Difference between revisions of "Market research" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Market research''' is the process of systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data about [[customers]], [[competitors]] and the [[market]]. Market research can help create a [[business plan]], launch a new product or service, fine tune existing products and services, expand into new markets etc. It can be used to determine which portion of the [[population]] will purchase the product/service, based on variables like age, gender, location and income level. It can be found out what market characteristics your target market has. With market research, companies can learn more about current and potential customers.
+
'''Market research''' is the process of systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data about customers, competitors, and the [[market]]. Market research can help create a [[business]] plan, launch a new product or service, fine tune existing products and services, expand into new markets, and so forth. It can be used to determine which portion of the population will purchase the product or service based on variables such as age, gender, location, and income level. Market research can identify the characteristics of a target market, allowing companies to learn more about current and potential customers. In the ideal, market research provides the foundation for the most efficient and satisfying production and availability of goods and services appropriate to public [[demand]].
  
  
−
== Market research for business planning ==
+
==History of market research==
−
The purpose of market research is to help companies make better business decisions about the development and marketing of new products. Market research represents the voice of the consumer in a company.
+
Market research before the 1900s was not codified into a clearly defined field. Prior to that time, most companies would keep track of their own sales figures and [[accounting]] figures, but were not always aware of their competitors' place in the market. [[classical economics|Classical economists]] [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[David Ricardo]] advocated that [[market]]s were perfectly efficient when every participant had information on their competitors, which compelled [[business]]es to begin engaging in market research.<ref>Paul, Ellen Frankel. ''W. Stanley Jevons: Economic Revolutionary, Political Utilitarian''. JSTOR.</ref>
  
−
A list of questions that can be answered through market research:
+
The early 1900s saw the development of modern [[marketing]] techniques as information from [[economics]]&mdash;domestic and international markets were brought together to begin informing corporate consumers. This led to the realization of a number of tangible [[statistics]] and pieces of information from the market useful for promotion of one's company, including sales figures, market share, and so forth. In the 1920s, viable theories were developed in order to maximize a company's presence in any one of these areas. In the 1960s and 1970s, market research took the form of reappraising one's own company as managerial consulting become more popular. Outside analysts were brought in to evaluate a company's efficiency in relation to others in its market, allowing them to present a better face to the public and investors.<ref>[http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm ''The History of Marketing Thought''.] Missouri State. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Uses of market research ==
 +
The purpose of market research is to help companies make better [[business]] decisions about the development and [[marketing]] of new products. Market research represents the voice of the consumer in a company. There are a number of questions that can be answered through market research:
 
* What is happening in the market?  
 
* What is happening in the market?  
 
* What are the trends?  
 
* What are the trends?  
Line 17: Line 21:
 
* Are the needs being met by current products?
 
* Are the needs being met by current products?
  
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With market research you can get some kind of confirmation that there is a market for your idea, and that a successful launch and growth are possible. Market research is discovering what people want, need, or believe. It can also involve discovering how they act. Once that research is complete it can be used to determine how to market your specific product.
+
Market research allows companies to confirm demand for their possible idea. This enables them to launch products with more success and also to establish a market position. Surveying the existing market gives companies the ability to best market their products to their appropriate audiences.
−
 
 
−
For starting up a business there are a few things should be found out through market research in order to know if your business is feasible. These are things like:
 
−
 
 
−
* '''Market information'''
 
−
Market information is making known the prices of the different commodities in the market, the supply and the demand. Information about the markets can be obtained in several different varieties and formats. The most basic form of market information is the best quotation and last sale data, including the number of shares, with respect to a particular security at a given time. Market information includes data on who customers are, where they are located, what quantities are demanded, when is the best time to sell, and what is the expected production.<ref>[http://www.business.gov:80/appmanager/bg/main/bg_page_businessResourceLibrary Business Resource Library] Business.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2007</ref>
 
  
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* '''Market segmentation'''
+
==Data Obtained Through Market Research==
−
Market segmentation is the division of the market or population into subgroups with similar motivations. Widely used bases for segmenting include geographic differences, personality differences, demographic differences, use of product differences, and psychographic differences.
+
===Market information===
 +
Market information involves making the [[price]]s of the different commodities known in the [[market]], the [[supply]], and the [[demand]]. Information about the markets can be obtained in several different varieties and formats. The most basic form of market information is the best quotation and last sale data, including the number of shares, with respect to a particular [[security]] at a given time. Market information includes data on who customers are, where they are located, what quantities are demanded, when is the best time to sell, and what is the expected production.
  
