Difference between revisions of "Maria Theresa of Austria" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | {{ | + | {{Copyedited}}{{Ebcompleted}}{{2Copyedited}}{{Paid}}{{approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}} |
| − | [[Image:Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg| | + | {{Infobox Monarch |
| − | [[ | + | | colour = red |
| + | | name = Maria Theresa of Austria | ||
| + | | title = Holy Roman Empress (consort), Queen of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia and Slavonia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma and Piacenza, Grand Duchess of Tuscany | ||
| + | | othertitles= ''HIM'' The Dowager Holy Roman Empress<br />''HIM'' The Holy Roman Empress<br />''HM'' The Queen (of Hungary and Bohemia)<br />''HRH'' Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria | ||
| + | | reign=October 20, 1740 – November 29, 1780 | ||
| + | | coronation | ||
| + | | image =[[Image:Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg|250px]] | ||
| + | | caption= | ||
| + | | predecessor = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] | ||
| + | | successor = [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] | ||
| + | | consort = [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]] | ||
| + | | royal house= [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] | ||
| + | | father=[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] | ||
| + | | mother=[[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] | ||
| + | | date of birth= May 13, 1717 | ||
| + | | place of birth= [[Vienna]] | ||
| + | | date of death= November 29, 1780 | ||
| + | | place of death= [[Vienna]] | ||
| + | | place of burial= [[Imperial Crypt]] [[Vienna]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | {{distinguish|Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867)|Maria Theresa of Spain}}<!-- Maria Theresa of Spain is Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche in some French sources. —> | ||
| + | '''Maria Theresa''' (May 13, 1717 – November 29, 1780) was (reigning) Archduchess of [[Austria]] and [[Queen]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Bohemia]], and, through her marriage, Holy Roman Empress. | ||
| − | + | She was the eldest daughter of Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], who promulgated the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] to allow her to succeed to the [[Habsburg monarchy]], and [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]. Opposition to her acceding to the throne led to the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] in 1740. After Emperor [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]], who claimed the throne, died in 1745, Maria Theresa obtained the [[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire|imperial crown]] for her husband, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]. Though she was technically empress [[Queen Consort|consort]], Maria Theresa was the de facto ruler of the nation, and she began styling herself Holy Roman Empress in 1745. | |
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| − | + | Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted [[commerce]] and the development of [[agriculture]], and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] led to the [[Seven Years' War]] and later to the [[War of the Bavarian Succession]]. She became [[dowager]] empress after the death of Francis and the accession of her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph]] as emperor in 1765. Maria Theresa criticized many of Joseph's actions but agreed to the [[Partitions of Poland|First Partition of Poland]] (1772). Maria Theresa was a key figure in the power politics of eighteenth-century Europe who brought unity to the Habsburg Monarchy and was considered one of its most capable rulers. Not only did she successfully fulfill her public duties but she also at the same time bore and brought up 16 children including [[Marie Antoinette]] and [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]]. By doing so she became a role model for many women. | |
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| − | Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] led to the [[Seven Years' War]] and later to the [[War of the Bavarian Succession]]. She became [[dowager]] empress after the death of Francis and accession of her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph]] as emperor in 1765. Maria Theresa criticized many of Joseph's actions but agreed to the [[Partitions of Poland|First Partition of Poland]] (1772). | ||
===Family life=== | ===Family life=== | ||
| − | Maria Theresa was born in [[Vienna]] as the eldest daughter of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], whose sole male heir | + | Maria Theresa was born in [[Vienna]] as the eldest daughter of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], whose sole male heir–his son Leopold Johann–died as an infant in 1716. In 1713 Charles issued the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] which guaranteed his daughter the right to succeed to the Austrian throne and inherit his united lands on his death. Initially, many Northern European monarchs agreed to the Pragmatic Sanction when it was issued. One of the few not to sign was [[Frederick the Great]] of Prussia who, soon after Maria Theresa assumed the throne upon Charles' death on October 20, 1740, began the [[War of Austrian Succession]]. |
