500.
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When Raphael was eight years old, in 1491, his mother Màgia died; his father died in 1494, having already remarried. Thus, orphaned at eleven, Raphael was entrusted to his uncle Bartolomeo, a [[priest]]. He had already shown artistic talent, according to biographer [[Giorgio Vasari]], who relates that since childhood Raphael had been "a great help to his father."  His father's workshop continued to function, and Raphael evidently played a part in managing it probably together with his stepmother. He is described as a "master" at 18 years of age in 1501. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of [[Uccello]] and [[Signorelli]]. According to Vasari, his father had placed him in [[Perugino]]'s workshop as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother."  
  
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His first documented work was an altarpiece for the church of San Nicola of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between [[Perugia]] and Urbino. It was ordered in 1500 and finished in 1501 (it was later seriously damaged during an earthquake in 1789 and today only fragments of it remain). In the following years he painted works for other churches there (like the Wedding of the Virgin, today in the [[Brera]]) and for Perugia.
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[[Image:Raffael 053.jpg|thumb|250px|Vatican Fresco painted for Julius II, 1508]]
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His first documented work was an altarpiece for the church of San Nicola of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between [[Perugia]] and Urbino. It was finished in 1501, although it was later seriously damaged during an earthquake in 1789, and today only fragments of it remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there and in Perugia, including the ''Wedding of the Virgin'' (today in the [[Brera]] gallery in [[Milan]]).
  
 
==Florence==
 
==Florence==
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In 1504 he went to [[Florence]], where he studied the work of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]]. He spent almost four years there (the so-called "Florentine period"), but continued to travel to and work in other places (Perugia, Urbino and perhaps also Rome). He made friends with the local painters, particularly [[Fra Bartolomeo]], who influenced him to discard the thin, graceful style of Perugino for more grandiose and powerful forms.
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[[Image:Fra bartolomeo.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Fra Bartolomo]]
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In 1504, Raphael went to [[Florence]], where he studied the work of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]]. He spent almost four years there in what is called his "Florentine period,"  but continued to travel and work in other places, such as Perugia, Urbino and perhaps also [[Rome]]. He made friends with the local painters, particularly [[Fra Bartolomeo]], who influenced him to discard the thin, graceful style of Perugino for more the grandiose and powerful forms which typified his later work.
  
 
==Rome==
 
==Rome==
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At the end of 1508, he moved to Rome and was immediately commissioned by [[Julius II]] to paint some of the rooms at his palace at the [[Vatican Palace|Vatican]]. This marked a turning point - he was only twenty-five years old, an artist in formation, and had not received commissions of such importance and prestige. He well exploited the situation, and remained almost exclusively in the service of Julius and his successor [[Leo X]].
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At the end of 1508, Rafael moved to Rome and was immediately commissioned by Pope [[Julius II]] to paint some of the rooms at his palace at the [[Vatican Palace|Vatican]]. This marked a turning point for Rafael, who was only 25 years old, an artist still in formation, and had not previously received commissions of such importance and prestige. He exploited the situation to his advantage, and remained almost exclusively in the service of Julius and his successor, [[Leo X]].
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In 1514, aged 31, he was named architect of the new [[St. Peter's Basilica|St Peter's]]. However, much of his work there was altered or demolished after his death. He also designed other buildings, and for a short time was both the most important architect and painter in Rome. In 1515, he was entrusted with the preservation and recording of the [[Vatican Museums|Vatican collections of ancient sculpture]].
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After his arrival in Rome, he devoted his efforts to the great Vatican projects, although he still painted portraits of his two main patrons, the popes [[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Julius II]] and his [[Portrait of Pope Leo X (Raphael)|Leo X]], the latter portrait is considered one of his finest.  
  
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In 1514 he was named architect of the new [[St. Peter's Basilica|St Peter's]]. Much of his work there was altered or demolished after his death, but he designed other buildings, and for a short time was both the most important architect and painter in Rome. In 1515 he was entrusted with the preservation and recording of the [[Vatican Museums|Vatican collections of ancient sculpture]].
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One of his most important papal commissions was the so-called [[Raphael Cartoons]] (now in [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]), a series of 10 cartoons for tapestries with scenes of the lives of [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] and [[Saint Peter]], intended as wall decoration for the [[Sistine Chapel]]. The cartoons were sent to [[Bruxelles]] to be sewn in the workshop of [[Pier van Aelst]], and the first three tapestries were sent to [[Rome]] in 1519. It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death, as they were completed in 1520, for [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]].
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[[Image:PalazzoBranconioDellAquila.jpg|thumb|200px|Palazzo Branconio Dell'Aquila, work of Raphael (destroyed)]]
  
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After his arrival in [[Rome]], he devoted his efforts to the great Vatican projects, although he still painted portraits of his two main patrons, the popes [[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Julius II]] and his successor [[Portrait of Pope Leo X (Raphael)|Leo X]], the latter portrait considered one of his finest.  
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In Rome, Raphael lived in [[borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]. He never married, but it appears that in 1514, he was engaged to Maria Bibbiena (a cardinal's granddaughter); she died in 1520. The other woman in his life was a beauty named Margherita, the daughter of a baker named Francesco Luti from [[Siena]], who lived at via del Governo Vecchio. His ''La Fornarina'' (meaning female baker) is a depiction of her.
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[[Image:Sybils Raphael.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Sybils'', fresco in the church of [[Santa Maria della Pace]] in Rome.]]
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[[Image:Raffael 045.jpg|thumb|150px|La Fornarina]]
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One of his most important papal commissions was the [[Raphael Cartoons]] (now [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]), a series of 10 cartoons for tapestries with scenes of the lives of [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] and [[Saint Peter]], intended as wall decoration for the [[Sistine Chapel]]. The cartoons were sent to [[Bruxelles]] to be sewn in the workshop of [[Pier van Aelst]]; the first three tapestries were sent to [[Rome]] in 1519. It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death—they were completed in 1520 for [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]].
 
  
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[[Image:Lucretia MR.jpg|thumb|200px|Lucretia, engraved by Raimondi after a design by Raphael.]]
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According to Vasari, his premature death on [[Good Friday]] (April 6, 1520) was caused by a night of excessive [[sex]] with Margherita, after which he fell into a fever and, not telling his doctors the true cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him. Despite his acute illness, Raphael was aware enough to receive the [[last rites]] and put his affairs in order. He took care to dictate his will, in which he left sufficient funds for Margherita's welfare, entrusted to his loyal servant Bavera.
  
