Potlatch
The ceremonial feast called a potlatch, practiced among a diverse group of Northwestern Native Americans as an integral part of indigenous culture, had numerous social implications. Ironically, in both Native American languages and English, the term was erroneously adopted to represent different events in each culture. Today, there are certain groups that still practice the potlatch custom.
Definition
The name Potlatch is actually derived from [[Chinook Jargon], a homonym having nothing to do with "pot" or "latch" The homonym comes fromCoast Salish Lushootseed potlatching, spelled xwsalikw, from xwɐš, meaning to "throw, broadcast, distribute goods", related to pús(u), "throw through the air, throw at", relating to the giving of gifts and food at such ceremonies. [1]. Even though there are variant names between each of the practicing tribes, the ceremony itself is actually quite uniformly practiced. The English term "potluck" is erroneously said to derive from "potlatch" due to its use in the American term "potluck dinner"; it is actually a portmanteau of "pot"+"luck".
The Tradition Ceremony
Originally the potlatch was held by tribes on the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States and the Canadian province of British Columbia,such as the Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth, and Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw).The potlatch took the form of a ceremonial feast traditionally featuring seal meat or salmon to commemorate an important event, such as the death of a high-status person, but was expanded over time to celebrate events in the life cycle of the host family, such as the birth of a child, the start of a daugther's menstrual cycle, and even the marriage of children. In it, hierarchical relations within and between groups were observed and reinforced through the exchange of gifts, dance performances, and other ceremonies. The host family demonstrated their wealth and prominence through giving away their possessions and thus prompting prominent participants to reciprocate when they hold their own potlatches. Before the arrival of the Europeans, gifts included storable food (oolichan [candle fish] oil or dried food), canoes, and slaves among the very wealthy, but otherwise not income-generating assets such as resource rights. Some potlatch celebrations were locally centered, usually thrown by those lower in social status, while those high in the hierarchical social scheme would use the feasts in both a celebratory and diplomatic function, including neighboring tribal leaders. Some groups, such as the Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw), used the potlatch as an arena in which highly competitive contests of status took place. In some (relatively rare) cases, goods were actually destroyed after being received.[2].
Potlatch and The Europeans
The conquest of American by the Europeans drastically changed the nature of the potlatch. The influx of manufactured trade goods from explorers and settlers, such as blankets and sheet copper, into the Pacific Northwest caused inflation in the potlatch in the late eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries, leading to an imbalance in the gifts given and received. Some people engaged in the ceremony purely to acquire the most material wealth, leading to not only a disintegration in the cultural value of the custom, but a basic breakdown in social relations and structure, causing violent and criminal acts among native groups [3] Even though the settlers had at first contact found the potlatch interesting, their misunderstanding of the ritual and the negative effects their contact had on it caused such negative consequences that potlatching was made illegal in Canada in 1884[4] and the United States in the late nineteenth century, largely at the urging of missionaries and government agents who considered it wasteful, unproductive and injurious to the practitioners. Despite the ban, potlatching continued clandestinely for decades. Numerous tribes petitioned the government to remove the law against a custom that they saw as no worse than Christmas, when friends were feasted and gifts were exchanged. As the potlatch became less of an issue in the twentieth century, the ban was dropped from the books, in the United States in 1934 and in Canada in 1951.
Contemporary Potlatch
The only tribe known to still practice the potlatch today are the kwakwaka'wakw. The Kwakwaka'wakw have long been studied by ethnologist and anthropologists, and when the ceremony died out in the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the cultural artifacts were kept by scholars. These objects helped produce not just more in-depth scholarly work on the rituals than previous, but also fostered some scholars to actively seek to re-establish the ritual in the surviving tribe members, and around the 20th century, the kwakwaka'wakw once again started the practice. Today, the potlatch is different from its original form, incorporating numerous other cultural rituals in a mosaic of preserved and modified culture specific to the kwakwaka'wakw.[5]
Further reading (general)
- Barnett, Homer G. (1938) "The Nature of the Potlatch." American Anthropologist. vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 349-358.
- Bracken, Christopher (1997) The Potlatch Papers: A Colonial Case History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Cole, Douglas, and Ira Chaikin (1990) An Iron Hand upon the People: The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 0295970502
Further reading (Tlingit)
- Emmons, George T. and George Thornton]] (1991) The Tlingit Indians. Ed. by Frederica de Laguna. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Kan, Sergei (1989) Symbolic Immortality: The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century. Washington: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-56098-309-4.
- Dauenhauer, Nora Marks, and Richard Dauenhauer (eds.) (1990) Haa Tuwanáagu Yís, for Healing Our Spirit: Tlingit Oratory. (Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature, vol. 2.) Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Further reading (Tsimshianic-speakers)
- Adams, John W. (1973) The Gitksan Potlatch: Population Flux, Resource Ownership and Reciprocity. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston of Canada.
- Beynon, William (2000) Potlatch at Gitsegukla: William Beynon’s 1945 Field Notebooks. Ed. by Margaret Seguin Anderson and Marjorie Halpin. Vancouver: UBC Press
- "Fur Trader, A" (Peter Skene Ogden) (1933) Traits of American Indian Life and Character. San Francisco: Grabhorn Press. Reprinted, Dover Publications, 1995. (Ch. 4 is the earliest known description of a Nisga'a potlatch.)
Further reading (Kwakwaka'wakw)
- Masco, Joseph (1995) "'It Is a Strict Law That Bids Us Dance': Cosmologies, Colonialism, Death and Ritual Authority in the Kwakwaka'wakw Potlatch, 1849-1922." Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41-75.
Footnotes
- ↑ Bates Dawn, Thorn Hess, & VI Hilbert Lushootseed dictionary. 1994. Seattle and London:University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295973234
- ↑ Tweedie, Ann. 2004.[http//www.http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/potlatch/page2.html "Gifting and Feasting in the Northwest Coastal Potlatch"] Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Retrieved December 15, 2006
- ↑ 2001-2005. "Potlatch" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
- ↑ An Act further to amend "The Indian Act, 1880," S.C. 1884 (47 Vict.), c. 27, s. 3.
- ↑ Kan, Sergei. 1992. "Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch, Review" Royal Anthropology Institute of Great Britian and Ireland. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
External links
- "Potlatch" from Hoxie, Frederick E., ed. (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395669219.
- Potlatch An exhibition from the Peabody Museum, Harvard University.
- Potlatch Then and Now A website by the BC Heritage Websites Program on potlatch from the U'mista Cultural Society of the Kwakwaka'wakw First Nation.
- Money An analysis of Potlatch and modern versions of the same from a pyschohistorical perspective. Not neutral point of view, but does provide references.
- University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle and other communities around Puget Sound, Washington, from the 1880s through the 1930s. This collection provides a glimpse of early pioneer activities, industries and occupations, recreation, street scenes, ferries and boat traffic at the turn of the century. Also included are a few photographs of Native American activities such as documentation of a potlatch on Whidbey Island.
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