| − | Maria Theresa was married to [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], Duke of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]. She had 16 children by him, with 11 daughters (ten of whom had the first name "Maria") and five sons. Her youngest daughter was Maria Antonia, better known under her French name ''[[Marie Antoinette]]'' | + | Maria Theresa was married to [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], Duke of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]]. Maria Theresa was one of the few people in her age who married for love. She loved her husband dearly and passionately. She had 16 children by him, with 11 daughters (ten of whom had the first name "Maria") and five sons. Her youngest daughter was Maria Antonia, better known under her French name ''[[Marie Antoinette]],'' who would be promised in marriage to the later King [[Louis XVI of France]]. After her husband's death, Maria Theresa made her son Joseph II co-regent of her Austrian dominions, but she actually kept most of the power to herself, which led to tension between her and her son. It was not until her death that Joseph could fully exercise his powers. |
Her children were: | Her children were: | ||
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*Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741). | *Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741). | ||
*Holy Roman Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] (1741-1790), married Infanta Isabel of Spain (1741-1763), then Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria (1739-1767); no surviving issue. [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1765; [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] and from 1780. | *Holy Roman Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] (1741-1790), married Infanta Isabel of Spain (1741-1763), then Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria (1739-1767); no surviving issue. [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1765; [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] and from 1780. | ||
| − | *[[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen]] (1742-1798), married [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] (1738-1822); no surviving issue | + | *[[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen]] (1742-1798), married [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] (1738-1822); no surviving issue. |
*Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808) | *Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808) | ||
| + | [[Image:Maria Theresia Familie.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Maria Theresa with her family]] | ||
*Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761) | *Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761) | ||
| − | *[[Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria|Archduchess Maria Amalia]] (1746-1804), married [[Ferdinand, Duke of Parma]] (1751-1802); had issue | + | *[[Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria|Archduchess Maria Amalia]] (1746-1804), married [[Ferdinand, Duke of Parma]] (1751-1802); had issue. |
*Holy Roman Emperor [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] (1747-1792), married Infanta [[Maria Louisa of Spain]] (1745-1792); had issue. [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1765 (abdicated 1790); [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1790; [[Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] from 1790. | *Holy Roman Emperor [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] (1747-1792), married Infanta [[Maria Louisa of Spain]] (1745-1792); had issue. [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1765 (abdicated 1790); [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1790; [[Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] from 1790. | ||
*Archduchess Maria Caroline (1748) | *Archduchess Maria Caroline (1748) | ||
| − | *Archduchess Johanna Gabriela(1750-1762) | + | *Archduchess Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762) |
*Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767) | *Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767) | ||
| − | *[[Marie Caroline of Austria|Queen Maria Caroline of Naples and Sicily]] (1752-1814), married King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily]] (1751-1825); had issue | + | *[[Marie Caroline of Austria|Queen Maria Caroline of Naples and Sicily]] (1752-1814), married King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily]] (1751-1825); had issue. |
*[[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este]], Duke of Breisgau (1754–1806), married Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress of Breisgau and of [[Modena]]; had issue ([[Austria-Este]]). Duke of Breisgau from 1803. | *[[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este]], Duke of Breisgau (1754–1806), married Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress of Breisgau and of [[Modena]]; had issue ([[Austria-Este]]). Duke of Breisgau from 1803. | ||
*[[Marie Antoinette|Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre]], born Maria Antonia (1755-1793); married [[Louis XVI of France]] (1754-1793) | *[[Marie Antoinette|Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre]], born Maria Antonia (1755-1793); married [[Louis XVI of France]] (1754-1793) | ||
| − | *[[Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria|Archduke Maximilian Francis]] (1756-1801), [[Archbishopric of Cologne|Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]] | + | *[[Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria|Archduke Maximilian Francis]] (1756-1801), [[Archbishopric of Cologne|Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]] (1784) |
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==Reign== | ==Reign== | ||
===First years: wars during her reign=== | ===First years: wars during her reign=== | ||
