Difference between revisions of "Observatory" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | [[Image:DSCF2941.JPG|thumb|[[Molėtai Astronomical Observatory]] in Lithuania]] | + | :''This article is about scientific observatories.'' |
| − | An '''observatory''' is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events. [[Astronomy]], [[climatology]]/[[meteorology]], [[geology]], [[oceanography]] and [[volcanology]] are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. | + | [[Image:DSCF2941.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Molėtai Astronomical Observatory]] in Lithuania.]] |
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| + | An '''observatory''' is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events. [[Astronomy]], [[climatology]]/[[meteorology]], [[geology]], [[oceanography]] and [[volcanology]] are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. Historically, observatories were as simple as containing an [[sextant (astronomical)|astronomical sextant]] (for measuring the distance between [[star]]s) or [[Stonehenge]] (which has some alignments on astronomical phenomena). | ||
==Astronomical observatories== | ==Astronomical observatories== | ||
===Ground-based observatories=== | ===Ground-based observatories=== | ||
[[Image:20041225-Paranal.jpg|thumb|400px|right|[[Paranal Observatory]], home of the [[Very Large Telescope]], a cluster of four large (8.2 meter diameter) telescopes.]] | [[Image:20041225-Paranal.jpg|thumb|400px|right|[[Paranal Observatory]], home of the [[Very Large Telescope]], a cluster of four large (8.2 meter diameter) telescopes.]] | ||
| − | Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the [[ | + | |
| + | Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the [[radio frequency]] and [[visible light]] portions of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. Most [[optical telescope]]s are housed within a [[dome]] or other similar structure to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes contain a slat or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing and then closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated in order to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes. | ||
====Optical observatories==== | ====Optical observatories==== | ||
| + | |||
For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population in order to avoid the effects of [[light pollution]]. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the [[Earth's atmosphere]] is thinner thereby minimizing the effects of [[atmospheric turbulence]] and resulting in better astronomical "[[astronomical seeing|seeing]]".<ref>{{cite book | For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population in order to avoid the effects of [[light pollution]]. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the [[Earth's atmosphere]] is thinner thereby minimizing the effects of [[atmospheric turbulence]] and resulting in better astronomical "[[astronomical seeing|seeing]]".<ref>{{cite book | ||
| last = Chaisson| first = Eric| coauthors = McMillan, Steve| title = Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition| pages = 116-119|publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]| date = 2002}}</ref> Sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the [[southwestern United States]], [[Hawaii]], the [[Andes Mountains]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite book | | last = Chaisson| first = Eric| coauthors = McMillan, Steve| title = Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition| pages = 116-119|publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]| date = 2002}}</ref> Sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the [[southwestern United States]], [[Hawaii]], the [[Andes Mountains]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite book | ||
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====Radio observatories==== | ====Radio observatories==== | ||
| − | Beginning in the | + | |
| + | Beginning in the 1930s, [[radio telescope]]s have been built for use in the field of [[radio astronomy]]. Such an instrument, or a collection of them, with outbuildings for such things as control centers, data reduction centers, and maintenance are called ''radio observatories''. Radio observatories are similarly located far from major centers of population in order to avoid [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI) from [[radio]], [[TV]], [[radar]], and other EMI emitting devices. But unlike optical observatories, radio observatories will be placed in [[valley]]s to further shield them from EMI. Some of the major radio observatories are at [[Very Large Array|Socorro]], in [[New Mexico]], [[USA]], [[Jodrell Bank]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]], [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Parkes Observatory|Parkes]] in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. | ||
===Space-based observatories=== | ===Space-based observatories=== | ||
{{main|Space observatory}} | {{main|Space observatory}} | ||
| − | [[Image:Hubble 01.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]], a space-based observatory]] | + | [[Image:Hubble 01.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]], a space-based observatory.]] |
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Space-based observatories are telescopes or other instruments that are located in [[outer space]], many in [[orbit]] around the Earth. Space-based observatories can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the [[Earth's atmosphere]] and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. The Earth's atmosphere is [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] to [[ultraviolet]] radiation, [[X-rays]], and [[gamma rays]] and is partially opaque to [[infrared]] radiation so observations in these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best carried out from a location above the atmosphere of our planet.<ref>{{cite book | Space-based observatories are telescopes or other instruments that are located in [[outer space]], many in [[orbit]] around the Earth. Space-based observatories can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the [[Earth's atmosphere]] and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. The Earth's atmosphere is [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] to [[ultraviolet]] radiation, [[X-rays]], and [[gamma rays]] and is partially opaque to [[infrared]] radiation so observations in these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best carried out from a location above the atmosphere of our planet.