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Raphael, who in Rome lived in [[borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]], never married, but it appears that in 1514 he was engaged to Maria Bibbiena (a cardinal's granddaughter); she died in 1520. The other woman in his life was ''La Fornarina'', a beauty named Margherita, the daughter of a baker ''(fornaro)'' named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at via del Governo Vecchio. According to Vasari, his premature death on Good Friday (April 6, 1520) was caused by a night of excessive sex with her, after which he fell into a fever and, not telling his doctors that this was its cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him. Whatever the cause, in his acute illness Raphael had the wit to receive the last rites, and put his affairs in order. He took the care to dictate his will, in which he left sufficient funds for her care, entrusted to his loyal servant Bavera.  Vasari underlines that Raphael was also born on a Good Friday, in 1483, on the 27th or 28th of March. At his request, he was buried in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]. Art historians and doctors debate whether the right hand on the left breast in ''[[La Fornarina]]'' reveal a cancerous breast tumour detailed and disguised in a classic pose of love [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673602119970/fulltext].
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At his request, he was buried in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]. Raphael died on his thirty-seventh birthday, with his funeral mass celebrated at the Vatican, and his ''Transfiguration'' placed at the head of his bier.
  
 
==Printmaking==
 
==Printmaking==
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Raphael made no [[old master print|prints]] himself, but entered into a collaboration with [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] to produce [[engraving]]s to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the [[reproductive print]]. A total of about 50 prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created only to be made into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving. The two most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were ''Lucretia'' and ''The Massacre of the Innocents''. Outside Italy, [[reproductive prints]] by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century.
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Raphael made no [[old master print|prints]] himself, but entered into a collaboration with [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] to produce [[engraving]]s based on Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the [[reproductive print]]. A total of about 50 prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created only to be made into prints. Raphael also made preparatory drawings for Raimondi to translate into engraving, many of which survive. The two most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were ''Lucretia'' and ''The Massacre of the Innocents''. Outside Italy, [[reproductive prints]] by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was known until the twentieth century.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
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The inscription in his marble sarcophagus, a [[distichon]] written by [[Pietro Bembo]], reads: "Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori." Meaning (according to the sign beside it): "Here lies Raffaello who, when alive, Nature was afraid to be won by him, when he died, she wanted to die herself."
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The inscription in his marble sarcophagus, written by [[Pietro Bembo]], reads: ''Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori''—"Here lies Raffaello who, when alive, Nature was afraid to be won by him, when he died, she wanted to die herself."
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Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries. Although when compared to [[Michelangelo]] and [[Titian]], he was sometimes considered inferior, at the same time, it was maintained that none of them shared all the qualities possessed by Raphael, his "ease" in particular.
  
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Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries. When compared to [[Michelangelo]] and [[Titian]], he was sometimes considered inferior; at the same time, it was maintained that none of them shared all the qualities possessed by Raphael, "ease" in particular.  
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<blockquote>While we may term other works paintings, those of Raphael are living things; the flesh palpitates, the breath comes and goes, every organ lives, life pulsates everywhere (Vasari, ''Lives of the Artists'').<ref>www.biblio.org, [http://www.biblio.org/wm/paint/auth/raphael/ Raphael.] Retrieved September 2, 2008.</ref> </blockquote>
  
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[[Image:Raffael 045.jpg|thumb|''La Fornarina''.]]
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==Gallery==
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[[Image:Madonna with the Fish.jpg|thumb|''Madonna with the Fish''.]]
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<center>
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[[Image:Julius II Raphael.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of Julius II''.]]
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<gallery>
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[[Image:Raphael Spasimo.jpg|thumb|''Spasimo''.]]
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Image:Raffael 040.jpg|''Pope [[Leo X]] and two cardinals''
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[[Image:01castig.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of [[Baldassare Castiglione]]''.]]
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Image:Lucretia MR.jpg|''Lucretia'', engraved by Raimondi after a design by Raphael.
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[[Image:Lvr-george.jpg|thumb|''Saint George''.]]
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Image:Raffael 051.jpg|''Madonna and Child,'' 1513-14, with the often copied angels at the bottom
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Image:Lvr-george.jpg|''Saint George''
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Image:Raphael Spasimo.jpg|''Spasimo''
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Image:01castig.jpg|''Portrait of [[Baldassare Castiglione]]''
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Image:Madonna with the Fish.jpg|''Madonna with the Fish''
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Image:Raffael5.jpg|''Section of the School of Athens''
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Image:Raffael 013.jpg|''Fresco in the Villa Farnesia: Triumph of Galatea,'' (detail) 1511
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</gallery>
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</center>
  
 
==Chronology of main works==
 
==Chronology of main works==
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Raphael painted in oil and tempera and sometimes with gold, on wood, canvas, charcoal on paper, and painted frescoes on plaster walls.
  