| − | Maria Theresa's father had not given her any | + | [[Image:MariaTheresa2.jpg|thumb|250px|"The world's most famous coin," a silver thaler of Maria Theresa, dated 1780.]] Maria Theresa's father had not given her any training in government, leaving her to learn for herself. Additionally, the army was weak and the treasury depleted as a result of two wars near the end of her father's reign. |
| − | + | The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] began when [[Frederick II of Prussia]] invaded and occupied [[Silesia]]. While [[Bavaria]] and [[France]] also invaded Austria's western territories, it was "Frederick the Great" who became Maria Theresa's primary foe during her reign. Therefore, she focused her internal and external policies towards the defeat of [[Prussia]], which would help her regain the lands which had been taken from Austria. In the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]], France gave the [[Southern Netherlands|Austrian Netherlands]] that it conquered back to Maria Theresa. In exchange, Maria Theresa ceded [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], [[Piacenza]], and [[Guastalla]] to the [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Infante Philip]] of [[Spain]]. By giving up these lands, Maria Theresa revealed her vulnerability. After having been defeated in the First and Second [[Silesian Wars]], Maria Theresa began to modernize her realms with the assistance of [[Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz]]. Defeat, however, reduced her morale and effectiveness as a ruler. She increased the size of the army by 200 percent and increased [[taxes]] in order to guarantee a steady income for the government, and in particular for the military. She centralized the government by combining the Austrian and Bohemian chancelleries, formerly separate, into one administrative office. Before these changes, justice and administration had been overseen by the same officials—afterwards, she created a supreme court with the sole responsibility of upholding justice in her lands. These reforms strengthened the economy and the state in general. | |
| − | The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] began when [[Frederick II of Prussia]] invaded | ||
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| − | After having been defeated in the First and Second [[Silesian Wars]], Maria Theresa began to modernize her realms with the assistance of [[Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz]]. | ||
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| − | Maria Theresa | + | Maria Theresa, like the other Habsburgs, was a devout [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. She was educated by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] at [[Mariazell]], and in later life lacked the religious cynicism of royal contemporaries such as [[Frederick II of Prussia]]. Her conservative outlook involved an intolerant view of other faiths. In 1741, she expelled the [[Jew]]s from [[Prague]]. Her political distrust of [[Great Britain|Great Britain]] rested in part on her view of the established [[Church of England]], whom she regarded as [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Heresy|heretics]]. |
| − | [[ | + | Maria Theresa dropped Great Britain as an ally on the advice of her state chancellor, [[Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz]], and allied with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and France. She established the [[Theresian Military Academy]] (the first worldwide) in 1752 and an academy of engineering science in 1754. She also demanded that the [[University of Vienna]] be given [[money]] to make the medical faculty more efficient. When she felt her army was strong enough, she prepared an attack on [[Prussia]] in 1756. However, it was Frederick II who attacked first, invading [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], another ally of Austria, thus initiating the [[Seven Years' War]]. The war ended in 1763 when Maria Theresa signed the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]], recognizing Prussian ownership of most of [[Silesia]]. |
| − | Her husband Francis died two years later. Maria Theresa's devotion to him was so great that she dressed in mourning clothes until her own death 15 years later. During this time, she became more closeted from her people. | + | [[Image:MariaTheresa.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Maria Theresa I of Austria]] |
| + | Her husband Francis died two years later. Maria Theresa's devotion to him was so great that she dressed in mourning clothes until her own death 15 years later. During this time, she became more closeted from her people. Her focus changed from attempting to regain Silesia to maintaining the peace. She also recognized Joseph II, her eldest son, as coregent and Emperor. However, she allowed him only limited powers because she felt that he was too rash and arrogant. | ||
===Later years: civil reforms=== | ===Later years: civil reforms=== | ||
| − | In the 1760s, smallpox claimed several victims in the royal family. Maria Theresa was infected and received [[last rites]] in 1767, although she recovered. | + | In the 1760s, [[smallpox]] claimed several victims in the royal family. Maria Theresa was infected and received [[last rites]] in 1767, although she recovered. Afterward, Maria Theresa became a strong supporter of [[inoculation]] (a predecessor [[immunization]] method to [[smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]]), setting a strong example by requiring all of her children to be inoculated. |
