Louisa May Alcott

Louisa May Alcott

Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888), a beloved American novelist, best known for her classic work Little Women, which she wrote in 1868.

Childhood

Louisa May Alcott was the second of four daughters born to Amos Bronson Alcott and Abigail May. From her father she gained a strong and solid education, and from her mother, affectionately known by all as Abba, she gained an enlightened understanding of charity and Christianity. Her parents shared a mutual respect and love for each other throughout their marriage. Her father was a freethinker and her mother was a women's right's activist, both supported one another in their individual and collective activities. This strong parental relationship influenced each of their daughters to be innovative, intelligent, self-assured, and confident. Louisa's sisters: Anna Alcott Pratt, Elizabeth Sewell Alcott, and May Alcott Nieriker are the inspirations for Louisa's most famous work, Little Women

Louisa was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania on November 29, 1832. Bronson Alcott, an educator, took his small family to Boston where he established the Temple School. This was an experimental school where he could implement his novel and visionary methods. He believed that students should be involved in their individual education and enjoy the learning process. Thus more time than usual was spent in nature and outside of the classroom. Because of his controversial methods, the school did not fair well. It was also at this time that he and his wife joined the Transcendentalist Movement. The Alcotts fostered a love and appreciation of nature in each of their daughters. However, during childhood and adolescence, Louisa and her family suffered from poverty and ridicule brought on by an innovative yet inconsistent provider.

In 1840 the school was closed because Bronson admitted a mulatto girl for enrolement. The Alcott family moved to a small cottage along the Concord River in Concord, Massachusetts. It was here that Louisa often enjoyed visits and nature walks with Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and other noted dignitaries of the time who were also Trancendentalists. It was the focused values and ideas about nature of the Trancendentalists that prompted the family to move to the experimental Utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843-1844. The beliefs and actions of Bronson and Abba Alcott would cause several moves for their family over the next several years. After the Fruitlands failed, the Alcotts returned again to the city of Concord to rent out rooms at Hillside.

Early Works

Louisa was well educated by her father during her youth. As she grew, she also recieved lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau and from writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Garrison, and Margaret Fuller, who were all family friends. Looking back on her youth, Louisa later depicted these early lessons in education and the realities of Transendentalism in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats", which was later printed in the volume Silver Pitchers (1876). The sketch portrays the Alcott's "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands.

As Louisa began to mature, she was burdened by a great sense of responsibility for her family's welfare. Due to the consistent lack of funds, Louisa felt the need to do whatever jobs she could to help support her family. She participated in domestic tasks such as reading to an elderly man and his daughter, taking in sewing and mending, and being a maid. After the failure of the Temple School and the Fruitlands community, it was up to Abba and her daughters to try and earn a living. The family moved back to Boston where Abba, a known abolitionist and women's suffragist, was employed as a social worker. It was here that Louisa, along with her elder sister Anna, tutored young children for a very small income. Although Louisa detested these jobs, they provided her with a plethora of ideas for her future writings. Her ambitious and independent nature spurred her onward in her writing. These were the years when Louisa began to write more than just the plays that she and her sisters performed together. She began writing with the intent to publish and earn a living. Louisa published her first poem "Sunlight" in 1852 under the pseudonym Flora Fairfield. She received a modest sum for her poem, but it was just the start she needed to begin her writings in earnest. Finally, with Abba's inheritance and financial help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Alcott's secured a permanent home at Orchard House.

As Louisa grew older, her ideas about life and gender took shape in the roles of abolitionist and feminist. In 1847, the Alcott family was said to have taken in a fugitive slave for a week and Louisa herself belived strongly in the equality of every human being. Her family had held to these beliefs and often suffered condemnation for their ideals. This did not deter Louisa, and she formed her own ideas about women from her readings and her individualized experiences. Louisa read the "Declaration of Sentiments" published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights and other publications. Although her future writings would idealize the Victorian woman as a wife and mother, Louisa's own life proved to be unconventional. She never married and often wrote articles expressing her ideals that a woman should be independent both intellectually and emotionally. In 1849, again because of inconsistent finances, the Alcott's moved back to Boston. Finally, in 1856, with Abba's inheritance and financial help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Alcott's secured a permanent home at Orchard House. It was at this time that Elizabeth, or Lizzie, contracted scarlet fever. She was weak and sickly for two years, finally succumbing to death on March 14, 1856.

