Difference between revisions of "Nnamdi Azikiwe" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| − | Azikiwe was born on [[November 16]], [[1904]] in [[Zungeru]], northern [[Nigeria]] to [[Igbo people|Igbo]] parents. | + | Azikiwe was born on [[November 16]], [[1904]] in [[Zungeru]], northern [[Nigeria]] to [[Igbo people|Igbo]] parents. Nnamdi means "My father is alive" in the [[Igbo language]].<ref> His father was Obededom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe, who worked as a clerical officer for the British Administrator of Eastern Nigeria. His mother was Racheal Chinwe Azikiwe. His maternal grandfather was an Igbo Chief and his great-great-great grandmother had been Paramount Chief. Azikwe was later recognized as a second-rank chief in 1962 and as a full chief in 1970. After studying at the Methodist Boys' High School in Lagos, Azikiwe went to the United States. While there he attended [[Howard University]], [[Washington DC]] before enrolling in and graduating from [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]], [[Pennsylvania]] in 1927 with a degree in political science. In 1930, he obtained his MA with honors from Lincoln. This was no privileged passage through College; he paid his way by working in a variety of jobs including washing cars and as a kitchen assistant. In 1933, he obtained a masters degree in [[Anthropology and Political Science in 1933 from a prestigious [[Ivy League]] institution, the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=UPenn>{{cite web |url= http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/political/pennheads.html|title= Alumni, Faculty, and Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Who Have Served as Heads of State or Government|accessdate=2007-09-05 |work= [[University of Pennsylvania]]|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania|University Archives and Records Center University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref> In 1934, he graduated with his PhD from Columbia. He worked as an instructor at Lincoln before returning to Africa.<ref name=Zik>[http://zikism.tripod.com/Owelle.html Zik of Africa.] Zikism. Retrieved September 15, 2008. He was active in several sports as a student, winning medals for swimming, cross-country running and boxing and was selected to represent Nigeria in the long distance running in the British Empire Games of 1934 but was "rejected by the A.A.A of Great Britain on technical grounds" following protest from [[South Africa]]. He had "dropped his English Christian name, 'Benjamin'."<ref name=Zik/> He then l;egally changed his name to Nnamdi. |
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==Newspaper career== | ==Newspaper career== | ||
| − | After teaching at Lincoln, Azikiwe, in November 1934, took the position of editor for the ''[[African Morning Post]]'', a daily newspaper in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. In that position he promoted a pro-African [[nationalism|nationalist]] agenda. Smertin has described his writing there: "In his passionately denunciatory articles and public statements he censured the existing colonial order: the restrictions on the Africans' right to express their opinions, and racial discrimination. He also | + | After teaching at Lincoln, Azikiwe, in November 1934, took the position of editor for the ''[[African Morning Post]]'', a daily newspaper in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. In that position he promoted a pro-African [[nationalism|nationalist]] agenda. Smertin has described his writing there: "In his passionately denunciatory articles and public statements he censured the existing colonial order: the restrictions on the Africans' right to express their opinions, and racial discrimination. He also criticized those Africans who belonged to the 'elite' of colonial society and favoured retaining the existing order, as they regarded it as the basis of their well being."<ref>Yuri Smertin, Yuri. 1987. ''Kwame Nkrumah.'' NY: International Publisher. ISBN 9780717806553 p 9.</ref> |
As a result of publishing an article on May 15, 1936 entitled "Has the African A God?" written by [[Isaac Theophilus Akunna Wallace-Johnson|I.T. A. Wallace-Johnson]] he was brought to trial on charges of sedition. Although he was found guilty of the charges and sentenced to six months in prison, he was acquitted on appeal. He returned to [[Lagos]], Nigeria, in 1937 and founded the ''West African Pilot'' which he used as a vehicle to foster Nigerian nationalism. He founded the Zik Group of Newspapers, publishing multiple newspapers in cities across the country. | As a result of publishing an article on May 15, 1936 entitled "Has the African A God?" written by [[Isaac Theophilus Akunna Wallace-Johnson|I.T. A. Wallace-Johnson]] he was brought to trial on charges of sedition. Although he was found guilty of the charges and sentenced to six months in prison, he was acquitted on appeal. He returned to [[Lagos]], Nigeria, in 1937 and founded the ''West African Pilot'' which he used as a vehicle to foster Nigerian nationalism. He founded the Zik Group of Newspapers, publishing multiple newspapers in cities across the country. | ||
