Little Walter

Little Walter (born Marion Walter Jacobs) (May 1, 1930 - February 15, 1968) was a blues singer, harmonica player, and guitarist best known as the creative pioneer of amplified blues harmonica playing.

Born in Marksville, Louisiana, Jacobs eventually moved to Chicago, where he joined the Muddy Waters band and quickly gained renown for his powerful, innovative harmonica playing. He also had a successful solo career with number one R & B hits such as "Juke" and "My Babe." His revolutionary harmonica style set the standard for blues players to this day and has earned comparisons to Charlie Parker and Jimi Hendrix in its impact.

A quick tempered man, he died of injuries sustained in a fight at age 37. His influence on the tradition of blues harmonica playing, however, can hardly be overestimated.

Biography

Early years

After quitting school at the age of 12, Jacobs left Louisiana and travelled, working odd jobs, and honing his musical skills with blues harmonica pioneer Sonny Boy Williamson and guitarist Big Bill Broonzy, among others. Arriving in Chicago in 1945, he fell into the thriving blues scene there. He occasionally found work as a guitarist, and according to fellow Chicago bluesman Floyd Jones, Little Walter's first recording was an unreleased demo on which he played guitar backing Jones. However, Walter garnered more attention for his harmonica work.

Frustrated with having his harmonica drowned out by electric guitarists, Jacbos adopted a simple but previously little-used method: He cupped a small microphone in his hand playing the harmonica, and plugged the mic into a guitar or public address amplifier. This not only allowed him compete with any guitarist's volume, but anabled him to take full advantage of his unique talent for create tonal variations on his instrument.

Stylistic innovator

Unlike other contemporary blues harp players, such as the original Sonny Boy Williamson and Snooky Pryor, who used this amplification method only for added volume, Little Walter used it to explore radical new timbres and sonic effects previously unheard from a harmonica. Not only did he create wailing saxaphone-like blue notes than enabled him to match the powerful leads of the best electric guitarists of his day; his tiny instrument also emited some of the most haunting double-note effects on record. Like Williamson and others, he was master of "tonguing" the instrument to block certain notes and produce chords. Considered to have one of the strongest mouths in the business, was also able to use his harp as an effective rhythm instrument.

Jacobs was also innovative in his use of harmonicas of various keys. Most blues players of his day used only the standard "cross-harp" technique of playing in the key a fifth down from the key of the diatonic mouth-harp (for example, using an "A" harp to play in the key of "E"). Little Walter also used what has become known as the "slant-harp" variation of playing a harp one step down from the key (using a "D") harp to play in the key of "E," enabling him to create unusual modalities and hit notes, relative to the key, unanvailable to most players. He also use chromatic harmonicas to great effect, as with his haunting, rhythmically innovative solo on the Muddy Waters hit "I'm Ready."

He also sometimes intentionally use small amplifiers with blown-out speakers in out to create distortions that added to the effect of his wailing solos. One of his biographers, Madison Deniro, said that "He was the first musician of any kind to purposely use electronic distortion." Along with Muddy Watters, Little Walter is generally considered on of the first 'urban' blues musicians.

Success

Little Walter made his first released recordings in 1947 for the tiny Ora-Nelle label in Chicago. His big break came when he joined the hot Muddy Waters' band in 1948. By 1950 he was playing on Muddy's recordings for Chess Records, and his harmonica is featured on most of Muddy's classic recordings from the 1950s. He also recorded as a guitarist for the small Parkway label, on a session for Chess backing pianist Eddie Ware, and occasionally on early sessions with Muddy Waters.

Jacobs' solo career took off when he recorded as a bandleader for Chess' subsidiary label Checker Records in 1952. The first completed take of the first song attempted at his very first session—"Juke"—spent eight weeks in the #1 position on the Billboard magazine R&B charts. It was the first harmonica instrumental ever to become a hit on the R&B charts. Walter scored an impressive 14 top-ten hits on the R&B charts between 1952 and 1958. Among these were two #1 hits: Juke, and "My Babe" (1955), featuring Walter's vocal performance as well as his harmonica. Many of these numbers were originals which either Jacob or Chess' A&R man Willie Dixon wrote.

Three other harmonica instrumentals by Little Walter reached the Billboard R&B top 10. "Off the Wall" reached #8, "Roller Coaster" achieved #6, and "Sad Hours" reached the #2 position while Juke was still on the charts.

Death and Legacy

Jacobs suffered from alcoholism, and had a notoriously short temper. Both of this flaws led to a decline in his fame and fortunes in the 1960s, although he did tour Europe twice, in 1964 and 1967. He died of injuries sustained in a fight a few months after returning from his second European tour at the age of 37. Had he lived, there is little doubt that his acclaim would have been enormous as a result of the blues revival that he just gotten started at the time of his death.

Jacobs' legacy has been enormous. His harmonica solos on the classic Muddy Waters records established the standard vocabulary for blues and blues-rock harmonica players for more than 50 years. Black Chicago blues harmonica players in his tradition include Junior Wells and James Cotton, both of whom began their careers filling Little Walter's shoes as harmonica players with the Muddy Waters band. White blues players who learned from little Walter either directly or from his records include Paul Butterfield, Charlie Musselwhite, and John Popper of Blues Traveler. Indeed, not blues harp of note would deny a great debt to Little Walter Jacobs. Several of his solo songs have gone on to become blues classics, including: "My Babe," "Blues with a Feeling," "Mellow Down Easy," and "Can't Hold on Much Longer." The Righteous Brothers version of "My Babe," loosely based on Little Walter's original was one of the duos first smash hits in the 1960s.

Little Walter's 1952 instrumental Juke was selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.

Currently available albums

Source: Rolling Stone

• Stray Dog Blues — 2006
• Juke — 2005
• 1947-1953 — 2004
• Blues Twin Pack — 2002
• Live In The Windy City — 2000
• His Best — 1997
• Blues With A Feeling: Chess Collectibles Vol. 3 — 1995
• Quarter To Twelve — 1995
• Blues Masters — 1994
• The Blues World Of Little Walter — 1994
• The Essential Little Walter — 1993
• Best Of Little Walter Vol. 2 — 1989
• Best Of Little Walter — 1988
• Confessin' The Blues — 1974
• Hate To See You Go — 1968

External links

• Little Walter website. www.LittleWalter.net. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
• Little Walter Bio. www.allmusic.com. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
• Blues Harp Legend. www.bluesharp.ca. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
• Samples with Muddy Waters. www.amazon.com. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
• Samples for Little Walter: His Best. www.amazon.com. Retrieved June 25, 2007.