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| last = Chaisson| first = Eric| coauthors = McMillan, Steve| title = Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition| publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]| date = 2002}}</ref> Another advantage of space-based telescopes is that, because of their location above the Earth's atmosphere, their images are free from the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground-based observations.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NASA|url=http://history.nasa.gov/hubble/index.html|title=A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope: Why a Space Telescope?|accessdate=2006-08-14}}</ref> As a result, the [[angular resolution]] of space telescopes such as the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar [[aperture]]. However, all these advantages do come with a price. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope can be serviced by the [[Space Shuttle]] while many other space telescopes can not be serviced at all.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute|url=http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/space/page3.php|title=A Era of Space Telescopes|accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> | | last = Chaisson| first = Eric| coauthors = McMillan, Steve| title = Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition| publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]| date = 2002}}</ref> Another advantage of space-based telescopes is that, because of their location above the Earth's atmosphere, their images are free from the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground-based observations.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NASA|url=http://history.nasa.gov/hubble/index.html|title=A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope: Why a Space Telescope?|accessdate=2006-08-14}}</ref> As a result, the [[angular resolution]] of space telescopes such as the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar [[aperture]]. However, all these advantages do come with a price. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope can be serviced by the [[Space Shuttle]] while many other space telescopes can not be serviced at all.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute|url=http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/space/page3.php|title=A Era of Space Telescopes|accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> | ||
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==Volcano observatories== | ==Volcano observatories== | ||
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| − | A | + | A '''volcano observatory''' is an institution that conducts research and monitoring of a [[volcano]]. Each observatory provides continuous and periodic monitoring of the [[Seismology|seismicity]], other geophysical changes, ground movements, [[volcanic gas]] chemistry, and [[hydrology|hydrologic]] conditions and activity between and during [[Volcanic eruption|eruption]]s. They also provide a detailed record of eruptions in progress. These observations serve to characterize eruptive behavior, identify the nature of precursory activity leading to eruption, define the processes by which different types of deposits are emplaced, and specify the hazards that could be unleashed by each kind of eruption. From direct observation of precursory signs, it is possible to anticipate eruptions. |
| + | |||
| + | In times of volcanic unrest, observatories issue warnings and recommendations - they take on an advisory role for decision-making governmental civil defense agencies ([[FEMA]] in the U.S.) and ideally continue producing observational data. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Mobile volcano observatories exist with the [[USGS]] VDAP (Volcano Disaster Assistance Program), to be deployed on demand. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Underlying all observatory operations is an ongoing program of fundamental research in volcanic processes, supplemented by collaborative studies with universities, government agencies (in the U.S. for instance with other [[USGS]] centers, and [[NOAA]]), industry and [[NGO]]s. Such research typically includes direct interpretation of the monitoring and eruption data, and it leads to formulation of conceptual models that can be tested by theoretical or laboratory simulations of volcanic systems. | ||
| + | Almost all observatories are members of the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO). The oldest volcano observatory is the Osservatorio Vesuviano (founded 1841) in Naples, now a member of the Italian government agency INGV. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | * [[Space observatory]] | |
| − | *[[Space observatory]] | + | * [[Telescope]] |
| − | *[[ | + | * [[Volcano]] |
| − | *[[ | + | |
| − | + | == Notes == | |
| + | <references/> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | + | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| + | |||
*[http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/dearborn.pdf Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois] | *[http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/dearborn.pdf Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois] | ||
*[http://www.eso.org/~ndelmott/obs_sites.html Coordinates and satellite images of astronomical observatories on Earth] | *[http://www.eso.org/~ndelmott/obs_sites.html Coordinates and satellite images of astronomical observatories on Earth] | ||
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*[http://cleardarksky.com/cgi-bin/find_clock.py?keys=%22%5C%28observatoire%5C%7Cobservatory%5C%7Cobservatories%5C%29%22&type=text&doit=Find List of amateur and professional observatories in North America with custom weather forecasts] | *[http://cleardarksky.com/cgi-bin/find_clock.py?keys=%22%5C%28observatoire%5C%7Cobservatory%5C%7Cobservatories%5C%29%22&type=text&doit=Find List of amateur and professional observatories in North America with custom weather forecasts] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | * [http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Vhp/framework.html USGS volcano observatories] |
| + | * [http://www.wovo.org World Organization of Volcano Observatories] | ||
| + | * [http://www.wovo.org/dir-contents.htm directory of volcano observatories] | ||
| + | * [http://www.ov.ingv.it/index_eng.htm Osservatorio Vesuviano] | ||
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| + | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Astronomy]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Earth sciences]] | ||
| − | + | {{credits|Observatory|174814368|Volcano_observatory|175716080}} | |
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Revision as of 06:42, 6 December 2007
- This article is about scientific observatories.