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| − | Between 1957 and 1958, Nnamdi Azikiwe with the leaders of the other two main parties, Obafemi Awolowo of the Action Group and [[Ahmadu Bello]] of the NPC, led by [[Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa|Abubakar Tafawi Balewa]] who was Premier of the Federal Government and also a member of the NCP, took part in the Constitutional talks in London. Following independence, a NCP-NCNC coalition won the national election. Belawi became federal Prime Minister. Bello and Awolowo continued in office as Prime Ministers of the North and Western regions respectively. Awolowo also headed the official opposition at federal level. Azikiwe accepted appointment as Governor-General. | + | Between 1957 and 1958, Nnamdi Azikiwe with the leaders of the other two main parties, Obafemi Awolowo of the Action Group and [[Ahmadu Bello]] of the NPC, led by [[Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa|Abubakar Tafawi Balewa]] who was Premier of the Federal Government and also a member of the NCP, took part in the Constitutional talks in London. Following independence, a NCP-NCNC coalition won the national election. Belawi became federal Prime Minister. Bello and Awolowo continued in office as Prime Ministers of the North and Western regions respectively. Awolowo also headed the official opposition at federal level. Azikiwe accepted appointment as Governor-General. As he assumed this office as Her Majesty's representative in Nigeria, he was created a Privy Councillor, the first Nigerian to be appointed. Leadership of the Western region went to Michael Iheonukara Okpara, Azikiwe's long-timer friend and colleague. |
===Presidency (1963-1966)=== | ===Presidency (1963-1966)=== | ||
| − | + | In 1963, Nigeria decided to become a republic. Azikiwe | |
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Nigeria's political parties were pulling in different directions. The constitution allocated seats in the federal assembly based on the population of each of the regions. When the former Southern Cameroon joined Nigeria as part of the Northern region in 1961, this guaranteed the North a larger number of seats. The NCNC favored the creation of smaller states to replace the regions and a weaker central government. The Action Group favored a strong central government and also the formation of a West African Federation in which Nigeria, Ghana and Sierre Leone would unite as a single entity. The NPC was criticized for privileging Northern concerns and for unfairly distributing the [[oil]] revenue, which came from the North. In December 1964, Nigeria held its second general election. Two coalitions emerged to contest the election, the Nigerian National Alliance (NNA) consisting of the NPC and the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which contested the Action Group in the West (broadly federalist) and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) consisting of the NCNC and those members of the Action Group who had not defected to the NNDP. Before the election, controversy about the accuracy of the electoral registers led to allegations of vote-rigging and the UPGA called a [[boycott]]. Due to the boycott and widespread dissatisfaction with the electoral process, only four out of fifteen million people eligible to vote did so. Manly polling stations in the East did not open, honoring the boycott. In March, 1965 an election was held in those constituencies that had boycotted the December poll. The UPGA ended up with 108 seats, the NNA with 189 of which 162 were held by members of the NNC. Even before the supplementary election was held, Balewa was invited to form his second administration. In November, 1965 election were held in each region. The UPGA, in opposition at the federal level, was determined to consolidate its power in both the Southern regions, the East and the West and the federal territory surrounding the capital. However, these elections were won by the NNA-coalition, despite the opposition's strong campaign. | Nigeria's political parties were pulling in different directions. The constitution allocated seats in the federal assembly based on the population of each of the regions. When the former Southern Cameroon joined Nigeria as part of the Northern region in 1961, this guaranteed the North a larger number of seats. The NCNC favored the creation of smaller states to replace the regions and a weaker central government. The Action Group favored a strong central government and also the formation of a West African Federation in which Nigeria, Ghana and Sierre Leone would unite as a single entity. The NPC was criticized for privileging Northern concerns and for unfairly distributing the [[oil]] revenue, which came from the North. In December 1964, Nigeria held its second general election. Two coalitions emerged to contest the election, the Nigerian National Alliance (NNA) consisting of the NPC and the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which contested the Action Group in the West (broadly federalist) and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) consisting of the NCNC and those members of the Action Group who had not defected to the NNDP. Before the election, controversy about the accuracy of the electoral registers led to allegations of vote-rigging and the UPGA called a [[boycott]]. Due to the boycott and widespread dissatisfaction with the electoral process, only four out of fifteen million people eligible to vote did so. Manly polling stations in the East did not open, honoring the boycott. In March, 1965 an election was held in those constituencies that had boycotted the December poll. The UPGA ended up with 108 seats, the NNA with 189 of which 162 were held by members of the NNC. Even before the supplementary election was held, Balewa was invited to form his second administration. In November, 1965 election were held in each region. The UPGA, in opposition at the federal level, was determined to consolidate its power in both the Southern regions, the East and the West and the federal territory surrounding the capital. However, these elections were won by the NNA-coalition, despite the opposition's strong campaign. | ||