−
* '''Market trends'''
+
===Market segmentation===
−
The upward or downward movements of a market, during a period of time.
+
Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets (segments) that behave in the same way or have similar needs. Because each segment is fairly homogeneous in their needs and [[attitude]]s, they are likely to respond similarly to a given [[marketing]] strategy. That is, they are likely to have similar feeling and ideas about a marketing mix comprised of a given product or service, sold at a given price, distributed in a certain way, and promoted in a certain way. Broadly, markets can be divided according to a number of general criteria, such as by industry or public versus private sector. Small segments are often termed "niche" markets or specialty markets. However, all segments fall into either consumer or industrial markets.<ref>Trout, J. "'Positioning' is a game people play in today’s me-too market place." ''Industrial Marketing'', Vol.54, No.6, 51-55. 1969. </ref>
  
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The market size is more difficult to estimate if you are starting with something completely new. In this case, you will have to derive the figures from the number of potential customers or customer segments.<ref>Ilar, D.; Kienhuis, H.; Kubr, T.; Marchesi, H.(1998). ''Starting Up: achieving success with professional business planning''. McKinsey & Company, inc Switzerland.</ref>  But besides information about the target market you also need information about your competitor, your customers, products etc. A few techniques are customer analysis. [[competitor analysis]], [[risk analysis]], product research, and advertising research.
+
===Market trends===
 +
A market may display upward or downward movements during a particular period of time. Such movements can be referred to as the market trend. Market research firms and industry experts publish much of their information on websites and in trade and business [[magazine]]s. Reference sites index these magazines, many offer the texts online and if not the [[library|libraries]] stock them. Trade associations publish many listings and [[statistics]] on their websites as well as in hard copy publications. The availability of this information makes assessing market trends possible.
  
−
Market research firms and industry experts publish much of their information on websites, and in trade and business magazines. Reference sites index these magazines, many offer the texts online and if not the libraries stock them. Trade associations publish many listings and [[statistics]] on their websites as well as in hard copy publications. So there is already a lot of information available.
+
== Performing market research ==
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+
[[Image:mjjmdekk process model.jpg|thumb|''Figure 1: Meta-process model for Market research'' The model shows every activity that must be performed. And every activity has a few sequential activities. Every sequential activity is connected with an arrow which implies that these activities need to be carried out in a pre-defined order.]]
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== Perform market research ==
 
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This chapter introduces the steps involved in the market research process. It also provides you with a brief preview of each of the steps necessary to conduct a market research effort. As you can see in figure 1, the market research process has 4 basic steps. These steps include:
 
  
 +
The steps involved in the market research process include:
 
# Defining the research problem
 
# Defining the research problem
 
# Establishing the research design
 
# Establishing the research design
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# Collecting and analysing data
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# Collecting and analyzing data
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# Formulate findings
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# Formulating the findings
−
 
 
−
Figure 1 is the meta-process model of market research. The model shows every activity that must be performed. And every activity has a few sequential activities. Every sequential activity is connected with an arrow which implies that these activities need to be carried out in a pre-defined order.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:mjjmdekk process model.jpg|thumb|''Figure 1: Meta-process model for Market research'']]
 
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Before these 4 steps are discussed it is important to make a few comments about these steps. First although the list does strongly imply an orderly step-by-step process, it is rare that a research project follows these steps in the exact order that they are presented in the figure. Market research is more of an interactive process whereby a researcher, by discovering something in a given step, may move backward in the process and begin again at another step [Market research 2006] Finding some new information while collecting data, may cause the researcher to establish different research [[objectives]].
 
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In the following the different market research steps are described.
 
  
 
=== Defining the research problem ===
 
=== Defining the research problem ===
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The step defining the research problem exists of 2 main steps: (1) formulating the problem and (2) establishing research objectives.
+
Market researchers formulate the problem and establish how to solve it. Research objectives, related to and determined by the problem formulation, are set so that when achieved they provide the necessary information to solve the problem.  
−
 
 
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Defining the problem is the single most important step in the market research process. A clear statement of the problem is a key to a good research. A firm may spend hundreds or thousands of dollars doing market research, but if it has not correctly identified the problem, those dollars are wasted. In our case it is obvious that the problem here is setting up a business. But even if this is clear, you still need to know what exactly you need to know to make the new business a success and what specific related to the product is difficult to find out. Problems that may be encountered are: it is unknown what potential markets there are, what customer groups are interested in your products, who the competitors are?
 