In the later years of her reign, Maria Theresa focused on reforming laws as an [[enlightened absolutism|enlightened monarch]]. Many historians agree that she did not solely act out of care for her population, but rather to strengthen the economy of the Habsburg territories, especially after the loss of Silesia. | In the later years of her reign, Maria Theresa focused on reforming laws as an [[enlightened absolutism|enlightened monarch]]. Many historians agree that she did not solely act out of care for her population, but rather to strengthen the economy of the Habsburg territories, especially after the loss of Silesia. | ||
| − | In 1771, she and Joseph II issued the [[Robot Patent]], a reform that regulated a [[serf]]'s labor payments in her lands, which provided some relief. Other important reforms included outlawing [[Execution by burning|witch-burning]] and torture, and, for the first time in Austrian history, taking capital punishment off the penal code, as it was replaced with forced labor. | + | In 1771, she and Joseph II issued the [[Robot Patent]], a reform that regulated a [[serf]]'s labor payments in her lands, which provided some relief. Other important reforms included outlawing [[Execution by burning|witch-burning]] and torture, and, for the first time in Austrian history, taking [[capital punishment]] off the penal code, as it was replaced with forced labor. It was later reintroduced, but the progressive nature of these reforms remains noted. Mandatory [[education]] was introduced in 1774; the goal was to form an educated class from which civil servants could be recruited. |
Another installation of Maria Theresa's was a decency police which was to patrol everywhere, especially [[Vienna]], and apprehend anyone suspected of doing something that could be deemed indecent (possibly due to her husband's supposed infidelity). Arrested prostitutes, for example, would be sent into villages in the eastern parts of the realm, leading some contemporary writers to note that these villages had 'exceptionally beautiful women' living there. | Another installation of Maria Theresa's was a decency police which was to patrol everywhere, especially [[Vienna]], and apprehend anyone suspected of doing something that could be deemed indecent (possibly due to her husband's supposed infidelity). Arrested prostitutes, for example, would be sent into villages in the eastern parts of the realm, leading some contemporary writers to note that these villages had 'exceptionally beautiful women' living there. | ||
| − | Maria Theresa died in Vienna in 1780, the only female to rule during the 650-year-long [[Habsburg]] dynasty. She is buried in tomb number 56 in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in Vienna. Her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] succeeded her. She was a very | + | Maria Theresa died in Vienna in 1780, the only female to rule during the 650-year-long [[Habsburg]] dynasty. She is buried in tomb number 56 in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in [[Vienna]]. Her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] succeeded her. She was a very strong willed woman and was a very influential leader. |
| − | + | [[Image:Maria Theresia as child.jpg|thumb|200px|Maria Theresa as a child.]]Silver coins bearing the image of Empress Maria Theresa became the common currency in many parts of the world during colonial times.<ref>Wilbur Smith. ''The Triumph of the Sun'' (NY: St. Martins Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0312939182), 30, 106, 212, 246.</ref> | |
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| − | [[Image:Maria Theresia as child.jpg|thumb| | ||
==Titles from birth to death== | ==Titles from birth to death== | ||
| − | * ''Her Royal Highness'' Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria ( | + | * ''Her Royal Highness'' Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20, 1740) |
| − | * ''Her Majesty'' The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia ( | + | * ''Her Majesty'' The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745) |
| − | * ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Holy Roman Empress ( | + | * ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Holy Roman Empress (September 13, 1745 – August 18, 1765) |
| − | * ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Dowager Holy Roman Empress ( | + | * ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Dowager Holy Roman Empress (August 18, 1765 – November 29, 1780) |
Maria Theresa was actually proclaimed King, rather than Queen, of Hungary upon her ascension to the Hungarian throne. Normally, however, she was styled Queen of Hungary. | Maria Theresa was actually proclaimed King, rather than Queen, of Hungary upon her ascension to the Hungarian throne. Normally, however, she was styled Queen of Hungary. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Media portrayals== |
| − | + | [[Marianne Faithfull]] portrayed Maria Theresa in the 2006 film ''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]].'' | |
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| − | + | ==Ancestry== | |
| − | + | {{start box}} | |
| − | + | {{s-hou | [[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]]|13 May|1717|29 November|1780}} | |
| − | + | {{s-reg|}} | |
| + | {{succession box two to two |before=[[Maria Amalia of Austria]]| title1=[[List of Holy Roman Empresses and German queens|Holy Roman Empress]] | years1=1745–1765 |title2=German Queen|years2=1745-1764 | after=[[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]]}} | ||
| + | {{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]}} | ||
| + | {{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Parma|Duchess regent of Parma and Piacenza]]|years=1741-1748}} | ||
