Jackson, Mary

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'''Mary Jackson''' ([[Given name#Name at birth|née]] '''Winston''', April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005) was an American [[mathematician]] and [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] at the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). She worked at [[Langley Research Center]] in [[Hampton, Virginia]], for most of her career, starting as a [[human computer|computer]] at [[Racial segregation in the United States|the segregated]] [[West Area Computers|West Area Computing division]] in 1951. She took advanced engineering classes and, in 1958, became NASA's first black female engineer.
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'''Mary Jackson''' ([[Given name#Name at birth|née]] '''Winston''', April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005) was an American [[mathematician]] and [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] at the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). She worked at [[Langley Research Center]] in [[Hampton, Virginia]], for most of her career, starting as a "[[human computer]]" at the [[Racial segregation|segregated]] [[West Area Computers|West Area Computing division]] in 1951. She took advanced engineering classes and became NASA's first black female engineer.
  
 
After 34 years as a NASA engineer, she become manager of both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and the Affirmative Action Program Manager. In this role, she worked to influence the hiring and promotion of women in NASA's science, engineering, and mathematics careers.
 
After 34 years as a NASA engineer, she become manager of both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and the Affirmative Action Program Manager. In this role, she worked to influence the hiring and promotion of women in NASA's science, engineering, and mathematics careers.
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Jackson's story features in the 2016 non-fiction book [[Hidden Figures (book)|''Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race'']]. She is one of the three protagonists in ''[[Hidden Figures]]'', the film adaptation released the same year.
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Jackson is one of the three protagonists in ''[[Hidden Figures]]'', the film adaptation of Margot Lee Shetterly's history of the influential African-American women mathematicians and engineers at NASA in the mid-twentieth century. Her legacy lies not just in her work as an aerospace engineer, but in breaking barriers of race and gender in her field, and in encouraging minority young people to fulfill their potential, particularly in the STEM fields.  
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In 2019, Jackson was posthumously awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. In 2020 the Washington, D.C. headquarters of NASA was renamed the [[NASA Headquarters|Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters]].
 
  
 
== Life ==
 
== Life ==
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Mary Winston was born on April 9, 1921, to Ella Winston ([[née]] Scott) and Frank Winston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/mary-winston-jackson-120616|title=Mary Winston-Jackson|last=Timmons|first=Greg|date=December 6, 2016|website=Biography.com|access-date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> She grew up in [[Hampton, Virginia]], where she graduated from the all-black [[Phenix High School|George P. Phenix Training School]] with highest honors.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
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Mary Eliza Winston was born on April 9, 1921, to Ella Winston ([[née]] Scott) and Frank Winston.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/mary-winston-jackson-120616 Mary Winston-Jackson] ''Biography.com'', June 25, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref> She grew up in [[Hampton, Virginia]], where in 1937 she graduated from the all-black [[Phenix High School|George P. Phenix Training School]] with highest honors.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
  
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She earned [[bachelor's degree]]s in [[mathematics]] and [[Outline of physical science|physical science]] from [[Hampton University]] in 1942.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dailypress/obituary.aspx?n=mary-winston-jackson&pid=3163015|title=Mary Winston Jackson|last=|first=|date=February 13, 2015|website=Legacy|publisher=Daily Press|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Black Women Scientists in the United States|last=Warren|first=Wini|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-253-33603-3|location=Bloomington, Indiana, USA|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr/page/126 126]|via=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr/page/126}}</ref> She was a member of the [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]].<ref name=":0" />
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Mary earned dual [[bachelor's degree]]s in [[mathematics]] and [[Outline of physical science|physical science]] from [[Hampton University]] in 1942.<ref name=Obit> Mary Winston Jackson ''Daily Press'', February 13, 2005.</ref><ref name=Warren> Wini Warren, ''Black Women Scientists in the United States'' (Indiana University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0253336033). </ref> She was a member of the [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]].<ref name=Obit />
  