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| − | Azikiwe and his civilian colleagues were removed from power in the military coup of [[January 15]], [[1966]]. During the [[Biafra]]n (1967–1970) war of secession, Azikiwe became a spokesman for the nascent Igbo republic and an adviser to its leader [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]]; in 1969, however, he switched to the side of the Nigerian government.<ref name=eb/> After the war, he served as Chancellor of [[Lagos University]] from 1972 to 1976. He joined the [[Nigerian People's Party]] in 1978, making unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1979 and again in 1983. He left politics involuntarily after the military coup on [[December 31]], [[1983]]. He died on [[May 11]], [[1996]] at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, in [[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], after a protracted sickness. | + | Azikiwe and his civilian colleagues were removed from power in the military coup of [[January 15]], [[1966]]. |
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| + | ===Career after 1966=== | ||
| + | During the [[Biafra]]n (1967–1970) war of secession, Azikiwe became a spokesman for the nascent Igbo republic and an adviser to its leader [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]]; in 1969, however, he switched to the side of the Nigerian government.<ref name=eb/> After the war, he served as Chancellor of [[Lagos University]] from 1972 to 1976. He joined the [[Nigerian People's Party]] in 1978, making unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1979 and again in 1983. He left politics involuntarily after the military coup on [[December 31]], [[1983]]. He died on [[May 11]], [[1996]] at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, in [[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], after a protracted sickness. | ||
His time in politics spanned most of his adult life and he was referred to by admirers as "The Great Zik of Africa". His motto in politics was "talk I listen, you listen I talk". | His time in politics spanned most of his adult life and he was referred to by admirers as "The Great Zik of Africa". His motto in politics was "talk I listen, you listen I talk". | ||
| − | The writings of Azikiwe spawned a philosophy of African liberation | + | ===Philosophy and Writing=== |
| − | + | The writings of Azikiwe spawned a philosophy of African liberation Zikism, which identifies five concepts for Africa's movement towards freedom: spiritual balance, social regeneration, economic determination, mental emancipation, and political resurgence. | |
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| − | ==Works== | + | ===Works=== |
| − | *''Zik'' | + | * 1961. ''Zik'' .1961. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
| − | *'' | + | * 1970. Liberia in world politics. Westport, Conn: Negro Universities Press. ISBN 9780837137742 |
| − | *'' | + | * 1973. ''Renascent Africa.'' Cass library of African studies. Africana modern library, no. 6. London: Cass. ISBN 9780714617442 |
| − | *'' | + | * 1971. ''My Odyssey: An Autobiography.'' New York, Praeger ISBN 0900966262 |
| + | * with F. I. Anikwe, Dons Eze, and Tony Ozoalor. 1996. ''One hundred quotable quotes and poems of the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe.'' Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria: Institute of Management and Technology. ISBN 9789782736093 | ||
*''One hundred quotable quotes and poems of the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe'' (1966) — ISBN 9782736090 | *''One hundred quotable quotes and poems of the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe'' (1966) — ISBN 9782736090 | ||
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| + | ==Legacy== | ||
| + | ===Places named after Azikiwe=== | ||
| + | Places named after Azikiwe include the [[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport]] in [[Abuja]], [[the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium]] in [[Enugu]], and the [[Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] in [[Awka]], [[Anambra State]]. His portrait adorns Nigeria's five hundred [[Nigerian naira|naira]] currency note. | ||
| + | Several streets and university campus hostels are also named after him including Nnamdi Azikiwe street in Lagos, Zik Avenue in Enugu, Ziks Flat at University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Azikiwe Hall at University of Ibadan, Nigeria. | ||
| + | ===Honors=== | ||
| + | He was awarded fourteen honorary doctorates by several universities, including Lincoln, Howard, michigan State, University of Pensylvania and University of Liberia.<ref name=Zik/> In 1990, Lincoln name a professorial Chair in his honor. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Notable quotes== |
| − | + | ''"There is plenty of room at the top because very few people care to travel beyond the average route. And so most of us seem satisfied to remain within the confines of mediocrity"''<ref>Azikiwe. 1994. page 5.</ref> | |
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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{{Credit|233057568}} | {{Credit|233057568}} | ||
Revision as of 21:31, 15 September 2008
| [[Image:{{{image name}}}|225px|center|Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | |
| Term of office | {{{date1}}} – {{{date2}}} |
| Preceded by | {{{preceded}}} |
| Succeeded by | {{{succeeded}}} |
| Date of birth | {{{date of birth}}} |
| Place of birth | {{{place of birth}}} |
| Date of death | {{{date of death}}} |
| Place of death | {{{place of death}}} |
| Spouse | {{{wife}}} |
| Political party | National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons; Nigerian People's Party |
Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (November 16, 1904 – May 11, 1996), usually referred to as Nnamdi Azikiwe, or, informally and popularly, as "Zik", was the founder of modern Nigerian nationalism and the first President of Nigeria, holding the position throughout the Nigerian First Republic. From 1960 until 1963 he was Governor-General of independent Nigeria. From 1963 until ousted by a coup in 1966, he was Nigeria's first President. Educated in the ]United States, he edited the African Morning Post from 1934 until 1937, advocating pan-African unity. From 1937 until he edited the West African Pilot.