| + | {{s-aft|after=[[Philip, Duke of Parma]]}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduchess regnant of Austria]]|years=1740-1780}} | ||
| + | {{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Hungary|Queen regnant of Hungary]], [[List of rulers of Croatia|Queen regnant of Croatia and Slavonia]]|years=1741-1780}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | {{s-bef|before=[[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]]}} | ||
| + | {{s-ttl|title=[[King of Bohemia|Queen regnant of Bohemia]]|years=1743–1780 (claimed throne since 1741)}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | {{s-bef|before=[[Anna Maria Franziska]]}} | ||
| + | {{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Duke of Tuscany|Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany]]}} | ||
| + | {{s-aft|after=[[Maria Louisa of Spain (1745-1792)|Maria Louisa of Spain]]}} | ||
| + | {{end box}} | ||
{{start box}} | {{start box}} | ||
| − | {{succession box | + | {{succession box | before=[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]] | title=[[Count of Flanders]] | years=1740-1780 | after=[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph]]}} |
{{end box}} | {{end box}} | ||
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| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
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| + | ==References== | ||
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| + | * Crankshaw, Edward. ''Maria Theresa.'' New York: Viking Press, 1970. ISBN 9780670456314 | ||
| + | * Macartney, C.A. ''Maria Theresa and the House of Austria'' (Men & Their Times). London: English Universities Press, 1969. ISBN 9780340052532 | ||
| + | * Opfell, Olga S. ''Queens, Empresses, Grand Duchesses, and Regents: Women Rulers of Europe, A.D. 1328-1989.'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1989. ISBN 9780899503851 | ||
| + | * Smith, Wilbur. ''The Triumph of the Sun.'' NY: St. Martins Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0312939182 | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 6, 2022. | |
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| − | [ | + | * [https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Maria_Theresia Maria Theresia] Austria-Forum |
| − | + | *[http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/cstudies_austria_0026.html Baroque Absolutism and Enlightened Despotism] | |
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Latest revision as of 04:11, 6 November 2022
| Maria Theresa of Austria | ||
|---|---|---|
| Holy Roman Empress (consort), Queen of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia and Slavonia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma and Piacenza, Grand Duchess of Tuscany | ||
.jpg)
| ||
| Reign | October 20, 1740 – November 29, 1780 | |
| Titles | HIM The Dowager Holy Roman Empress HIM The Holy Roman Empress HM The Queen (of Hungary and Bohemia) HRH Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria | |
| Born | May 13, 1717 | |
| Vienna | ||
| Died | November 29, 1780 | |
| Vienna | ||
| Buried | Imperial Crypt Vienna | |
| Predecessor | Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Successor | Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Consort | Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Royal House | House of Habsburg-Lorraine | |
| Father | Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Mother | Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | |
- Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867).
Maria Theresa (May 13, 1717 – November 29, 1780) was (reigning) Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and, through her marriage, Holy Roman Empress.
She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Charles VI, who promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to allow her to succeed to the Habsburg monarchy, and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Opposition to her acceding to the throne led to the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. After Emperor Charles VII, who claimed the throne, died in 1745, Maria Theresa obtained the imperial crown for her husband, Francis I. Though she was technically empress consort, Maria Theresa was the de facto ruler of the nation, and she began styling herself Holy Roman Empress in 1745.
Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with the Kingdom of Prussia led to the Seven Years' War and later to the War of the Bavarian Succession. She became dowager empress after the death of Francis and the accession of her son Joseph as emperor in 1765. Maria Theresa criticized many of Joseph's actions but agreed to the First Partition of Poland (1772). Maria Theresa was a key figure in the power politics of eighteenth-century Europe who brought unity to the Habsburg Monarchy and was considered one of its most capable rulers. Not only did she successfully fulfill her public duties but she also at the same time bore and brought up 16 children including Marie Antoinette and Leopold II. By doing so she became a role model for many women.
Family life
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna as the eldest daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, whose sole male heir–his son Leopold Johann–died as an infant in 1716. In 1713 Charles issued the Pragmatic Sanction which guaranteed his daughter the right to succeed to the Austrian throne and inherit his united lands on his death. Initially, many Northern European monarchs agreed to the Pragmatic Sanction when it was issued. One of the few not to sign was Frederick the Great of Prussia who, soon after Maria Theresa assumed the throne upon Charles' death on October 20, 1740, began the War of Austrian Succession.