 
===Early works===
 
===Early works===
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*''[[Baronci altarpiece|Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece)]]'' (1500-1501) <small> - Oil on wood, 31 x 27 cm, [[Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo]], [[Brescia]], [[Italy]] </small>
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*''[[Baronci altarpiece|Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece)]]'' (1500-1501) <small>[[Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo]], [[Brescia]], [[Italy]] </small>
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*''[[Baronci altarpiece|Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece)]]'' (1500-1501) <small> - Oil on wood, 57 x 36 cm, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>
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*''[[Baronci altarpiece|Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece)]]'' (1500-1501) <small>[[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>
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*''[[St. Sebastian (Raphael)|St. Sebastian]]'' (1501-1502) <small> - Oil on wood, 43 x 34 cm, [[Accademia Carrara]], [[Bergamo]]</small>
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*''[[St. Sebastian (Raphael)|St. Sebastian]]'' (1501-1502) <small>[[Accademia Carrara]], [[Bergamo]]</small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Crowning of the Virgin (Oddi Altar)]]'' (c. 1501-1503) <small>- Oil on canvas, 267 x 163 cm, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Crowning of the Virgin (Oddi Altar)]]'' (c. 1501-1503) <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], Vatican, Rome </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Annunciation (Oddi Altar, predella)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small> - Oil on canvas, 27 x 50 cm, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Annunciation (Oddi Altar, predella)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], Vatican, Rome </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Adoration of the Magi (Oddi Altar)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small> - Oil on canvas, 27 x 150 cm, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Adoration of the Magi (Oddi Altar)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], Vatican, Rome </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Presentation in the Temple (Oddi Altar, predella)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small> - Oil on canvas, 27 x 50 cm, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
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*''[[Oddi altar (Raphael)|The Presentation in the Temple (Oddi Altar, predella)]]'' (c. 1501-1503)  <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], Vatican, Rome </small>
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*''[[Portrait of a Man (Raphael)|Portrait of a Man]]'' <small> - Oil on wood, 45 x 31 cm, [[Galleria Borghese]], [[Rome]]</small>
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*''[[Portrait of a Man (Raphael)|Portrait of a Man]]'' <small>[[Galleria Borghese]], Rome</small>
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*''[[Madonna Solly|Madonna Solly (Madonna with the Child)]]'' (1500-1504) <small>- Oil on tablet, 53 x 38 cm, [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] </small>
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*''[[Madonna Solly|Madonna Solly (Madonna with the Child)]]'' (1500-1504) <small>[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] </small>
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*''[[Mond Crucifixion|Mond Crucifixion (Città di Castello Altarpiece)]]'' (1501-1503) <small> - Oil on wood, 281 x 165 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>
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*''[[Mond Crucifixion|Mond Crucifixion (Città di Castello Altarpiece)]]'' (1501-1503) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>
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*''[[Three Graces (Raphael)|Three Graces]]'' (c. 1501-1505) <small>- [[Musée Condé]], [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]], [[France]] </small>  
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*''[[Three Graces (Raphael)|Three Graces]]'' (c. 1501-1505) <small>[[Musée Condé]], [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]], [[France]] </small>  
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*''[[St. Michael (Raphael)|St. Michael]]'' (c. 1501) <small> - [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>  
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*''[[St. Michael (Raphael)|St. Michael]]'' (c. 1501) <small>Louvre, Paris </small>  
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*''[[Connestabile Madonna]]'' (1502-1503) <small> - Tempera on wood, 17,5 x 18 cm, [[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]] </small>  
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*''[[Connestabile Madonna]]'' (1502-1503) <small>[[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]] </small>  
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*''[[Madonna and Child (Raphael)|Madonna and Child]]'' (1503) - <small> Oil on wood, 55 x 40 cm, [[Norton Simon Museum|Norton Simon Museum of Art]], [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] </small>
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*''[[Madonna and Child (Raphael)|Madonna and Child]]'' (1503) <small>[[Norton Simon Museum|Norton Simon Museum of Art]], [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] </small>
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*''[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|The Marriage of the Virgin]]'' (1504) <small> - Oil on roundheaded panel, 174 x 121 cm, [[Pinacoteca di Brera]], [[Milan]] </small>  
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*''[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|The Marriage of the Virgin]]'' (1504) <small>[[Pinacoteca di Brera]], [[Milan]] </small>  
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*''[[Vision of a Knight (Raphael)|Vision of a Knight]]'' (1504) <small> - Egg tempera on poplar, 17.1 x 17.1 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>  
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*''[[Vision of a Knight (Raphael)|Vision of a Knight]]'' (1504) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>  
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*''[[St. George (Raphael)|St. George]]'' (1504) <small> - Oil on tablet, 31 x 27 cm, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>
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*''[[St. George (Raphael)|St. George]]'' (1504) <small>Louvre, Paris </small>
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*''[[Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (Raphael)|Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints]] (Colonna Altarpiece)'', (1504-1505) <small> - Tempera and gold on wood, 172,4 x 172,4 cm (main panel), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]] </small>
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*''[[Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (Raphael)|Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints]] (Colonna Altarpiece)'', (1504-1505) <small>[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]] </small>
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*''[[Portrait of Perugino (Raphael)|Portrait of Perugino]]'' (c. 1504) <small> - Tempera on wood, 57 x 42 cm, [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
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*''[[Portrait of Perugino (Raphael)|Portrait of Perugino]]'' (c. 1504) <small>[[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
  