−
After formulating your problem, you need to formulate your research questions. What questions need to be answered and which possible sub-questions do you have.
 
−
 
 
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With the problem or opportunity defined, the next step is to set objectives for your market research operations. Research objectives, related to and determined by the problem formulation, are set so that when achieved they provide the necessary information to solve the problem. A good way of setting research objectives is to ask, “What information is needed in order to solve the problem?" Your objective might be to explore the nature of a problem so you may further define it, or perhaps it is to determine how many people will buy your product packaged in a certain way and offered at a certain price. Your objective might even be to test possible cause and effect relationships. For example, if you lower your price, how much will it increase your sales volume? And what impact will it have on your profit?
 
−
 
 
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Clear objectives can lead to clear results. An example of this is a situation at Camaro/Firebird. Auto manufacturers are sometimes criticized for creating expensive vehicles with unwanted features and technologies that do not meet the needs of the target market. To avoid this trap engineering team of this company turned to market research to evaluate how changes in performance and fuel economy would affect sales volume and customer satisfaction. It turned out that customers were willing to pay more for greater performance if the car also offered simultaneous increases in fuel economy. [Burns 2001]
 
  
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The problem description, the research question, sub questions and the research objectives are part of an overall document problem description.
+
An example of this step can be seen in the [[automobile]] industry. Auto manufacturers are sometimes criticized for creating expensive vehicles with unwanted features and technologies that do not meet the needs of the target market. To avoid this trap, the engineering team turned to market research to evaluate how changes in performance and fuel economy would affect sales volume and customer satisfaction. It turned out that customers were willing to pay more for greater performance if the car also offered simultaneous increases in fuel economy.<ref>Burns, Alvin C. and Ronald F. Bush. ''Marketing research''. London: Prentice-Hall, 1998. ISBN 0138966060</ref>
  
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After describing and formulating the problem and the objectives, the next step is to prepare a detailed and realistic time frame to complete all steps of the market research process. If your business operates in cycles, establish target dates that will allow the best accessibility to your market. For example, a holiday greeting card business may want to conduct research before or around the holiday season buying period, when their customers are most likely to be thinking about their purchases. [Market research 2006]
+
The problem description, the research question, sub-questions, and the research objectives are part of an overall document problem description. After describing and formulating the problem and the objectives, researchers then prepare a detailed and realistic time frame to complete all steps of the market research process. Researchers often plan this process around [[business cycle]]s or holiday seasons.
  
 
=== Selecting and establishing research design ===
 
=== Selecting and establishing research design ===
−
The step selecting and establishing research design consists of 3 main steps: (1) select the research design, (2) identify information types and sources and (3) determine and design research instrument.
 
  
−
==== Select the research design ====
+
Selecting and establishing research design consists of three main steps:
−
As stated earlier, every research project and every business is different. Still, there are enough commonalities among research projects to categorize them by research methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data. There are three types of research design:  
+
# select the research design
−
* Exploratory research design
+
# identify information types and sources
−
* Descriptive research
+
# determine and design research instrument.
−
* Causal research
 
  
−
Exploratory research is defined as collecting information in an unstructured and informal way. For example if the owners of a new restaurant often eat out at competitor’s restaurants in order to gather information about menu selections, prices and service quality.
+
There are three types of research design&mdash;exploratory research design, descriptive research, and causal research. Exploratory research is defined as collecting information in an unstructured and informal way. For example, the owners of a new restaurant may eat out at competitors' restaurants in order to gather general information about menu selections, prices, and service quality.
  
−
Descriptive research refers to a set of methods and procedures that describe marketing variables. Descriptive studies portray these variables by answering who, what, why and how questions. These types of research studies may describe such things as consumers’ attitudes, intentions, and behaviours, or the number of competitors and their strategies.
+
Descriptive research refers to a set of methods and procedures that describe marketing variables. Descriptive studies portray these variables by answering who, what, why, and how questions. These types of research studies may describe such things as consumers’ [[attitude]]s, intentions, and behaviors, or the number of competitors and their strategies.
  