He entered politics in 1946 as co-founder of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, which, based in Nigeria's Igbo dominated Western region, emerged as one of three main parties, each of which was regionally and ethnically distinctive. In the North, the Northern Peoples Congress was Hausa-Fulani while the Western Action Group was Yoruba. Entering the regional Assembly in 1947, he became leader of the opposition in 1951 to the Action Group, from which the NCNC had separated. In 1952 he moved to the Eastern region, where he was elected to the Assembly as Chief Minister.
Early life
Azikiwe was born on November 16, 1904 in Zungeru, northern Nigeria to Igbo parents. Nnamdi means "My father is alive" in the Igbo language.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag In 1934, he graduated with his PhD from Columbia. He worked as an instructor at Lincoln before returning to Africa.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
As a result of publishing an article on May 15, 1936 entitled "Has the African A God?" written by I.T. A. Wallace-Johnson he was brought to trial on charges of sedition. Although he was found guilty of the charges and sentenced to six months in prison, he was acquitted on appeal. He returned to Lagos, Nigeria, in 1937 and founded the West African Pilot which he used as a vehicle to foster Nigerian nationalism. He founded the Zik Group of Newspapers, publishing multiple newspapers in cities across the country.
Political career
Pre Independence
After a successful journalism enterprise, Azikiwe entered into politics, co-founding the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) alongside Herbert Macaulay in 1944. He became the secretary-general of the National Council in 1946, and was the following year elected to the Legislative Council of Nigeria. In 1951, he became the leader of the Opposition to the government of Obafemi Awolowo in the Western Region's House of Assembly. Nigeria's three regions were based on tribal configurations, with the Hausa and Fulani in the north), Yoruba in the south-west), and Igbo or Ibo in the south-east. Nigeria itself had been formed by combining the former Protectorates into a single colony in 1914. In 1952, Azikiwe, an Igbo, moved to the Eastern Region, and was elected to the position of Chief Minister, and in 1954 became Premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region.
Between 1957 and 1958, Nnamdi Azikiwe with the leaders of the other two main parties, Obafemi Awolowo of the Action Group and Ahmadu Bello of the NPC, led by Abubakar Tafawi Balewa who was Premier of the Federal Government and also a member of the NCP, took part in the Constitutional talks in London. Following independence, a NCP-NCNC coalition won the national election. Belawi became federal Prime Minister. Bello and Awolowo continued in office as Prime Ministers of the North and Western regions respectively. Awolowo also headed the official opposition at federal level. Azikiwe accepted appointment as Governor-General. As he assumed this office as Her Majesty's representative in Nigeria, he was created a Privy Councillor, the first Nigerian to be appointed. Leadership of the Western region went to Michael Iheonukara Okpara, Azikiwe's long-timer friend and colleague.