 
===Florentine period===
 
===Florentine period===
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*''[[Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga]]'' (c. 1504) <small> - Oil on wood, 52,9 x 37,4 cm, [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
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*''[[Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga]]'' (c. 1504) <small>[[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
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*''[[Portrait of Pietro Bembo (Raphael)|Portrait of Pietro Bembo]]'' (c. 1504) <small> - Oil on wood, 54 x 69 cm, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Budapest]] </small>
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*''[[Portrait of Pietro Bembo (Raphael)|Portrait of Pietro Bembo]]'' (c. 1504) <small>[[Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Budapest]] </small>
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*''[[Self-portrait (Raphael)|Self-portrait]]'' (1504-1506) <small> - </small>
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*''[[Self-portrait (Raphael)|Self-portrait]]'' (1504-1506)
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*''[[Madonna del Granduca|Madonna of the Grand Duke]]'' (c. 1505) <small> - Oil on wood, 84 x 55 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>
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*''[[Madonna del Granduca|Madonna of the Grand Duke]]'' (c. 1505) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>
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*''[[Ansidei Madonna|The Ansidei Madonna (The Madonna between St. John Baptist and St. Nicholas of Bari)]]'' (c. 1505-1506) <small> - Oil on poplar, 274 x 152 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>  
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*''[[Ansidei Madonna|The Ansidei Madonna (The Madonna between St. John Baptist and St. Nicholas of Bari)]]'' (c. 1505-1506) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>  
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*''[[Young Man with an Apple (Raphael)|Young Man with an Apple]]'' (1505) <small>- Oil on wood, 47 x 35 cm, [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]]</small>
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*''[[Young Man with an Apple (Raphael)|Young Man with an Apple]]'' (1505) <small>[[Uffizi]], [[Florence]]</small>
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*''[[Christ Blessing (Raphael)|Christ Blessing]]'' (1505) <small> - Oil on wood, 30 x 25 cm, [[Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo]], [[Brescia]], [[Italy]] </small>  
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*''[[Christ Blessing (Raphael)|Christ Blessing]]'' (1505) <small>[[Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo]], [[Brescia]], [[Italy]] </small>  
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*''[[Madonna Terranova (Raphael)|Madonna Terranova]]'' (1504-1505) <small> - Oil on wood, 87 cm, [[Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]] </small>  
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*''[[Madonna Terranova (Raphael)|Madonna Terranova]]'' (1504-1505) <small>[[Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]] </small>  
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*''[[Madonna del cardellino|The Madonna of the Goldfinch]]'' (c. 1505) <small> - [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>  
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*''[[Madonna del cardellino|The Madonna of the Goldfinch]]'' (c. 1505) <small>[[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>  
−
*''[[Madonna del Prato (Raphael)|Madonna del Prato (The Madonna of the Meadow)]]'' (c. 1505) <small> – Oil on wood, 113 x 88 cm, [[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna|Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]] </small>  
+
*''[[Madonna del Prato (Raphael)|Madonna del Prato (The Madonna of the Meadow)]]'' (c. 1505) <small>[[Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna|Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]] </small>  
−
*''[[St. George and the Dragon (Raphael)|St. George and the Dragon]]'' (1505-1506) <small>- Oil on wood, 28.5 x 21.5 cm, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]</small>
+
*''[[St. George and the Dragon (Raphael)|St. George and the Dragon]]'' (1505-1506) <small>[[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]</small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Angelo Doni (Raphael)|Portrait of Agnolo Doni]]'' (1505-1507) <small> - Oil on wood, 63 x 45 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
+
*''[[Portrait of Angelo Doni (Raphael)|Portrait of Agnolo Doni]]'' (1505-1507) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
−
*''[[Portrait of Maddalena Doni (Raphael)|Portrait of Maddalena Doni]]'' (1505-1507) <small> – Oil on wood, 63 x 45 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
+
*''[[Portrait of Maddalena Doni (Raphael)|Portrait of Maddalena Doni]]'' (1505-1507) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
 
*''[[Madonna of the Pinks]]'' (1506)
 
*''[[Madonna of the Pinks]]'' (1506)
−
*''[[Madonna with Beardless St. Joseph (Raphael)|Madonna with Beardless St. Joseph]]'' (1506) <small> - Tempera on canvas transferred from wood, 74 x 57 cm, [[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]] </small>  
+
*''[[Madonna with Beardless St. Joseph (Raphael)|Madonna with Beardless St. Joseph]]'' (1506) <small>[[Hermitage Museum|The Hermitage]], [[St. Petersburg]] </small>  
−
*''[[Saint Catherine of Alexandria (Raphael)|Saint Catherine of Alexandria]]'' (1507) <small> - Oil on wood, 72 x 55 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>
+
*''[[Saint Catherine of Alexandria (Raphael)|Saint Catherine of Alexandria]]'' (1507) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>
−
*''[[Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)|Canigiani Holy Family]]'' (1507) <small> - Oil on wood, 132 x98 cm, [[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]] </small>  
+
*''[[Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)|Canigiani Holy Family]]'' (1507) <small>[[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]] </small>  
−
*''[[La belle jardinière]]'' (1507) <small> - [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>
+
*''[[La belle jardinière]]'' (1507) <small>[[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>
−
*''[[Deposition (Raphael)|The Deposition of Christ (The Entombment)]]'' (1507-1508) <small> - Oil on wood, 184 x 176 cm, [[Galleria Borghese]], [[Rome]]</small>  
+
*''[[Deposition (Raphael)|The Deposition of Christ (The Entombment)]]'' (1507-1508) <small>[[Galleria Borghese]], [[Rome]]</small>  
−
*''[[Theological Virtues (Raphael)|The Three Theological Virtues (tryptic)]]'' (1507) <small>- Oil on wood, 16 x 44 cm (each), [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]]</small>
+
*''[[Theological Virtues (Raphael)|The Three Theological Virtues (tryptic)]]'' (1507) <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]]</small>
−
*''[[Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)|Portrait of a Young Woman]]'' ''(La Muta)'' (1507-1508) <small>- Oil on wood, 64 x 48 cm, [[Galleria Nazionale delle Marche]], [[Urbino]]</small>
+
*''[[Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)|Portrait of a Young Woman]]'' ''(La Muta)'' (1507-1508) <small>[[Galleria Nazionale delle Marche]], [[Urbino]]</small>
−
*''[[Tempi Madonna (Raphael)|The Tempi Madonna (Madonna with the Child)]]'' (1508) <small>- [[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]]</small>
+
*''[[Tempi Madonna (Raphael)|The Tempi Madonna (Madonna with the Child)]]'' (1508) <small>[[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]]</small>
  