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After graduation, she taught mathematics for a year at an African-American school in [[Calvert County, Maryland|Calvert County]], [[Maryland]].<ref name="nasa-bio">{{cite web|last1=Shetterly|first1=Margot Lee|title=Mary Jackson Biography|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography|publisher=NASA|accessdate=January 15, 2017}}</ref> At that time, public schools were still segregated across the South. She also began tutoring high school and college students, which she continued to do throughout her life.<ref name=":7" />  
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After graduation, she taught mathematics for a year at an African-American school in [[Calvert County, Maryland|Calvert County]], [[Maryland]].<ref name="nasa-bio">Margot Lee Shetterly, [https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography Mary Jackson Biography] ''NASA''. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref> At that time, public schools were still segregated across the South. She also began tutoring high school and college students, which she continued to do throughout her life.<ref name=":7" />  
  
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By 1943, she had returned to Hampton, where she became a bookkeeper at the National Catholic Community Center there. On November 18, 1944 Mary was married to Levi Jackson, Sr., a sailor in the U.S. Navy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=Marriage>{{cite web |title=Certificate of Marriage |url=https://ibb.co/6HpS0T5 |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> She continued working as a receptionist and clerk at the Hampton Institute's Health Department until she became pregnant and eventually returned home for the birth of her son, Levi Jackson, Jr. They later had a daughter, Carolyn Marie Lewis.<ref name=":3" />  
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By 1943, she had returned to Hampton, where she became a bookkeeper at the National Catholic Community Center there. On November 18, 1944 Mary was married to Levi Jackson, Sr., a sailor in the U.S. Navy.<ref name=Warren /><ref name=Marriage>[https://ibb.co/6HpS0T5 Certificate of Marriage] November 20, 1944. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref> She continued working as a receptionist and clerk at the Hampton Institute's Health Department until she became pregnant and eventually returned home for the birth of her son, Levi Jackson, Jr. They later had a daughter, Carolyn Marie Lewis.<ref name=Warren />  
  
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Jackson served for more than 30 years as a [[Girl Guides|Girl Scout]] leader.<ref name="nasa-bio" /> She was noted in the 1970s for helping African American children in her community create a miniature [[wind tunnel]] for testing airplanes.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="nasa-bio" />
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Jackson served for more than 30 years as a [[Girl Guides|Girl Scout]] leader.<ref name="nasa-bio" /> She was noted in the 1970s for helping African American children in her community create a miniature [[wind tunnel]] for testing airplanes.<ref name=Warren /><ref name=":4" />
  
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Mary Jackson died on February 11, 2005, age 83.<ref name=":0" />
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Mary Jackson died peacefully on February 11, 2005, age 83.<ref name=Obit/>
  
 
== Career ==
 
== Career ==
 
[[File:Mary Jackson working 2 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|250px|Jackson working at a control panel]]
 
[[File:Mary Jackson working 2 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|250px|Jackson working at a control panel]]
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[[File:Mary Jackson with a model.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jackson holding a wind tunnel model]]
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[[File:Mary Jackson with a model.jpg|thumb|250px|Jackson holding a model in the [[wind tunnel]]]]
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In 1951, Jackson became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at [[Fort Monroe]].<ref name="nasa-bio" /><ref name=":7" /> From there she was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Shawn D.|date=August 1977|title=The Professional Woman: Her Fields Have Widened|url=https://books.google.com/?id=08sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=mary+winston+jackson#v=onepage&q=mary%20winston%20jackson&f=false|journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=32|issue=10|doi=|issn=0012-9011|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://omeka.macalester.edu/humancomputerproject/items/show/43|title=Mary Winston Jackson|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Computers at NASA|publisher=Macalester College|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> She started as a research mathematician, or computer, at the [[Langley Research Center]] in her hometown of Hampton, Virginia. She worked under [[Dorothy Vaughan]] in the segregated West Area Computing Section.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
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In 1951, Jackson became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at [[Fort Monroe]].<ref name=":7" /> From there she was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).<ref name=Warren /><ref name=":4">Shawn D. Lewis, [https://ibb.co/6HpS0T5 The Professional Woman: Her Fields Have Widened] ''Ebony'' 32(10) (August 1977). Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref> She started as a research mathematician, or "human computer," at the [[Langley Research Center]] in her hometown of Hampton, Virginia. She worked under [[Dorothy Vaughan]] in the segregated West Area Computing Section.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
  