Maria Theresa was married to Francis I, Duke of Lorraine. Maria Theresa was one of the few people in her age who married for love. She loved her husband dearly and passionately. She had 16 children by him, with 11 daughters (ten of whom had the first name "Maria") and five sons. Her youngest daughter was Maria Antonia, better known under her French name Marie Antoinette, who would be promised in marriage to the later King Louis XVI of France. After her husband's death, Maria Theresa made her son Joseph II co-regent of her Austrian dominions, but she actually kept most of the power to herself, which led to tension between her and her son. It was not until her death that Joseph could fully exercise his powers.
Her children were:
- Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740). Maria Theresa's heiress presumptive between 1737 and 1740.
- Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789). Maria Theresa's heiress presumptive between 1740 and 1741.
- Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
- Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790), married Infanta Isabel of Spain (1741-1763), then Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria (1739-1767); no surviving issue. Holy Roman Emperor from 1765; Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia and from 1780.
- Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798), married Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (1738-1822); no surviving issue.
- Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808)
- Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761)
- Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804), married Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (1751-1802); had issue.
- Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792), married Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain (1745-1792); had issue. Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 (abdicated 1790); Holy Roman Emperor from 1790; Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia from 1790.
- Archduchess Maria Caroline (1748)
- Archduchess Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762)
- Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767)
- Queen Maria Caroline of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814), married King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily (1751-1825); had issue.
- Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este, Duke of Breisgau (1754–1806), married Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress of Breisgau and of Modena; had issue (Austria-Este). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
- Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793); married Louis XVI of France (1754-1793)
- Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801), Archbishop-Elector of Cologne (1784)
Reign
First years: wars during her reign
Maria Theresa's father had not given her any training in government, leaving her to learn for herself. Additionally, the army was weak and the treasury depleted as a result of two wars near the end of her father's reign.
The War of the Austrian Succession began when Frederick II of Prussia invaded and occupied Silesia. While Bavaria and France also invaded Austria's western territories, it was "Frederick the Great" who became Maria Theresa's primary foe during her reign. Therefore, she focused her internal and external policies towards the defeat of Prussia, which would help her regain the lands which had been taken from Austria. In the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), France gave the Austrian Netherlands that it conquered back to Maria Theresa. In exchange, Maria Theresa ceded Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla to the Infante Philip of Spain. By giving up these lands, Maria Theresa revealed her vulnerability. After having been defeated in the First and Second Silesian Wars, Maria Theresa began to modernize her realms with the assistance of Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz. Defeat, however, reduced her morale and effectiveness as a ruler. She increased the size of the army by 200 percent and increased taxes in order to guarantee a steady income for the government, and in particular for the military. She centralized the government by combining the Austrian and Bohemian chancelleries, formerly separate, into one administrative office. Before these changes, justice and administration had been overseen by the same officials—afterwards, she created a supreme court with the sole responsibility of upholding justice in her lands. These reforms strengthened the economy and the state in general.
Maria Theresa, like the other Habsburgs, was a devout Roman Catholic. She was educated by Jesuits at Mariazell, and in later life lacked the religious cynicism of royal contemporaries such as Frederick II of Prussia. Her conservative outlook involved an intolerant view of other faiths. In 1741, she expelled the Jews from Prague. Her political distrust of Great Britain rested in part on her view of the established Church of England, whom she regarded as Protestant heretics.
Maria Theresa dropped Great Britain as an ally on the advice of her state chancellor, Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, and allied with Russia and France. She established the Theresian Military Academy (the first worldwide) in 1752 and an academy of engineering science in 1754. She also demanded that the University of Vienna be given money to make the medical faculty more efficient. When she felt her army was strong enough, she prepared an attack on Prussia in 1756. However, it was Frederick II who attacked first, invading Saxony, another ally of Austria, thus initiating the Seven Years' War. The war ended in 1763 when Maria Theresa signed the Treaty of Hubertusburg, recognizing Prussian ownership of most of Silesia.