Three years after the success of her poem, Louisa's first book, Flower Fables (1855), was published. It consisted of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson.

In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly, and she was a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862-1863. Her letters home, revised and published in the Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869), garnered her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. Her novel Moods (1864), was also considered promising.

A lesser-known part of her work are the passionate, fiery novels and stories she wrote, usually under the pseudonym A. M. Barnard. These works, such as A Long Fatal Love Chase and Pauline's Passion and Punishment, were known in the Victorian era as "potboilers" or "blood-and-thunder tales" and were later referred to as "dangerous for little minds" in Alcott's own novel Little Women. Her protagonists from this period are willful and relentless in their pursuit of their own aims, which often include revenge on those who have humiliated or thwarted them. These works achieved immediate commercial success and remain highly readable today.

In contrast, Alcott also produced moralistic and wholesome stories for children, and, with the exceptions of the semi-autobiographical tale Work (1873), and the anonymous novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1877), which attracted suspicion that it was authored by Julian Hawthorne, she did not return to creating works for adults.

Literary Success

Louisa May Alcott's grave in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord

Louisa May Alcott's overwhelming success dated from the appearance of the first part of Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, (1868) a semiautobiographical account of her childhood years along with her sisters in Concord, Massachusetts. A sequel, Good Wives, (1869) followed the March sisters into adulthood and their respective marriages. Little Men (1871) detailed the characters and ways of her nephews who lived with her at Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts. Jo's Boys (1886) completed the "March Family Saga." Most of her later volumes, An Old-Fashioned Girl (1870), Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag (6 vols., 1871–1879), Eight Cousins and its sequel Rose in Bloom (1876), and others, followed in the line of Little Women, remaining popular with her large and loyal public.

Although the Jo character in Little Women was based on Louisa May Alcott, Alcott, unlike Jo, never married. In 1879 her younger sister, May, died, and Louisa May took in May's daughter, Louisa May Nieriker ("Lulu"), who was two years old.

Later Life

In her later life, Alcott became an advocate of women's suffrage, and was the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts.

Despite worsening health, Alcott wrote through the rest of her life, finally succumbing to the after effects of mercury poisoning contracted during her American Civil War service (she had received calomel treatments for the effects of typhoid). She died in Boston on March 6, 1888, two days after visiting her father on his deathbed.

The story of her life and career was initially told in Ednah D. Cheney's Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters and Journals (Boston, 1889) and then in Madeleine B. Stern's seminal biography Louisa May Alcott (University of Oklahoma Press, 1950).

Selected works

• "Flower Fables," 1855
• "Hospital Sketches," 1863
• "The Rose Family: A Fairy Tale," 1864
• "Moods," 1865: rev. ed. 1882
• "Morning-Glories and Other Stories," 1867
• "The Mysterious Key and What It Opened," 1867
• "Three Proverb Stories (includes "Kitty's Class Day," "Aunt Kipp," and "Psyche's Art"), 1868
• "Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy," 1868
• "Good Wives," 1869
• "An Old Fashioned Girl," 1870
• "Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys," 1871
• "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag," 1872-1882
• "Work: A Story of Experience," 1873
• "Beginning Again, Being a Continuation of Work," 1875
• "Eight Cousins; or, The Aunt-Hill," 1875
• "Silver Pitchers, and Independence: A Centennial Love Story," 1876
• "Rose in Bloom: A Sequel to "Eight Cousins," 1876
• "A Modern Mephistopheles," 1877
• "Under the Lilacs," 1877
• "Jack and Jill: A Village Story," 1880
• "Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to 'Little Men'," 1886
• "Lulu's Library," 1886-1889
• "A Garland for Girls," 1888
• "Comic Tragedies Written by Jo and Meg and Acted by the 'Little Women'," 1893

Reference

• Shealy, Daniel, Editor. "Alcott in Her Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of Her Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends and Associates." University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa, 2005. ISBN 0-87745-938-X.

See also

• Orchard House, where Alcott lived when writing Little Women

External links

• Works by Louisa May Alcott. Project Gutenberg
• biographical information
• E-books by Louisa May Alcott at Classici Stranieri
• [1] (extensive bibliography including primary works and information on secondary literature - critical essays, theses and dissertations)

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