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In 1953, she accepted an offer to work for engineer [[Kazimierz Czarnecki (engineer)|Kazimierz Czarnecki]] in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. The {{convert|4|by|4|foot|m}}, {{Convert|60000|hp}} [[wind tunnel]] used to study forces on a model by generating winds at almost twice the [[speed of sound]].<ref name="nasa-bio" /> Czarnecki encouraged Jackson to undergo training so that she could be promoted to an engineer. She needed to take graduate-level courses in mathematics and physics to qualify for the job. They were offered in a night program by the [[University of Virginia]], held at the all-white [[Hampton High School (Virginia)|Hampton High School]]. Jackson petitioned the City of Hampton to allow her to attend the classes. After completing the courses, she was promoted to aerospace engineer in 1958, and became NASA's first black female engineer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography|title=Mary Jackson Biography|last=Loff|first=Sarah|date=November 22, 2016|newspaper=NASA|language=en|access-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name="nasa-bio" /> She analyzed data from [[wind tunnel]] experiments and real-world aircraft flight experiments at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division at Langley.<ref name=":3" /> Her goal was to understand air flow, including [[thrust]] and [[Drag (physics)|drag]] forces, in order to improve United States planes.<ref name=":3" />
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In 1953, she accepted an offer to work for engineer [[Kazimierz Czarnecki (engineer)|Kazimierz Czarnecki]] in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. This {{convert|4|ft|m}} by {{convert|4|ft|m}}, {{Convert|60000|hp}} [[wind tunnel]] was used to study forces on a model by generating winds at almost twice the [[speed of sound]].<ref name="nasa-bio" /> Czarnecki encouraged Jackson to undergo training so that she could be promoted to an engineer. To qualify for the job, she needed to take graduate-level courses in mathematics and physics which were offered in a night program by the [[University of Virginia]], held at the all-white [[Hampton High School (Virginia)|Hampton High School]]. Jackson successfully petitioned the City of Hampton to allow her to attend the classes. After completing the courses, she was promoted to aerospace engineer in 1958, and became NASA's first black female engineer.<ref name=":4" /> She analyzed data from [[wind tunnel]] experiments and real-world aircraft flight experiments at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division at Langley. Her goal was to understand air flow, including [[thrust]] and [[Drag (physics)|drag]] forces, in order to improve United States planes.<ref name=Warren />
  
 
[[File:Mary Jackson working.jpg|thumb|250px|Jackson working at the [[Langley Research Center]]]]
 
[[File:Mary Jackson working.jpg|thumb|250px|Jackson working at the [[Langley Research Center]]]]
  
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Jackson worked as an engineer in several NASA divisions: the Compressibility Research Division, Full-Scale Research Division, High-Speed Aerodynamics Division, and the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division.<ref name=":7" /> She ultimately authored or co-authored 12 technical papers for NACA and NASA.<ref name=":7">{{citation|title=Mary W. Jackson|date=October 1979|url=http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/9/96/MaryJackson1.pdf|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{citation |title=Effects of Nose Angle and Mach Number on Transition on Cones at Supersonic Speeds (NACA TN 4388) |last=Czarnecki |first=K. R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Mary W. |publisher=National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics |date=September 1958 |accessdate=January 3, 2017 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085290}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Effects of Cone Angle, Mach Number, and Nose Blunting on Transition at Supersonic Speeds (NASA TN D-634) |last=Czarnecki |first=K. R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Mary W. |publisher=NASA Langley Research Center |date=January 1961 |accessdate=January 3, 2017 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040006462}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Boundary-Layer Transition on a Group of Blunt Nose Shapes at a Mach Number of 2.20 (NASA TN D-932) |last=Jackson |first=Mary W. |last2=Czarnecki |first2=K. R. |publisher=NASA Langley Research Center |date=July 1961 |accessdate=January 3, 2017 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19980227788}}</ref> She worked to help women and other minorities to advance their careers, including advising them how to study in order to qualify for promotions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/4/4a/MaryJackson.pdf|title=Mary Jackson|last=Champine|first=Gloria R.|date=|work=|publisher=NASA|access-date=August 16, 2016|via=}}</ref>
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Jackson worked as an engineer in several NASA divisions: the Compressibility Research Division, Full-Scale Research Division, High-Speed Aerodynamics Division, and the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division.<ref name=":7" /> She ultimately authored or co-authored 12 technical papers for NACA and NASA.<ref name=":7">[https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/9/96/MaryJackson1.pdf Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women's Program Coordinator] ''NASA'', October 1979. Retrieved July 3, 2020. </ref> During this time she helped women and other minorities to advance their careers, including advising them how to study in order to qualify for promotions.<ref name=":2">Gloria Champine, [https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/4/4a/MaryJackson.pdf Mary Jackson] ''NASA''. Retrieved July 3, 2020. </ref>
  