Her husband Francis died two years later. Maria Theresa's devotion to him was so great that she dressed in mourning clothes until her own death 15 years later. During this time, she became more closeted from her people. Her focus changed from attempting to regain Silesia to maintaining the peace. She also recognized Joseph II, her eldest son, as coregent and Emperor. However, she allowed him only limited powers because she felt that he was too rash and arrogant.
Later years: civil reforms
In the 1760s, smallpox claimed several victims in the royal family. Maria Theresa was infected and received last rites in 1767, although she recovered. Afterward, Maria Theresa became a strong supporter of inoculation (a predecessor immunization method to smallpox vaccination), setting a strong example by requiring all of her children to be inoculated.
In the later years of her reign, Maria Theresa focused on reforming laws as an enlightened monarch. Many historians agree that she did not solely act out of care for her population, but rather to strengthen the economy of the Habsburg territories, especially after the loss of Silesia.
In 1771, she and Joseph II issued the Robot Patent, a reform that regulated a serf's labor payments in her lands, which provided some relief. Other important reforms included outlawing witch-burning and torture, and, for the first time in Austrian history, taking capital punishment off the penal code, as it was replaced with forced labor. It was later reintroduced, but the progressive nature of these reforms remains noted. Mandatory education was introduced in 1774; the goal was to form an educated class from which civil servants could be recruited.
Another installation of Maria Theresa's was a decency police which was to patrol everywhere, especially Vienna, and apprehend anyone suspected of doing something that could be deemed indecent (possibly due to her husband's supposed infidelity). Arrested prostitutes, for example, would be sent into villages in the eastern parts of the realm, leading some contemporary writers to note that these villages had 'exceptionally beautiful women' living there.
Maria Theresa died in Vienna in 1780, the only female to rule during the 650-year-long Habsburg dynasty. She is buried in tomb number 56 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Her son Joseph II succeeded her. She was a very strong willed woman and was a very influential leader.
Silver coins bearing the image of Empress Maria Theresa became the common currency in many parts of the world during colonial times.[1]
Titles from birth to death
- Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20, 1740)
- Her Majesty The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745)
- Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Empress (September 13, 1745 – August 18, 1765)
- Her Imperial Majesty The Dowager Holy Roman Empress (August 18, 1765 – November 29, 1780)
Maria Theresa was actually proclaimed King, rather than Queen, of Hungary upon her ascension to the Hungarian throne. Normally, however, she was styled Queen of Hungary.
Media portrayals
Marianne Faithfull portrayed Maria Theresa in the 2006 film Marie Antoinette.
Ancestry
| House of Habsburg Born: 13 May 1717; Died: 29 November 1780 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Regnal Titles
| ||
| Preceded by: Maria Amalia of Austria |
Holy Roman Empress 1745–1765 |
Succeeded by: Maria Josepha of Bavaria |
| German Queen 1745-1764 | ||
| Preceded by: Charles VI |
Duchess regent of Parma and Piacenza 1741-1748 |
Succeeded by: Philip, Duke of Parma |
| Archduchess regnant of Austria 1740-1780 |
Succeeded by: Joseph II | |
| Queen regnant of Hungary, Queen regnant of Croatia and Slavonia 1741-1780 | ||
| Preceded by: Charles VII |
Queen regnant of Bohemia 1743–1780 (claimed throne since 1741) | |
| Preceded by: Anna Maria Franziska |
Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany | Succeeded by: Maria Louisa of Spain |
| Preceded by: Charles |
Count of Flanders 1740-1780 |
Succeeded by: Joseph |
Notes
- ↑ Wilbur Smith. The Triumph of the Sun (NY: St. Martins Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0312939182), 30, 106, 212, 246.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Crankshaw, Edward. Maria Theresa. New York: Viking Press, 1970. ISBN 9780670456314
- Macartney, C.A. Maria Theresa and the House of Austria (Men & Their Times). London: English Universities Press, 1969. ISBN 9780340052532
- Opfell, Olga S. Queens, Empresses, Grand Duchesses, and Regents: Women Rulers of Europe, A.D. 1328-1989. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1989. ISBN 9780899503851
- Smith, Wilbur. The Triumph of the Sun. NY: St. Martins Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0312939182
External links
All links retrieved November 6, 2022.
- Maria Theresia Austria-Forum
- Baroque Absolutism and Enlightened Despotism
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