Presidency (1963-1966)
In 1963, Nigeria decided to become a republic. Azikiwe Nigeria's political parties were pulling in different directions. The constitution allocated seats in the federal assembly based on the population of each of the regions. When the former Southern Cameroon joined Nigeria as part of the Northern region in 1961, this guaranteed the North a larger number of seats. The NCNC favored the creation of smaller states to replace the regions and a weaker central government. The Action Group favored a strong central government and also the formation of a West African Federation in which Nigeria, Ghana and Sierre Leone would unite as a single entity. The NPC was criticized for privileging Northern concerns and for unfairly distributing the oil revenue, which came from the North. In December 1964, Nigeria held its second general election. Two coalitions emerged to contest the election, the Nigerian National Alliance (NNA) consisting of the NPC and the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which contested the Action Group in the West (broadly federalist) and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) consisting of the NCNC and those members of the Action Group who had not defected to the NNDP. Before the election, controversy about the accuracy of the electoral registers led to allegations of vote-rigging and the UPGA called a boycott. Due to the boycott and widespread dissatisfaction with the electoral process, only four out of fifteen million people eligible to vote did so. Manly polling stations in the East did not open, honoring the boycott. In March, 1965 an election was held in those constituencies that had boycotted the December poll. The UPGA ended up with 108 seats, the NNA with 189 of which 162 were held by members of the NNC. Even before the supplementary election was held, Balewa was invited to form his second administration. In November, 1965 election were held in each region. The UPGA, in opposition at the federal level, was determined to consolidate its power in both the Southern regions, the East and the West and the federal territory surrounding the capital. However, these elections were won by the NNA-coalition, despite the opposition's strong campaign.
Allegations of corruption and fraud followed, as did riots and demonstrations in which about 2,000 people died mainly in the West. Politicians campaigning outside their own regions even found the hotels refused to accommodate them. Responding to this violence, Belawa delegated extraordinary powers to each regional government in an attempt to restore stability.
Azikiwe and his civilian colleagues were removed from power in the military coup of January 15, 1966.
Career after 1966
During the Biafran (1967–1970) war of secession, Azikiwe became a spokesman for the nascent Igbo republic and an adviser to its leader Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu; in 1969, however, he switched to the side of the Nigerian government.[1] After the war, he served as Chancellor of Lagos University from 1972 to 1976. He joined the Nigerian People's Party in 1978, making unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1979 and again in 1983. He left politics involuntarily after the military coup on December 31, 1983. He died on May 11, 1996 at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, in Enugu, Enugu State, after a protracted sickness.
His time in politics spanned most of his adult life and he was referred to by admirers as "The Great Zik of Africa". His motto in politics was "talk I listen, you listen I talk".
Philosophy and Writing
The writings of Azikiwe spawned a philosophy of African liberation Zikism, which identifies five concepts for Africa's movement towards freedom: spiritual balance, social regeneration, economic determination, mental emancipation, and political resurgence.
Works
- 1961. Zik .1961. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 1970. Liberia in world politics. Westport, Conn: Negro Universities Press. ISBN 9780837137742
- 1973. Renascent Africa. Cass library of African studies. Africana modern library, no. 6. London: Cass. ISBN 9780714617442
- 1971. My Odyssey: An Autobiography. New York, Praeger ISBN 0900966262
- with F. I. Anikwe, Dons Eze, and Tony Ozoalor. 1996. One hundred quotable quotes and poems of the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria: Institute of Management and Technology. ISBN 9789782736093
- One hundred quotable quotes and poems of the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1966) — ISBN 9782736090
Legacy
Places named after Azikiwe
Places named after Azikiwe include the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja, the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium in Enugu, and the Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Awka, Anambra State. His portrait adorns Nigeria's five hundred naira currency note. Several streets and university campus hostels are also named after him including Nnamdi Azikiwe street in Lagos, Zik Avenue in Enugu, Ziks Flat at University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Azikiwe Hall at University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Honors
He was awarded fourteen honorary doctorates by several universities, including Lincoln, Howard, michigan State, University of Pensylvania and University of Liberia.[2] In 1990, Lincoln name a professorial Chair in his honor.
Notable quotes
"There is plenty of room at the top because very few people care to travel beyond the average route. And so most of us seem satisfied to remain within the confines of mediocrity"[3]
Notes
=References
- Azikiwe, Nnamdi. 1968. Renascent Africa. Cass library of African studies. Africana modern library, no. 6. London: Cass. ISBN 9780714617442
- Azikiwe, Nnamdi. 1994. My Odyssey: an autobiography. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. ISBN 9789782462275
- Collins, Robert O. 1990. Collins, Robert O. 1990. Western African history. Topics in world history. New York: M. Wiener Pub. Topics in world history. New York: M. Wiener Pub. ISBN 9781558760158
- Igwe, Agbafor. 1992. Nnamdi Azikiwe: the philosopher of our time. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Pub. Co. ISBN 9789781560019
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