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By 1979, Jackson had achieved the most senior title within the engineering department. She decided to take a demotion in order to serve as an administrator in the Equal Opportunity Specialist field. After undergoing training at [[NASA Headquarters]], she returned to Langley. She worked to make changes and highlight women and other minorities who were accomplished in the field. She served as both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and as the Affirmative Action Program Manager, and she worked to influence the career paths of women in science, engineering, and mathematics positions at NASA.<ref name="nasa-bio" /><ref name=":2" /> She continued to work at NASA until her retirement in 1985.<ref name=":0" />
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By 1979, Jackson had achieved the most senior title within the engineering department. She decided to take a demotion in order to serve as an administrator in the Equal Opportunity Specialist field. After undergoing training at [[NASA Headquarters]], she returned to Langley where she worked to make changes and highlight women and other minorities who were accomplished in the field. She served as both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and as the Affirmative Action Program Manager, influencing the career paths of women in science, engineering, and mathematics positions at NASA.<ref name="nasa-bio" /><ref name=":2" /> She continued to work at NASA until her retirement in 1985.
  
 
== Legacy ==
 
== Legacy ==
 
[[File:NASA human computers - Mary Jackson c 1921 - Years at NACA-NASA 1950-1985.jpg|thumb|200px|Mary Jackson, NASA Human Computer]]
 
[[File:NASA human computers - Mary Jackson c 1921 - Years at NACA-NASA 1950-1985.jpg|thumb|200px|Mary Jackson, NASA Human Computer]]
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The 2016 film ''[[Hidden Figures]]'' recounts the NASA careers of Jackson, [[Katherine Johnson]], and [[Dorothy Vaughan]], specifically their work on [[Project Mercury]] during the [[Space Race]]. The film is based on the book of the same name by [[Margot Lee Shetterly]]. Jackson is portrayed in the film by [[Janelle Monáe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/movies/taraji-p-henson-octavia-spencer-hidden-figures-rocket-science-and-race.html|title=Uncovering a Tale of Rocket Science, Race and the '60s|last=Buckley|first=Cara|date=May 20, 2016|work=|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=August 16, 2016|via=}}</ref>
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The 2016 film ''[[Hidden Figures]]'' recounts the NASA careers of Jackson, [[Katherine Johnson]], and [[Dorothy Vaughan]], specifically their work on [[Project Mercury]] during the [[Space Race]]. The film is based on the book of the same name by [[Margot Lee Shetterly]], a history of the African-American women who contributed so significantly to the work of NASA. Jackson is portrayed in the film by [[Janelle Monáe]].<ref>Cara Buckley, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/movies/taraji-p-henson-octavia-spencer-hidden-figures-rocket-science-and-race.html Uncovering a Tale of Rocket Science, Race and the '60s] ''The New York Times'', May 20, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref>
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In 2018, the [[Salt Lake City]] School Board voted that Jackson Elementary School in Salt Lake City would from then on be officially named after Mary Jackson rather than (as it used to be) after President [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web|author=8:02 AM ET |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/10/584757792/a-school-goes-from-andrew-jackson-to-mary-jackson |title=A School Goes From Andrew Jackson To Mary Jackson |publisher=NPR |date= |accessdate=2018-02-11}}</ref>
 
  
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Jackson was outstanding not only in the field of aerospace engineering, but she was dedicated to helping others and improving their lives, especially those of African-American women. Her spirit and character were well represented by a Langley research profiler as “gentle lady, wife and mother, humanitarian and scientist.”<ref name="nasa-bio" /> For Mary Jackson, science and service went hand in hand. In the 1970s, she helped young people in the science club at her local community center to build their own wind tunnel and use it to conduct experiments:
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<blockquote>“We have to do something like this to get them interested in science," she said in an article for the local newspaper. "Sometimes they are not aware of the number of black scientists, and don't even know of the career opportunities until it is too late."<ref name="nasa-bio" /></blockquote>
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In 2018, the [[Salt Lake City]] School Board voted that Jackson Elementary School in Salt Lake City would from then on be officially named after Mary Jackson rather than (as it used to be) after President [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>Scott Simon, [https://www.npr.org/2018/02/10/584757792/a-school-goes-from-andrew-jackson-to-mary-jackson A School Goes From Andrew Jackson To Mary Jackson] ''NPR'', February 10, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref>
  