 
===Roman period===
 
===Roman period===
−
*''[[La disputa]]'' (1509-1510) <small> - Fresco, width at base 770 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''La disputa'' (1509-1510)<small>--Fresco, width at base 770 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[The School of Athens]]'' (1509-1510) <small> - Fresco, width at base 770 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''[[The School of Athens]]'' (1509-1510) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[Madonna of Loreto (Raphael)|Madonna of Loreto (Madonna del Velo)]]'' (1509-1510) <small>- Oil on wood, 120 x 90 cm, [[Musée Condé]], [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]], [[France]] </small>  
+
*''[[Madonna of Loreto (Raphael)|Madonna of Loreto (Madonna del Velo)]]'' (1509-1510) <small>[[Musée Condé]], [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]], [[France]] </small>  
−
*''[[Aldobrandini Madonna]]'' (1510) <small>- Oil on wood, 38,7 x 32,7 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>
+
*''Aldobrandini Madonna'' (1510) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]]</small>
−
*''[[Madonna with the Blue Diadem]]'' (1510-1511) <small>- Oil on wood, 68 x 44 cm, [[Louvre|Musée du Louvre, Paris]]</small>
+
*''Madonna with the Blue Diadem'' (1510-1511) <small>[[Louvre|Musée du Louvre, Paris]]</small>
−
*''[[Portrait of a Cardinal (Raphael)|Portrait of a Cardinal]]'' (1510-1511) <small>- Oil on wood, 79 x 61 cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]</small>
+
*''[[Portrait of a Cardinal (Raphael)|Portrait of a Cardinal]]'' (1510-1511) <small>[[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]</small>
−
*''[[Alba Madonna]]'' (1511) <small>- Oil on canvas, diameter 98 cm, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]</small>
+
*''Alba Madonna'' (1511) <small>[[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]</small>
−
*''[[The Parnassus]]'' (1511) <small> - Fresco, width at base 670 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''The Parnassus'' (1511) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[The Cardinal Virtues]]'' (1511) <small> - Fresco, width at base 660 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''[[The Cardinal Virtues]]'' (1511) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'' (1511-1512) <small>- Oil on wood, 108 x 80,7 cm, [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'' (1511-1512) <small>[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]], [[London]] </small>
−
*''[[The Prophet Isaiah (Raphael)|The Prophet Isaiah]]'' (1511-1512) <small>- Fresco, 250 x 155 cm, [[Sant'Agostino]], [[Rome]]</small>
+
*''[[The Prophet Isaiah (Raphael)|The Prophet Isaiah]]'' (1511-1512) <small>[[Sant'Agostino]], [[Rome]]</small>
−
*''[[The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple]]'' (1511-1512) <small> - Fresco, width at base 750 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple'' (1511-1512) <small>Fresco, width at base 750 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'' (1512) <small>- Oil on wood, 108,5 x 80 cm, [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'' (1512) <small>[[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] </small>
−
*''[[Madonna of Foligno (Raphael)|The Madonna of Foligno]]'' (1511-1512) <small> - Oil on wood, 320 x 194 cm, [[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]]</small>  
+
*''[[Madonna of Foligno (Raphael)|The Madonna of Foligno]]'' (1511-1512) <small>[[Pinacoteca Vaticana]], [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]]</small>  
−
*''[[Galatea (Raphael)|The Triumph of Galatea]]'' (1511-1513) <small> - Fresco, 295 x 224 cm, [[Villa Farnesina]], [[Rome]]</small>  
+
*''[[Galatea (Raphael)|The Triumph of Galatea]]'' (1511-1513) <small>[[Villa Farnesina]], [[Rome]]</small>  
−
*''[[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (Raphael)|Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]'' (1512-1514) <small> - [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]</small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (Raphael)|Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]'' (1512-1514) <small>[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]</small>
−
*''[[Sistine Madonna (Raphael)|Sistine Madonna]]'' (c. 1513-1516) <small> - Oil on canvas, 265 x 196 cm, [[Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister]], [[Dresden]] </small>  
+
*''[[Sistine Madonna (Raphael)|Sistine Madonna]]'' (c. 1513-1516) <small>[[Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister]], [[Dresden]] </small>  
−
*''[[Madonna della seggiola|Madonna della seggiola (Madonna with the Child and Young St. John)]]'' (1513-1514) <small> - Oil on wood, diameter 71 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti|Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti)]], [[Florence]] </small>
+
*''[[Madonna della seggiola|Madonna della seggiola (Madonna with the Child and Young St. John)]]'' (1513-1514) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti|Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti)]], [[Florence]] </small>
−
*''[[Madonna dell'Impannata (Raphael)|Madonna dell'Impannata]]'' (1513-1514) <small> - Oil on wood, 158 x 125 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti|Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti)]], [[Florence]] </small>
+
*''[[Madonna dell'Impannata (Raphael)|Madonna dell'Impannata]]'' (1513-1514) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti|Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti)]], [[Florence]] </small>
−
*''[[Madonna della tenda]]'' (1514) <small> - Oil on wood, 65,8 x 51,2 cm, [[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]] </small>
+
*''Madonna della tenda'' (1514) <small>[[Alte Pinakothek]], [[Munich]] </small>
−
*''[[The Fire in the Borgo]]'' (1514) <small> - Fresco, width at base 670 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>  
+
*''[[The Fire in the Borgo]]'' (1514) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>  
−
*''[[Deliverance of Saint Peter]]'' (1514) <small> - Fresco, width at base 660 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
+
*''Deliverance of Saint Peter'' (1514) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (Raphael)|Portrait of Bindo Altoviti]]'' (c. 1514) <small> - Oil on tablet, 60 x 44 cm - [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] </small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (Raphael)|Portrait of Bindo Altoviti]]'' (c. 1514) <small>[[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] </small>
−
*''[[Sibyls (Raphael)|The Sibyls]]'' (1514) <small> - Fresco, width at base 615 cm,[[Santa Maria della Pace (Rome)|Santa Maria della Pace]], [[Rome]]</small>
+
*[[Sibyls (Raphael)|The Sibyls]]'' (1514) <small>[[Santa Maria della Pace (Rome)|Santa Maria della Pace]], [[Rome]]</small>
−
*''[[The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia (Raphael)|The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia]]'' (1514-1516) <small> - Oil on wood, 220 x 136 cm, [[Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna|Pinacoteca Nazionale]], [[Bologna]] </small>  
+
*''[[The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia (Raphael)|The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia]]'' (1514-1516) <small>[[Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna|Pinacoteca Nazionale]], [[Bologna]] </small>  
−
*''[[Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione (Raphael)|Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione]]'' (c. 1515) <small> - Oil on canvas, 82 x 67 cm, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]</small>  
+
*''[[Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione (Raphael)|Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione]]'' (c. 1515) <small>[[Louvre]], [[Paris]]</small>  
−
*''[[La velata|Woman with a Veil (La Donna Velata)]]'' (1515-1516) <small> - Oil on canvas, 82 x 60,5 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
+
*''[[La velata|Woman with a Veil (La Donna Velata)]]'' (1515-1516) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
−
*''[[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (Raphael)|Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]'' (1515-1516) <small> - Oil on wood, 91 x 61 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (Raphael)|Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami]]'' (1515-1516) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>
−
*''[[Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila]]'' in [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] (c. 1515-1517) <small> - Destroyed</small>
+
*''Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila'' in [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]](c. 1515-1517) <small>Destroyed</small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano (Raphael)|Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano]]'' (1516) <small> - </small> 
+
*''[[Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano (Raphael)|Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano]]'' (1516)  
−
*''[[Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (Raphael)|Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena]]'' (c. 1516) <small> - Oil on canvas, 85 x 66,3 cm , [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>
+
*''[[Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (Raphael)|Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena]]'' (c. 1516) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>
−
*''[[Double Portrait (Raphael)|Double Portrait]]'' (c. 1516) <small> - Oil on canvas, 77 x 111 cm , [[Doria Pamphilj Gallery|Galleria Doria Pamphilj]], [[Rome]]</small>
+
*''[[Double Portrait (Raphael)|Double Portrait]]'' (c. 1516) <small>[[Doria Pamphilj Gallery|Galleria Doria Pamphilj]], [[Rome]]</small>
−
*''[[Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici]]'' near [[Via Giulia]] (c. 1516)
+
*''Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici'' near [[Via Giulia]] (c. 1516)
−
*''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]'' (1517-c. 1520) <small> - Oil on wood, 405 x 278 cm, [[Vatican City|Vatican Museum]], [[Rome]] </small>  
+
*''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]'' (1517-c. 1520) <small>[[Vatican City|Vatican Museum]], [[Rome]] </small>
−
*''[[Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals]]'' (1517-1518) <small> - Oil on wood, 155 x 118 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>  
+
*''[[Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals]]'' (1517-1518) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]]</small>  
−
*''[[Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)|Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary]]'' (1516-1517) <small>- Oil on panel transferred to canvas, 318 x 229 cm, [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]</small>
+
*''[[Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)|Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary]]'' (1516-1517) <small>[[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]]</small>
−
*''[[The Holy Family of Francis I (Raphael)|The Holy Family of Francis I]]'' (1518) <small>- [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]</small>
+
*''[[The Holy Family of Francis I (Raphael)|The Holy Family of Francis I]]'' (1518) <small>[[Louvre]], [[Paris]]</small>
−
*''[[Ezechiel's Vision (Raphael)|Ezechiel’s Vision]]'' (1518) <small> – Oil on wood, 40 x 29 cm, [[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
+
*''[[Ezechiel's Vision (Raphael)|Ezechiel’s Vision]]'' (1518) <small>[[Palazzo Pitti]], [[Florence]] </small>  
−
*''[[St. Michael Vanquishing Satan (Raphael)|St. Michael Vanquishing Satan]]'' (1518) <small> - [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>  
+
*''[[St. Michael Vanquishing Satan (Raphael)|St. Michael Vanquishing Satan]]'' (1518) <small> [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>  
−
*''[[Madonna of the Rose (Raphael)|Madonna of the Rose]]'' (1518) -
+
*''[[Madonna of the Rose (Raphael)|Madonna of the Rose]]'' (1518)  
−
*''[[Self-portrait with a friend (Raphael)|Self-portrait with a Friend]]'' (1518-1519) <small> - Oil on canvas, 99 x 83 cm, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>  
+
*''[[Self-portrait with a friend (Raphael)|Self-portrait with a Friend]]'' (1518-1519) <small>[[Louvre]], [[Paris]] </small>  
−
*''[[La fornarina|Portrait of a Young Woman (La fornarina)]]'' (1518-1519) <small> - Oil on wood, 85 x 60 cm, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica]], [[Rome]] </small>  
+
*''[[La fornarina|Portrait of a Young Woman (La fornarina)]]'' (1518-1519) <small>[[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica]], [[Rome]] </small>  
−
*''[[Visitation (Raphael)|Visitation]]'' <small> - [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]] </small>
+
*''[[Visitation (Raphael)|Visitation]]'' <small>[[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]] </small>
 +
 