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geology, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. Historically, observatories were as simple as containing an astronomical sextant (for measuring the distance between stars) or Stonehenge (which has some alignments on astronomical phenomena).
Astronomical observatories
Ground-based observatories
Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the radio frequency and visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most optical telescopes are housed within a dome or other similar structure to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes contain a slat or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing and then closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated in order to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes.
Optical observatories
For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population in order to avoid the effects of light pollution. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the Earth's atmosphere is thinner thereby minimizing the effects of atmospheric turbulence and resulting in better astronomical "seeing".[1] Sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the southwestern United States, Hawaii, the Andes Mountains, and Australia.[2] Major optical observatories include Mauna Kea, HI, USA, Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands, Paranal Observatory in Chile and Kitt Peak observatory in the USA. The largest observatory in the equatorial belt is Observatorio Nacional de Llano del Hato in Venezuela.
Radio observatories
Beginning in the 1930s, radio telescopes have been built for use in the field of radio astronomy. Such an instrument, or a collection of them, with outbuildings for such things as control centers, data reduction centers, and maintenance are called radio observatories. Radio observatories are similarly located far from major centers of population in order to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI) from radio, TV, radar, and other EMI emitting devices. But unlike optical observatories, radio observatories will be placed in valleys to further shield them from EMI. Some of the major radio observatories are at Socorro, in New Mexico, USA, Jodrell Bank in the UK, Arecibo, Puerto Rico and Parkes in New South Wales, Australia.
Space-based observatories
Space-based observatories are telescopes or other instruments that are located in outer space, many in orbit around the Earth. Space-based observatories can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. The Earth's atmosphere is opaque to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays and is partially opaque to infrared radiation so observations in these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best carried out from a location above the atmosphere of our planet.[3] Another advantage of space-based telescopes is that, because of their location above the Earth's atmosphere, their images are free from the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground-based observations.[4] As a result, the angular resolution of space telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar aperture. However, all these advantages do come with a price. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope can be serviced by the Space Shuttle while many other space telescopes can not be serviced at all.[5]
Oldest astronomical observatories
Some of the oldest observatories include:
- Chankillo, Peru
- Abu Simbel, Egypt
- Stonehenge, Great Britain
- Kokino, Republic of Macedonia
- Goseck, Germany
- Ujjain, India
- Cheomseongdae, South Korea
- Angkor Wat, Cambodia
- Maragheh observatory, Iran
- El Caracol, Mexico
Volcano observatories
A volcano observatory is an institution that conducts research and monitoring of a volcano. Each observatory provides continuous and periodic monitoring of the seismicity, other geophysical changes, ground movements, volcanic gas chemistry, and hydrologic conditions and activity between and during eruptions. They also provide a detailed record of eruptions in progress. These observations serve to characterize eruptive behavior, identify the nature of precursory activity leading to eruption, define the processes by which different types of deposits are emplaced, and specify the hazards that could be unleashed by each kind of eruption. From direct observation of precursory signs, it is possible to anticipate eruptions.
In times of volcanic unrest, observatories issue warnings and recommendations - they take on an advisory role for decision-making governmental civil defense agencies (FEMA in the U.S.) and ideally continue producing observational data.
Mobile volcano observatories exist with the USGS VDAP (Volcano Disaster Assistance Program), to be deployed on demand.
Underlying all observatory operations is an ongoing program of fundamental research in volcanic processes, supplemented by collaborative studies with universities, government agencies (in the U.S. for instance with other USGS centers, and NOAA), industry and NGOs. Such research typically includes direct interpretation of the monitoring and eruption data, and it leads to formulation of conceptual models that can be tested by theoretical or laboratory simulations of volcanic systems. Almost all observatories are members of the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO). The oldest volcano observatory is the Osservatorio Vesuviano (founded 1841) in Naples, now a member of the Italian government agency INGV.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Chaisson, Eric and McMillan, Steve (2002). Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, 116-119.
- ↑ Chaisson, Eric and McMillan, Steve (2002). Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, 119.
- ↑ Chaisson, Eric and McMillan, Steve (2002). Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall.
- ↑ A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope: Why a Space Telescope?. NASA. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
- ↑ A Era of Space Telescopes. Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
- Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
- Coordinates and satellite images of astronomical observatories on Earth
- Earth-based Observatories Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Ocean Observatory Information, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Climate Change Observing Systems Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Milkyweb Astronomical Observatory Guide worlds largest database of astronomical observatories since 2001 - about 2000 entries
- Coastal Observatory Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Map: Planetaria and Observatories
- USGS volcano observatories
- World Organization of Volcano Observatories
- directory of volcano observatories
- Osservatorio Vesuviano
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