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In 2019, Jackson was posthumously awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]].<ref name="congress">{{cite web |title=H.R.1396 - Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1396?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22hr1396%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=1 |website=Congress.gov |accessdate=9 November 2019}}</ref> In 2020 the Washington, D.C. headquarters of NASA was renamed the [[NASA Headquarters|Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/science/nasa-mary-johnson-hidden-figures.html|title=NASA Names Headquarters After Its First Black Female Engineer, Mary Jackson|last=Waller|first=Allyson|date=June 24, 2020|work=The New York Times|accessdate=25 June 2020}}</ref>
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In 2019, Jackson was posthumously awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], along with others featured in ''Hidden Figures''.<ref name="congress">[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1396?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22hr1396%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=1 H.R.1396 - Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act] ''Congress.gov'', November 8, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2020. </ref>  
  
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On June 24, 2020, NASA Administrator [[Jim Bridenstine]] announced that the agency’s [[NASA Headquarters|headquarters]] building in Washington, D.C. will be named after Mary W. Jackson and will be referred to as the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2020-06-24|title=NASA Names Headquarters After ‘Hidden Figure’ Mary W. Jackson|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-headquarters-after-hidden-figure-mary-w-jackson|access-date=2020-06-24|website=NASA}}</ref>
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On June 24, 2020, NASA Administrator [[Jim Bridenstine]] announced that the agency’s [[NASA Headquarters|headquarters]] building in Washington, D.C. would be named after Mary W. Jackson and referred to as the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters.<ref>Sean Potter, [https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-headquarters-after-hidden-figure-mary-w-jackson NASA Names Headquarters After ‘Hidden Figure’ Mary W. Jackson] ''NASA'', June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</ref>
  
 
== Awards and honors ==
 
== Awards and honors ==
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== Publications ==
 