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
−
==See also==
+
==References==
−
*[[Raphael Cartoons]]
+
* Earls, Irene. ''Artists of the Renaissance''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 9780313319372.
 +
* Fraperie, Frank Roy. ''The Raphael Book; an Account of the Life of Raphael Santi of Urbino and his Place in the Development of Art, Together with a Description of his Paintings and Frescos.'' Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1912. OCLC 1024659.
 +
* Guillaud, Jacqueline. ''Raphael: Grace of an Angel, Force of Genius: Frescoes from the Vatican.'' Clarkson Potter, 1993. ISBN 978-0517576342.
 +
* McCurdy, Edward. ''Raphael Santi.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1917. OCLC 1896607.
 +
* Raphael, Bruno Santi. ''Raphael.'' Firenze: Scala, Istituto Fotografico Editoriale, 1981. ISBN 9780935748215.
 +
* Stearns, Frank Preston. ''The Midsummer of Italian Art: Containing an Examination of the Works of Fra Angelico, Michel Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Santi, and Correggio.'' G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1895.
 +
* Vasari, Giorgio. ''The Lives of the Artists.'' Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0192834102.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved September 2, 2008.
+
All links retrieved December 7, 2022.
−
*[http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/paintings/raphael/cartoons/index.html V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons] ''www.vam.ac.uk''
 
 
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/raphael/ Webmuseum, Paris: Raphael] ''www.ibiblio.org''
 
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/raphael/ Webmuseum, Paris: Raphael] ''www.ibiblio.org''
 
*[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/ Web Gallery of Art] ''www.wga.hu''
 
*[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/ Web Gallery of Art] ''www.wga.hu''
−
*[http://search.famsf.org:8080/search.shtml?keywords=raphael&artist=raimondi&country=&period=&sort=&submit.x=20&submit.y=7 Most of the Raphael/Raimondi prints from the San Francisco Museums] ''search.famsf.org:8080''
+
 
  
 
[[Category:artists]]
 
[[Category:artists]]
 
[[Category:art]]
 
[[Category:art]]
−
 
+
[[Category:biography]]
  
 
{{credit|100572669}}
 
{{credit|100572669}}

Latest revision as of 00:38, 8 December 2022

Raphael
Sanzio 00.jpg
Self-portrait by Raphael
Birth name Raffaello Sanzio
Born April 6, 1483
Urbino, Italy
Died April 6, 1520
Nationality Italian
Field Painting
Training Perugino
Movement Renaissance

Raphael or Raffaello (April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520) was an Italian master painter and architect of the Florentine school in High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings. He is most well known for his Madonnas and his work in the Vatican. He was also called Raffaello Sanzio, Raffaello Santi, Raffaello da Urbino, or Rafael Sanzio da Urbino.