−
Causal research design is conducted by controlling various factors to determine which factor is causing the problem. It allows you to isolate causes and effects. By changing one factor, say price you can monitor its effects on a key consequence such as sales.
+
Causal research design is conducted by controlling various factors to determine which factor is causing the problem. By changing one factor, say price, its effects on a key consequence such as sales can be monitored. Although causal research can provide a high level of understanding of the variable under study, the designs often require experiments that are complex and expensive.
−
Although causal research can give you a high level of understanding of the variable you are studying, the designs often require experiments that are complex and expensive.
 
  
−
==== Identify information types and sources ====
+
There are two types of information available to a market researcher&mdash;primary data and secondary data. Primary data is original information gathered for a specific purpose. Secondary data refers to information that already exists somewhere and has been collected for some other purpose. Both types of research have a number of activities and methods of conducting associated with them. Secondary research is usually faster and less expensive to obtain than primary research.
−
There are two types of information available to a market researcher: primary data and secondary data. Primary data is original information gathered for a specific purpose. Secondary data refers to information that already exists somewhere and has been collected for some other purpose. Both types of research have a number of activities and methods of conducting associated with them. Secondary research is usually faster and less expensive to obtain than primary research. Gathering secondary research may be as simple as making a trip to a local library or business information center or browsing the Internet. There is already a lot of [[statistics]] about different businesses that can be used for this research.
 
  
−
Information source
+
There are two basic methods to collect information&mdash;by asking questions or by observing. The most common research instrument is the questionnaire. Structured questionnaires include multiple choice questions which offer respondents the ability to answer "yes" or "no" or choose from a list of several answer choices, as well as other close-end questions that ask respondents to rank their answers at a particular point on a scale. Unstructured questionnaires have open-ended questions which respondents can answer in their own words. Other methods of data collection include focus groups or [[interview]]s.<ref>McNamara, Carter. [http://www.managementhelp.org/mrktng/mk_rsrch/mk_rsrch.htm Market Research] Free Management Library, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</ref>
−
 
 
−
Secondary data help identify the problem; better define problem; develop an approch to problem; fomulate an appropriate research design; answer certain research questions and test some research hyotheses; Interpret primary data more insightfully.
 
−
 
 
−
==== Determining and design research instrument ====
 
−
After determining which type(s) of information are needed, the methods of accessing data must be determined. There are several different methods of collecting data. These methods include telephone surveys, mail surveys, personal interviews or group surveys.
 
−
 
 
−
The actual design of the research instrument, the data collection form that is used to ask and record the information is critical to the success of the project. There are two basic methods to collect information: by asking questions or by observing. The most common research instrument is the questionnaire. There are two types of forms: structured and unstructured. Structured questionnaires list close-end questions. These include multiple choice questions which offer respondents the ability to answer "yes" or "no" or choose from a list of several answer choices. Close-end questions also include scales refer to questions that ask respondents to rank their answers at a particular point on a scale.
 
−
Unstructured questionnaires have open-ended questions. Respondents can answer in their own words.
 
  
 
=== Collecting and analyzing data ===
 
=== Collecting and analyzing data ===
−
Data collection is usually done by trained interviewers who are employed by field data collection companies to collect primary data. A choice has to be made between collecting the data yourself or hiring an external office who are specialized in interviews.  
+
Data collection is usually done by trained interviewers who are employed by field data collection companies to collect primary data, which must then be tabulated into readable format and analyzed.  
  
−
Data analysis is needed to give the raw data any meaning. The first step in analyzing the data is cleaning the data. This is the process of checking the raw data to verify that the data has been correctly entered into the files from the data collection form. After that the data have to be coded. This is the process of assigning all response categories a numerical value. For example males = 1, females = 2. After that the data can be tabulated, which refers to the actual counting of the number of observations that fall in to each possible response category.
+
Qualitative data can also be obtained through focus groups and individual interviews. Focus groups are generally comprised of a small selection of the target audience. The participants are then queried and the discussions are guided by a moderator. The discussions are recorded and/or viewed by the marketing team or others via a two-way mirror or closed circuit system.
  