== Publications ==
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* {{citation |title=Effects of Nose Angle and Mach Number on Transition on Cones at Supersonic Speeds (NACA TN 4388) |last=Czarnecki |first=K. R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Mary W. |publisher=National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics |date=September 1958 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085290 |ref=none}}
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* Czarnecki, K.R., and Mary W. Jackson. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085290 Effects of Nose Angle and Mach Number on Transition on Cones at Supersonic Speeds (NACA TN 4388)] ''National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics'', September 1958. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
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* {{Citation|title=Investigation by Schlieren Technique of Methods of Fixing Fully Turbulent Flow on Models at Supersonic Speeds|year=1960|last1=Jackson|last2=Czarnecki|first1=Mary W.|first2=K.R.|volume=242|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |ref=none}}
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* Jackson, Mary W., and K.R. Czarnecki. [https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p15005coll2/id/814/ Investigation by Schlieren Technique of Methods of Fixing Fully Turbulent Flow on Models at Supersonic Speeds] ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'', April 1960. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
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* {{citation |title=Effects of Cone Angle, Mach Number, and Nose Blunting on Transition at Supersonic Speeds (NASA TN D-634) |last=Czarnecki |first=K. R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Mary W. |publisher=NASA Langley Research Center |date=January 1961 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040006462 |ref=none}}
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* Czarnecki, K.R., and Mary W. Jackson. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040006462 Effects of Cone Angle, Mach Number, and Nose Blunting on Transition at Supersonic Speeds (NASA TN D-634)] ''NASA Langley Research Center'', January 1961. Retrieved July 3, 2020.  
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* {{citation |title=Boundary-Layer Transition on a Group of Blunt Nose Shapes at a Mach Number of 2.20 (NASA TN D-932) |last=Jackson |first=Mary W. |last2=Czarnecki |first2=K. R. |publisher=NASA Langley Research Center |date=July 1961 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19980227788 |ref=none}}
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* Jackson, Mary W., and K.R. Czarnecki. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19980227788 Boundary-Layer Transition on a Group of Blunt Nose Shapes at a Mach Number of 2.20 (NASA TN D-932)] ''NASA Langley Research Center'', July 1961. Retrieved July 3, 2020.  
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* {{Citation|title=Studies of Skin Friction at Supersonic Speeds (Turbulent Boundary Layer and Skin Friction Data for Supersonic Transports)|year=1963|last1=Czarnecki|last2=Jackson|last3=Monta|first1=K.R.|first2=Mary W.|first3=William J. |ref=none}}
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* Czarnecki, K.R., Mary W. Jackson, and William J. Monta. Studies of Skin Friction at Supersonic Speeds (Turbulent Boundary Layer and Skin Friction Data for Supersonic Transports) 1963.
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* {{citation |title=Turbulent Skin Friction at High Reynolds Numbers and Low Supersonic Velocities |last=Jackson |first=Mary W. |last2=Czarnecki |first2=K. R. |last3=Monta |first3=William J. |publisher= National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=July 1965 |ref=none}}
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* Jackson, Mary W, K.R. Czarnecki, and William J. Monta. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19650009005 Turbulent Skin Friction at High Reynolds Numbers and Low Supersonic Velocities] ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'', July 1965. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
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* {{citation |title=Measurement by wake momentum surveys at Mach 1.61 and 2.01 of turbulent boundary-layer skin friction on five swept wings|last=Czarnecki|first=K.R.|last2=Jackson|first2=M.W.|last3=Sorrells|first3=R. B. III|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=December 1, 1966|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670003841&qs=N%3D4293861466 |ref=none}}
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* Czarnecki, K.R., Mary W. Jackson, and R.B. Sorrells. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670003841&qs=N%3D4293861466 Measurement by wake momentum surveys at Mach 1.61 and 2.01 of turbulent boundary-layer skin friction on five swept wings] ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'', December 1, 1966. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
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* {{citation |title=Boundary-layer transition on hypersonic-cruise aircraft|last=Czarnecki|first=K.R.|last3=Jackson|first3=M.W.|last2=Allen|first2=J. M.|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=January 1, 1967|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740075124&qs=N%3D4293861466 |ref=none}}
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* Czarnecki, K.R., Mary W. Jackson, and J.M. Allen. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740075124&qs=N%3D4293861466 Boundary-layer transition on hypersonic-cruise aircraft] ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'', January 1, 1967. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
−
* {{citation |title=Theoretical pressure distributions over arbitrarily shaped periodic waves in subsonic compressible flow and comparison with experiment|last=Czarnecki|first=K.R.|last2=Jackson|first2=M.W.|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=November 1, 1970|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19710002073&qs=N%3D4293861466 |ref=none}}
+
* Czarnecki, K.R., and Mary W. Jackson. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19710002073&qs=N%3D4293861466 Theoretical pressure distributions over arbitrarily shaped periodic waves in subsonic compressible flow and comparison with experiment] ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'', November 1, 1970. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
−
* {{Cite journal|last=Czarnecki|first=K.R.|last2=Jackson|first2=Mary W.|date=December 1975|title=Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation due to a Forward-Facing Step|journal=AIAA Journal|volume=13|issue=12|pages=1585–1591|doi=10.2514/3.60582|bibcode=1975AIAAJ..13.1585C}}
+
* Czarnecki, K.R., and Mary W. Jackson. [https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/3.60582 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation due to a Forward-Facing Step] ''AIAA Journal'' 13(12) (December 1973): 1585–1591. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
Line 97: Line 96:
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
* Golemba, Beverly. ''[https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/c/c7/Golemba.pdf Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research],'' unpublished manuscript 1994, NASA Langley Archives. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
 +
* Narins, Brigham. ''Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present''. Gale Group, 2001. ISBN 9780787617547
 +
* Shetterly, Margot Lee. ''Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race''. William Morrow Paperbacks, 2016. ISBN 978-0062363602
 
* Warren, Wini. ''Black Women Scientists in the United States''.  Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0253336033
 
* Warren, Wini. ''Black Women Scientists in the United States''.  Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0253336033
 +
* Zierdt-Warshaw, Linda, Alan Winkler, and Leonard Bernstein. ''American Women in Technology: An Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 2000. ISBN 978-1576070727
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved  
+
All links retrieved November 7, 2022.
−
*[http://www.thehumancomputerproject.com/ The Human Computer Project]
+
*[http://omeka.macalester.edu/humancomputerproject/ Human Computers at NASA]
 