Raphael apprenticed with Perugino, studied the work of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, and was influenced by Fra Barolomeo toward painting more robust figures. At 25, he moved to Rome and was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint some of the rooms at his palace at the Vatican. At 31, he became architect of St. Peter's Basilica. The next year, 1515, he was entrusted with the preservation and recording of the Vatican collections of ancient sculpture.

In addition to his many famous paintings, Raphael is also known for his ten cartoons for tapestries with scenes of the lives of Saint Paul. Marcantonio Raimondi also turned a number of Raphael's sketches into engravings that were distributed throughout Europe which allowed more people to see his work and added to his reputation.

He never married, and died at age 37 on his birthday, from a wrong dosage of medicine for fever after a long night of passion with his lover, Margherite, whose image is seen in his painting, La Fornarina. He was buried in the Pantheon, at his own request.

Early life and work

Raphael (his baptismal name) was born in Urbino, Italy. The surname Sanzio derives from the latinization of the Italian, Santi, into Santius. His father, Giovanni Santi, was a lesser painter in the court of Urbino.

When Raphael was eight years old, in 1491, his mother Màgia died; his father died in 1494, having already remarried. Thus, orphaned at eleven, Raphael was entrusted to his uncle Bartolomeo, a priest. He had already shown artistic talent, according to biographer Giorgio Vasari, who relates that since childhood Raphael had been "a great help to his father." His father's workshop continued to function, and Raphael evidently played a part in managing it probably together with his stepmother. He is described as a "master" at 18 years of age in 1501. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Uccello and Signorelli. According to Vasari, his father had placed him in Perugino's workshop as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother."

Vatican Fresco painted for Julius II, 1508

His first documented work was an altarpiece for the church of San Nicola of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. It was finished in 1501, although it was later seriously damaged during an earthquake in 1789, and today only fragments of it remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there and in Perugia, including the Wedding of the Virgin (today in the Brera gallery in Milan).

Florence

Fra Bartolomo

In 1504, Raphael went to Florence, where he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. He spent almost four years there in what is called his "Florentine period," but continued to travel and work in other places, such as Perugia, Urbino and perhaps also Rome. He made friends with the local painters, particularly Fra Bartolomeo, who influenced him to discard the thin, graceful style of Perugino for more the grandiose and powerful forms which typified his later work.

Rome

At the end of 1508, Rafael moved to Rome and was immediately commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint some of the rooms at his palace at the Vatican. This marked a turning point for Rafael, who was only 25 years old, an artist still in formation, and had not previously received commissions of such importance and prestige. He exploited the situation to his advantage, and remained almost exclusively in the service of Julius and his successor, Leo X.

In 1514, aged 31, he was named architect of the new St Peter's. However, much of his work there was altered or demolished after his death. He also designed other buildings, and for a short time was both the most important architect and painter in Rome. In 1515, he was entrusted with the preservation and recording of the Vatican collections of ancient sculpture.

After his arrival in Rome, he devoted his efforts to the great Vatican projects, although he still painted portraits of his two main patrons, the popes Julius II and his Leo X, the latter portrait is considered one of his finest.

One of his most important papal commissions was the so-called Raphael Cartoons (now in Victoria and Albert Museum), a series of 10 cartoons for tapestries with scenes of the lives of Saint Paul and Saint Peter, intended as wall decoration for the Sistine Chapel. The cartoons were sent to Bruxelles to be sewn in the workshop of Pier van Aelst, and the first three tapestries were sent to Rome in 1519. It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death, as they were completed in 1520, for Leo X.

Palazzo Branconio Dell'Aquila, work of Raphael (destroyed)

In Rome, Raphael lived in Borgo. He never married, but it appears that in 1514, he was engaged to Maria Bibbiena (a cardinal's granddaughter); she died in 1520. The other woman in his life was a beauty named Margherita, the daughter of a baker named Francesco Luti from Siena, who lived at via del Governo Vecchio. His La Fornarina (meaning female baker) is a depiction of her.

La Fornarina

According to Vasari, his premature death on Good Friday (April 6, 1520) was caused by a night of excessive sex with Margherita, after which he fell into a fever and, not telling his doctors the true cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him. Despite his acute illness, Raphael was aware enough to receive the last rites and put his affairs in order. He took care to dictate his will, in which he left sufficient funds for Margherita's welfare, entrusted to his loyal servant Bavera.

At his request, he was buried in the Pantheon. Raphael died on his thirty-seventh birthday, with his funeral mass celebrated at the Vatican, and his Transfiguration placed at the head of his bier.

Printmaking

Raphael made no prints himself, but entered into a collaboration with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings based on Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print. A total of about 50 prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created only to be made into prints. Raphael also made preparatory drawings for Raimondi to translate into engraving, many of which survive. The two most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were Lucretia and The Massacre of the Innocents. Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was known until the twentieth century.

Legacy

The inscription in his marble sarcophagus, written by Pietro Bembo, reads: Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori—"Here lies Raffaello who, when alive, Nature was afraid to be won by him, when he died, she wanted to die herself."

Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries. Although when compared to Michelangelo and Titian, he was sometimes considered inferior, at the same time, it was maintained that none of them shared all the qualities possessed by Raphael, his "ease" in particular.

While we may term other works paintings, those of Raphael are living things; the flesh palpitates, the breath comes and goes, every organ lives, life pulsates everywhere (Vasari, Lives of the Artists).[1]

Gallery

  • Pope Leo X and two cardinals

  • Lucretia, engraved by Raimondi after a design by Raphael.

  • Madonna and Child, 1513-14, with the often copied angels at the bottom

  • Saint George

  • Spasimo

  • Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione

  • Madonna with the Fish

  • Section of the School of Athens

  • Fresco in the Villa Farnesia: Triumph of Galatea, (detail) 1511

Chronology of main works

Raphael painted in oil and tempera and sometimes with gold, on wood, canvas, charcoal on paper, and painted frescoes on plaster walls.