−
Data can also be collected on a smaller scale to obtain more qualitative data. One frequently used form of qualitative data collection is the [[focus group]]. Focus Groups are generally comprised of a small selection of the target audience. The participants are then queried and the discussions are guided by a moderator.  The group is often recorded and/or viewed by the marketing team or others via a two-way mirror or closed circuit system.  Focus group companies exist worldwide.  Some specialize in certain industries, such as the legal community, while others provide more general services.
+
=== Formulating findings ===
 +
After analyzing the data, researchers develop and present their conclusions to their clients. Once the findings about the target market, competition and environment are finished, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. Following presentations, businesses have the option of implementing any or all of the suggestions made by the market researchers in order to maximize their market share, increase profits, improve public relations, or any other number of goals.
  
−
=== Formulate findings ===
+
==Market research and society==
−
After analyzing the data you can make your findings based on this data. Once the findings about the target market, competition and environment are finished, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. In this case report the findings in the market analysis section of your business plan. In summary, the resulting data was created to help guide your business decisions, so it needs to be readily accessible to the decision makers.
+
Market research serves a valuable purpose for [[business]] [[corporation]]s, allowing them to understand where they stand in the eyes of consumers and in terms of their competitors. In turn, this allows for the formulation and implementation of strategies designed for any number of purposes including maximizing [[profit]]s or increasing share of the [[market]].  
  
−
== See also ==
+
Market research can be viewed differently by [[economics|economists]]. Some argue that market research leads to more information, and therefore more perfect markets, leading to greater [[competition]] and benefiting all in society. Other economists would argue that the information gathered affords corporation [[monopoly]] power, permitting them to engage in un-competitive behavior as they have an informational advantage over consumers and are therefore able to charge more for their goods and services than would clear a competitive market.
−
* [[Marketing research]]
 
−
* [[business plan|Business Plan]]
 
−
* [[List of marketing research firms]]
 
−
* [[Market Segmentation]]
 
−
* [[Positioning]]
 
−
* [[Focus group]]
 
−
* [[Coolhunting]]
 
  
−
== References ==
+
== Notes ==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
* Arinze, B. “Market planning with computer models: A case study in the software industry.” Industrial marketing management, Volume: 19, Issue: 2 (May 1990), pp: 117-129
 
−
* Berry, T. (2004): Hurdle: The book on business planning - Millennium Edition. Eugene, OR: Palo Alto Software.
 
−
* Burns, A.C., & Bush, R.F. (2001). Marketing research. London: Prentice-Hall
 
−
* Cornish, S. L. “Product Innovation and the Spatial Dynamics of Market Intelligence: Does Proximity to Markets Matter?” Economic Geography. Volume: 73, Issue 2 (April 1997), pp: 143-165.
 
−
* Davis, R.E. (1993). Experience: The role of market research in the development of new consumer products. Journal of product innovation management. Volume: 10, pp: 309-317
 
−
* Ilar, D.; Kienhuis, H.; Kubr, T.; Marchesi, H.(1998). Starting Up: achieving success with professional business planning, McKinsey & Company, inc Switzerland.
 
−
* Mullins, J.W. (1998). New product development in rapidly changing markets: an exploratory study. Journal of product innovation management. Volume: 15, pp: 224-236
 
−
 
  
 +
==References==
 +
* Aaker, David A., V. Kumar and George S. Day. ''Marketing Research''. Wiley, 2003. ISBN 047123057X
 +
* Arinze, B. “Market planning with computer models: A case study in the software industry.” ''Industrial marketing management'', Vol. 19, No. 2, 117-129. 1990.
 +
* Berry, T. ''Hurdle: The book on business planning - Millennium Edition''. Eugene, OR: Palo Alto Software, 2004. ISBN 0966489144
 +
* Cornish, S. L. “Product Innovation and the Spatial Dynamics of Market Intelligence: Does Proximity to Markets Matter?” ''Economic Geography,'' Vol. 73, No. 2, 143-165. 1997.
 +
* Davis, R.E. "Experience: The role of market research in the development of new consumer products." ''Journal of product innovation management,'' 10, 309-317. 1993.
 +
* Mullins, J.W. "New product development in rapidly changing markets: an exploratory study." ''Journal of product innovation management,'' 15, 224-236. 1998.
  