*{{findagrave|174900723|Mary Winston Jackson}}
 
*{{findagrave|174900723|Mary Winston Jackson}}
  

Latest revision as of 08:41, 10 March 2023

Mary Jackson
Mary Jackson portrait
Mary Jackson in 1979
BornMary Winston
April 09 1921(1921-04-09)
Hampton, Virginia, US
DiedFebruary 11 2005 (aged 83)
Hampton, Virginia, US
FieldsAerospace engineering, mathematician
InstitutionsNASA
Alma materHampton Institute
SpouseLevi Jackson, Sr. (m. 1944)

Mary Jackson (née Winston, April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005) was an American mathematician and aerospace engineer at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). She worked at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, for most of her career, starting as a "human computer" at the segregated West Area Computing division in 1951. She took advanced engineering classes and became NASA's first black female engineer.

After 34 years as a NASA engineer, she become manager of both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and the Affirmative Action Program Manager. In this role, she worked to influence the hiring and promotion of women in NASA's science, engineering, and mathematics careers.

Jackson is one of the three protagonists in Hidden Figures, the film adaptation of Margot Lee Shetterly's history of the influential African-American women mathematicians and engineers at NASA in the mid-twentieth century. Her legacy lies not just in her work as an aerospace engineer, but in breaking barriers of race and gender in her field, and in encouraging minority young people to fulfill their potential, particularly in the STEM fields.

Life

Mary Eliza Winston was born on April 9, 1921, to Ella Winston (née Scott) and Frank Winston.[1] She grew up in Hampton, Virginia, where in 1937 she graduated from the all-black George P. Phenix Training School with highest honors.[2]

Mary earned dual bachelor's degrees in mathematics and physical science from Hampton University in 1942.[3][4] She was a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha.[3]

After graduation, she taught mathematics for a year at an African-American school in Calvert County, Maryland.[2] At that time, public schools were still segregated across the South. She also began tutoring high school and college students, which she continued to do throughout her life.[5]

By 1943, she had returned to Hampton, where she became a bookkeeper at the National Catholic Community Center there. On November 18, 1944 Mary was married to Levi Jackson, Sr., a sailor in the U.S. Navy.[4][6] She continued working as a receptionist and clerk at the Hampton Institute's Health Department until she became pregnant and eventually returned home for the birth of her son, Levi Jackson, Jr. They later had a daughter, Carolyn Marie Lewis.[4]

Jackson served for more than 30 years as a Girl Scout leader.[2] She was noted in the 1970s for helping African American children in her community create a miniature wind tunnel for testing airplanes.[4][7]

Mary Jackson died peacefully on February 11, 2005, age 83.[3]

Career

Jackson working at a control panel
Jackson holding a model in the wind tunnel

In 1951, Jackson became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at Fort Monroe.[5] From there she was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which in 1958 was succeeded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).[4][7] She started as a research mathematician, or "human computer," at the Langley Research Center in her hometown of Hampton, Virginia. She worked under Dorothy Vaughan in the segregated West Area Computing Section.[2]

In 1953, she accepted an offer to work for engineer Kazimierz Czarnecki in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. This 4 feet (1.2 m) by 4 feet (1.2 m), 60,000 horsepower (45,000 kW) wind tunnel was used to study forces on a model by generating winds at almost twice the speed of sound.[2] Czarnecki encouraged Jackson to undergo training so that she could be promoted to an engineer. To qualify for the job, she needed to take graduate-level courses in mathematics and physics which were offered in a night program by the University of Virginia, held at the all-white Hampton High School. Jackson successfully petitioned the City of Hampton to allow her to attend the classes. After completing the courses, she was promoted to aerospace engineer in 1958, and became NASA's first black female engineer.[7] She analyzed data from wind tunnel experiments and real-world aircraft flight experiments at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division at Langley. Her goal was to understand air flow, including thrust and drag forces, in order to improve United States planes.[4]

Jackson working at the Langley Research Center

Jackson worked as an engineer in several NASA divisions: the Compressibility Research Division, Full-Scale Research Division, High-Speed Aerodynamics Division, and the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division.[5] She ultimately authored or co-authored 12 technical papers for NACA and NASA.[5] During this time she helped women and other minorities to advance their careers, including advising them how to study in order to qualify for promotions.[8]

By 1979, Jackson had achieved the most senior title within the engineering department. She decided to take a demotion in order to serve as an administrator in the Equal Opportunity Specialist field. After undergoing training at NASA Headquarters, she returned to Langley where she worked to make changes and highlight women and other minorities who were accomplished in the field. She served as both the Federal Women's Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and as the Affirmative Action Program Manager, influencing the career paths of women in science, engineering, and mathematics positions at NASA.[2][8] She continued to work at NASA until her retirement in 1985.