Early works

  • Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece) (1500-1501) Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo, Brescia, Italy
  • Angel (fragment of the Baronci Altarpiece) (1500-1501) Louvre, Paris
  • St. Sebastian (1501-1502) Accademia Carrara, Bergamo
  • The Crowning of the Virgin (Oddi Altar) (c. 1501-1503) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • The Annunciation (Oddi Altar, predella) (c. 1501-1503) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • The Adoration of the Magi (Oddi Altar) (c. 1501-1503) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • The Presentation in the Temple (Oddi Altar, predella) (c. 1501-1503) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • Portrait of a Man Galleria Borghese, Rome
  • Madonna Solly (Madonna with the Child) (1500-1504) Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
  • Mond Crucifixion (Città di Castello Altarpiece) (1501-1503) National Gallery, London
  • Three Graces (c. 1501-1505) Musée Condé, Chantilly, France
  • St. Michael (c. 1501) Louvre, Paris
  • Connestabile Madonna (1502-1503) The Hermitage, St. Petersburg
  • Madonna and Child (1503) Norton Simon Museum of Art, Pasadena
  • The Marriage of the Virgin (1504) Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
  • Vision of a Knight (1504) National Gallery, London
  • St. George (1504) Louvre, Paris
  • Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (Colonna Altarpiece), (1504-1505) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
  • Portrait of Perugino (c. 1504) Uffizi, Florence

Florentine period

  • Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga (c. 1504) Uffizi, Florence
  • Portrait of Pietro Bembo (c. 1504) Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
  • Self-portrait (1504-1506)
  • Madonna of the Grand Duke (c. 1505) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • The Ansidei Madonna (The Madonna between St. John Baptist and St. Nicholas of Bari) (c. 1505-1506) National Gallery, London
  • Young Man with an Apple (1505) Uffizi, Florence
  • Christ Blessing (1505) Pinacoteca Civica Tosio Martinengo, Brescia, Italy
  • Madonna Terranova (1504-1505) Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
  • The Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1505) Uffizi, Florence
  • Madonna del Prato (The Madonna of the Meadow) (c. 1505) Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  • St. George and the Dragon (1505-1506) National Gallery of Art, Washington
  • Portrait of Agnolo Doni (1505-1507) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Portrait of Maddalena Doni (1505-1507) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Madonna of the Pinks (1506)
  • Madonna with Beardless St. Joseph (1506) The Hermitage, St. Petersburg
  • Saint Catherine of Alexandria (1507) National Gallery, London
  • Canigiani Holy Family (1507) Alte Pinakothek, Munich
  • La belle jardinière (1507) Louvre, Paris
  • The Deposition of Christ (The Entombment) (1507-1508) Galleria Borghese, Rome
  • The Three Theological Virtues (tryptic) (1507) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta) (1507-1508) Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino
  • The Tempi Madonna (Madonna with the Child) (1508) Alte Pinakothek, Munich

Roman period

  • La disputa (1509-1510)—Fresco, width at base 770 cm, Vatican, Rome
  • The School of Athens (1509-1510) Vatican, Rome
  • Madonna of Loreto (Madonna del Velo) (1509-1510) Musée Condé, Chantilly, France
  • Aldobrandini Madonna (1510) National Gallery, London
  • Madonna with the Blue Diadem (1510-1511) Musée du Louvre, Paris
  • Portrait of a Cardinal (1510-1511) Museo del Prado, Madrid
  • Alba Madonna (1511) National Gallery of Art, Washington
  • The Parnassus (1511) Vatican, Rome
  • The Cardinal Virtues (1511) Vatican, Rome
  • Portrait of Pope Julius II (1511-1512) National Gallery, London
  • The Prophet Isaiah (1511-1512) Sant'Agostino, Rome
  • The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (1511-1512) Fresco, width at base 750 cm, Vatican, Rome
  • Portrait of Pope Julius II (1512) Uffizi, Florence
  • The Madonna of Foligno (1511-1512) Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican, Rome
  • The Triumph of Galatea (1511-1513) Villa Farnesina, Rome
  • Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (1512-1514) Boston
  • Sistine Madonna (c. 1513-1516) Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
  • Madonna della seggiola (Madonna with the Child and Young St. John) (1513-1514) Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence
  • Madonna dell'Impannata (1513-1514) Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence
  • Madonna della tenda (1514) Alte Pinakothek, Munich
  • The Fire in the Borgo (1514) Vatican, Rome
  • Deliverance of Saint Peter (1514) Vatican, Rome
  • Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (c. 1514) National Gallery of Art, Washington
  • The Sibyls (1514) Santa Maria della Pace, Rome
  • The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia (1514-1516) Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna
  • Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione (c. 1515) Louvre, Paris
  • Woman with a Veil (La Donna Velata) (1515-1516) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (1515-1516) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila in Borgo(c. 1515-1517) Destroyed
  • Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano (1516)
  • Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (c. 1516) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Double Portrait (c. 1516) Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome
  • Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici near Via Giulia (c. 1516)
  • Transfiguration (1517-c. 1520) Vatican Museum, Rome
  • Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals (1517-1518) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (1516-1517) Museo del Prado, Madrid
  • The Holy Family of Francis I (1518) Louvre, Paris
  • Ezechiel’s Vision (1518) Palazzo Pitti, Florence
  • St. Michael Vanquishing Satan (1518) Louvre, Paris
  • Madonna of the Rose (1518)
  • Self-portrait with a Friend (1518-1519) Louvre, Paris
  • Portrait of a Young Woman (La fornarina) (1518-1519) Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
  • Visitation Museo del Prado, Madrid

Notes

  1. ↑ www.biblio.org, Raphael. Retrieved September 2, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Earls, Irene. Artists of the Renaissance. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 9780313319372.
  • Fraperie, Frank Roy. The Raphael Book; an Account of the Life of Raphael Santi of Urbino and his Place in the Development of Art, Together with a Description of his Paintings and Frescos. Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1912. OCLC 1024659.
  • Guillaud, Jacqueline. Raphael: Grace of an Angel, Force of Genius: Frescoes from the Vatican. Clarkson Potter, 1993. ISBN 978-0517576342.
  • McCurdy, Edward. Raphael Santi. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1917. OCLC 1896607.
  • Raphael, Bruno Santi. Raphael. Firenze: Scala, Istituto Fotografico Editoriale, 1981. ISBN 9780935748215.
  • Stearns, Frank Preston. The Midsummer of Italian Art: Containing an Examination of the Works of Fra Angelico, Michel Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Santi, and Correggio. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1895.
  • Vasari, Giorgio. The Lives of the Artists. Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0192834102.

External links

All links retrieved December 7, 2022.

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