 
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Latest revision as of 08:33, 10 March 2023


Market research is the process of systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data about customers, competitors, and the market. Market research can help create a business plan, launch a new product or service, fine tune existing products and services, expand into new markets, and so forth. It can be used to determine which portion of the population will purchase the product or service based on variables such as age, gender, location, and income level. Market research can identify the characteristics of a target market, allowing companies to learn more about current and potential customers. In the ideal, market research provides the foundation for the most efficient and satisfying production and availability of goods and services appropriate to public demand.


History of market research

Market research before the 1900s was not codified into a clearly defined field. Prior to that time, most companies would keep track of their own sales figures and accounting figures, but were not always aware of their competitors' place in the market. Classical economists Jeremy Bentham and David Ricardo advocated that markets were perfectly efficient when every participant had information on their competitors, which compelled businesses to begin engaging in market research.[1]

The early 1900s saw the development of modern marketing techniques as information from economics—domestic and international markets were brought together to begin informing corporate consumers. This led to the realization of a number of tangible statistics and pieces of information from the market useful for promotion of one's company, including sales figures, market share, and so forth. In the 1920s, viable theories were developed in order to maximize a company's presence in any one of these areas. In the 1960s and 1970s, market research took the form of reappraising one's own company as managerial consulting become more popular. Outside analysts were brought in to evaluate a company's efficiency in relation to others in its market, allowing them to present a better face to the public and investors.[2]

Uses of market research

The purpose of market research is to help companies make better business decisions about the development and marketing of new products. Market research represents the voice of the consumer in a company. There are a number of questions that can be answered through market research:

  • What is happening in the market?
  • What are the trends?
  • Who are the competitors?
  • How do consumers talk about the products in the market?
  • Which needs are important?
  • Are the needs being met by current products?

Market research allows companies to confirm demand for their possible idea. This enables them to launch products with more success and also to establish a market position. Surveying the existing market gives companies the ability to best market their products to their appropriate audiences.

Data Obtained Through Market Research

Market information

Market information involves making the prices of the different commodities known in the market, the supply, and the demand. Information about the markets can be obtained in several different varieties and formats. The most basic form of market information is the best quotation and last sale data, including the number of shares, with respect to a particular security at a given time. Market information includes data on who customers are, where they are located, what quantities are demanded, when is the best time to sell, and what is the expected production.

Market segmentation

Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets (segments) that behave in the same way or have similar needs. Because each segment is fairly homogeneous in their needs and attitudes, they are likely to respond similarly to a given marketing strategy. That is, they are likely to have similar feeling and ideas about a marketing mix comprised of a given product or service, sold at a given price, distributed in a certain way, and promoted in a certain way. Broadly, markets can be divided according to a number of general criteria, such as by industry or public versus private sector. Small segments are often termed "niche" markets or specialty markets. However, all segments fall into either consumer or industrial markets.[3]

Market trends

A market may display upward or downward movements during a particular period of time. Such movements can be referred to as the market trend. Market research firms and industry experts publish much of their information on websites and in trade and business magazines. Reference sites index these magazines, many offer the texts online and if not the libraries stock them. Trade associations publish many listings and statistics on their websites as well as in hard copy publications. The availability of this information makes assessing market trends possible.

Performing market research

Figure 1: Meta-process model for Market research The model shows every activity that must be performed. And every activity has a few sequential activities. Every sequential activity is connected with an arrow which implies that these activities need to be carried out in a pre-defined order.

The steps involved in the market research process include:

  1. Defining the research problem
  2. Establishing the research design
  3. Collecting and analyzing data
  4. Formulating the findings

Defining the research problem

Market researchers formulate the problem and establish how to solve it. Research objectives, related to and determined by the problem formulation, are set so that when achieved they provide the necessary information to solve the problem.

An example of this step can be seen in the automobile industry. Auto manufacturers are sometimes criticized for creating expensive vehicles with unwanted features and technologies that do not meet the needs of the target market. To avoid this trap, the engineering team turned to market research to evaluate how changes in performance and fuel economy would affect sales volume and customer satisfaction. It turned out that customers were willing to pay more for greater performance if the car also offered simultaneous increases in fuel economy.[4]

The problem description, the research question, sub-questions, and the research objectives are part of an overall document problem description. After describing and formulating the problem and the objectives, researchers then prepare a detailed and realistic time frame to complete all steps of the market research process. Researchers often plan this process around business cycles or holiday seasons.

Selecting and establishing research design

Selecting and establishing research design consists of three main steps:

  1. select the research design
  2. identify information types and sources
  3. determine and design research instrument.