Legacy

Mary Jackson, NASA Human Computer

The 2016 film Hidden Figures recounts the NASA careers of Jackson, Katherine Johnson, and Dorothy Vaughan, specifically their work on Project Mercury during the Space Race. The film is based on the book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly, a history of the African-American women who contributed so significantly to the work of NASA. Jackson is portrayed in the film by Janelle Monáe.[9]

Jackson was outstanding not only in the field of aerospace engineering, but she was dedicated to helping others and improving their lives, especially those of African-American women. Her spirit and character were well represented by a Langley research profiler as “gentle lady, wife and mother, humanitarian and scientist.”[2] For Mary Jackson, science and service went hand in hand. In the 1970s, she helped young people in the science club at her local community center to build their own wind tunnel and use it to conduct experiments:

“We have to do something like this to get them interested in science," she said in an article for the local newspaper. "Sometimes they are not aware of the number of black scientists, and don't even know of the career opportunities until it is too late."[2]

In 2018, the Salt Lake City School Board voted that Jackson Elementary School in Salt Lake City would from then on be officially named after Mary Jackson rather than (as it used to be) after President Andrew Jackson.[10]

In 2019, Jackson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, along with others featured in Hidden Figures.[11]

On June 24, 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that the agency’s headquarters building in Washington, D.C. would be named after Mary W. Jackson and referred to as the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters.[12]

Awards and honors

  • Apollo Group Achievement Award, 1969[2][5]
  • Daniels Alumni Award for Outstanding Service to Disadvantaged Youth[5]
  • National Council of Negro Women, Inc. Certificate of Recognition for Outstanding Service to the Community[5]
  • Distinguished Service Award for her work with the Combined Federal Campaign representing Humanitarian Agencies, 1972[5]
  • Langley Research Center Outstanding Volunteer Award, 1975[5]
  • Langley Research Center Volunteer of the Year, 1976[2]
  • Iota Lambda Sorority Award for the Peninsula Outstanding Woman Scientist, 1976[5]
  • King Street Community Center Outstanding Award[5]
  • National Technical Association's Tribute Award, 1976[5]
  • Hampton Roads Chapter "Book of Golden Deeds" for service[5]
  • Langley Research Center Certificate of Appreciation, 1976–1977[5]
  • Congressional Gold Medal[11]

Publications

Notes

  1. ↑ Mary Winston-Jackson Biography.com, June 25, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Margot Lee Shetterly, Mary Jackson Biography NASA. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mary Winston Jackson Daily Press, February 13, 2005.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Wini Warren, Black Women Scientists in the United States (Indiana University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0253336033).
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women's Program Coordinator NASA, October 1979. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  6. ↑ Certificate of Marriage November 20, 1944. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Shawn D. Lewis, The Professional Woman: Her Fields Have Widened Ebony 32(10) (August 1977). Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gloria Champine, Mary Jackson NASA. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  9. ↑ Cara Buckley, Uncovering a Tale of Rocket Science, Race and the '60s The New York Times, May 20, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  10. ↑ Scott Simon, A School Goes From Andrew Jackson To Mary Jackson NPR, February 10, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 H.R.1396 - Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act Congress.gov, November 8, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  12. ↑ Sean Potter, NASA Names Headquarters After ‘Hidden Figure’ Mary W. Jackson NASA, June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Golemba, Beverly. Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research, unpublished manuscript 1994, NASA Langley Archives. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  • Narins, Brigham. Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present. Gale Group, 2001. ISBN 9780787617547
  • Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow Paperbacks, 2016. ISBN 978-0062363602
  • Warren, Wini. Black Women Scientists in the United States. Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0253336033
  • Zierdt-Warshaw, Linda, Alan Winkler, and Leonard Bernstein. American Women in Technology: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2000. ISBN 978-1576070727

External links

All links retrieved November 7, 2022.

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