There are three types of research design—exploratory research design, descriptive research, and causal research. Exploratory research is defined as collecting information in an unstructured and informal way. For example, the owners of a new restaurant may eat out at competitors' restaurants in order to gather general information about menu selections, prices, and service quality.

Descriptive research refers to a set of methods and procedures that describe marketing variables. Descriptive studies portray these variables by answering who, what, why, and how questions. These types of research studies may describe such things as consumers’ attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, or the number of competitors and their strategies.

Causal research design is conducted by controlling various factors to determine which factor is causing the problem. By changing one factor, say price, its effects on a key consequence such as sales can be monitored. Although causal research can provide a high level of understanding of the variable under study, the designs often require experiments that are complex and expensive.

There are two types of information available to a market researcher—primary data and secondary data. Primary data is original information gathered for a specific purpose. Secondary data refers to information that already exists somewhere and has been collected for some other purpose. Both types of research have a number of activities and methods of conducting associated with them. Secondary research is usually faster and less expensive to obtain than primary research.

There are two basic methods to collect information—by asking questions or by observing. The most common research instrument is the questionnaire. Structured questionnaires include multiple choice questions which offer respondents the ability to answer "yes" or "no" or choose from a list of several answer choices, as well as other close-end questions that ask respondents to rank their answers at a particular point on a scale. Unstructured questionnaires have open-ended questions which respondents can answer in their own words. Other methods of data collection include focus groups or interviews.[5]

Collecting and analyzing data

Data collection is usually done by trained interviewers who are employed by field data collection companies to collect primary data, which must then be tabulated into readable format and analyzed.

Qualitative data can also be obtained through focus groups and individual interviews. Focus groups are generally comprised of a small selection of the target audience. The participants are then queried and the discussions are guided by a moderator. The discussions are recorded and/or viewed by the marketing team or others via a two-way mirror or closed circuit system.

Formulating findings

After analyzing the data, researchers develop and present their conclusions to their clients. Once the findings about the target market, competition and environment are finished, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. Following presentations, businesses have the option of implementing any or all of the suggestions made by the market researchers in order to maximize their market share, increase profits, improve public relations, or any other number of goals.

Market research and society

Market research serves a valuable purpose for business corporations, allowing them to understand where they stand in the eyes of consumers and in terms of their competitors. In turn, this allows for the formulation and implementation of strategies designed for any number of purposes including maximizing profits or increasing share of the market.

Market research can be viewed differently by economists. Some argue that market research leads to more information, and therefore more perfect markets, leading to greater competition and benefiting all in society. Other economists would argue that the information gathered affords corporation monopoly power, permitting them to engage in un-competitive behavior as they have an informational advantage over consumers and are therefore able to charge more for their goods and services than would clear a competitive market.

Notes

  1. ↑ Paul, Ellen Frankel. W. Stanley Jevons: Economic Revolutionary, Political Utilitarian. JSTOR.
  2. ↑ The History of Marketing Thought. Missouri State. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  3. ↑ Trout, J. "'Positioning' is a game people play in today’s me-too market place." Industrial Marketing, Vol.54, No.6, 51-55. 1969.
  4. ↑ Burns, Alvin C. and Ronald F. Bush. Marketing research. London: Prentice-Hall, 1998. ISBN 0138966060
  5. ↑ McNamara, Carter. Market Research Free Management Library, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Aaker, David A., V. Kumar and George S. Day. Marketing Research. Wiley, 2003. ISBN 047123057X
  • Arinze, B. “Market planning with computer models: A case study in the software industry.” Industrial marketing management, Vol. 19, No. 2, 117-129. 1990.
  • Berry, T. Hurdle: The book on business planning - Millennium Edition. Eugene, OR: Palo Alto Software, 2004. ISBN 0966489144
  • Cornish, S. L. “Product Innovation and the Spatial Dynamics of Market Intelligence: Does Proximity to Markets Matter?” Economic Geography, Vol. 73, No. 2, 143-165. 1997.
  • Davis, R.E. "Experience: The role of market research in the development of new consumer products." Journal of product innovation management, 10, 309-317. 1993.
  • Mullins, J.W. "New product development in rapidly changing markets: an exploratory study." Journal of product innovation management, 15, 224-236. 1998.

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