Jujutsu

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Jūjutsu training at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920

Jujutsu (Japanese: 柔術, jūjutsu; also jujitsu, ju jutsu, ju jitsu, or jiu jitsu) is a Japanese martial art that utilizes a large variety of techniques in defense against an opponent. Jujutsu exponents utilize the following different skill sets (sometimes in combination, sometimes not) to tackle an aggressor: blocking, joint lock techniques, strikes, throws and sweeps, as well as ground fighting/grappling skills.

Etymology

Jujutsu is from the Japanese jūjutsu meaning "gentle/versatile Art/practice". There are a wide range of spellings used in English for this Japanese martial art. In the native Japanese, jūjutsu is written in kanji (Japanese ideograms) as 柔術, but the romanization of the Japanese word into the English language has been performed several times using different systems.

Jujutsu, the current standard spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the 20th century, however, jiu-jitsu and then jujitsu were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji as jitsu is unfaithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation. Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places. Jiu-Jitsu is still the standard spelling in Brazil, Canada and the US.

The literal translation of the word jūjutsu means "gentle art". In Japan, Jujutsu can also be used as a broad umbrella term encompasing all japanese martial arts such as Jujutsu, judo, aikido et cetera (in the same way as the term Gung Fu is used in China to encompass many different schools of martial art). Also it can have a more specific meaning related to schools that follow the tenets of old school jujutsu, as opposed to other divergent specializations such as those denoted by the 'Aiki', Karate, or kenpo prefixes. The prefix 'ju' in jujutsu means softness, suppleness or flexibility. Jujutsu exponents use their techniques to react to an opponents attack rather than using brute strength in order to overcome the enemy. In that way, a smaller person may stand a chance of overcoming a larger person by means of stratagem and effective technique. A bamboo tree has a flexible trunk which bends in high winds to avoid being up rooted. This analogy is a succinct way of describing how a jujutsu exponent conceptualizes the art of fighting.

The Chinese character 柔 (Mandarin: róu; Japanese: jū; Korean: yū) is the same as the first one in 柔道 (Mandarin: róudào; Japanese: judo; Korean: Yudo). The Chinese character 術 (Mandarin: shù; Japanese: jutsu; Korean: sul) is the same as the second one in 武術 (Mandarin: wǔshù; Japanese: bujutsu; Korean: musul)

History of jujutsu

Origins

Fighting forms have existed in Japan for at least a millennium, (further back records are not reliable). The first references to such unarmed combat arts or systems can be found in the earliest purported historical records of Japan, the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), which relate the mythological creation of the country and the establishment of the Imperial family. Other glimpses can be found in the older records and pictures depicting sumai (or sumo) no sechie, a rite of the Imperial Court in Nara and Kyoto performed for purposes of divination and to help ensure a bountiful harvest.

Reportedly, a warrior Nomi no Sekuni of Izumo defeated and killed Tajima no Kehaya in Shimane prefecture while in the presence of Emperor Suinin. Descriptions of the techniques used during this encounter included striking, throwing, restraining and weaponry. These systems of unarmed combat began to be known as Nihon koryu jūjutsu (Japanese old-style jutsu), among other related terms, during the Muromachi period (1333-1573), according to densho (transmission scrolls) of the various ryuha (martial traditions) and historical records.

Most of these were battlefield-based systems to be practiced as companion arts to the more common and vital weapon systems. These fighting arts actually used many different names. Kogusoku, yawara, kumiuchi, and hakuda are just a few, but all of these systems fall under the general description of Sengoku jūjutsu. These grappling systems were only one component of the Samurai's training, whereby an unarmed or lightly armed warrior could hope to defend himself against a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. Ideally, the samurai would be armed and would not need to rely on such techniques.

Japan's feudal period

During Japan's feudal period, sparring in dojos sometimes led to serious injury or fatalities. This form of training was discouraged during the Meiji revolution. The Japanese government sanctioned Jigaro Kano to reform jutsu schools to ensure that training bouts did not lead to fatalities. The resulting system was coined Jiu-Do (literal translation 'The flexible way'). Many samurai viewed Jiu-Do as a dilution of a pure combat art. Kano himself, on the other hand, saw his work as unifying a "bag of tricks" around core principles; principles which could also inform the daily life of the modern Japanese people. Those Samurai who would not accept Kano's Jiu-Do emigrated to Europe^{[citation needed]} and started teaching jujutsu to Westerners. Thus jujutsu became established in the West as Jiu-Do was taking hold in Japan.

Development

In later times, other koryu developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today. These are correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu (founded during the edo period): systems generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment. For this reason, most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique). These tactics would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable to anyone confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire. Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tanto (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum of Edo jūjutsu.

Another seldom seen historical aside is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems. Referred to as hojo waza (捕縄術 hojojutsu, nawa jutsu, hayanawa and others), it involves the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the sageo or tasuke) to restrain or strangle an attacker. These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs. The very old Takenouchi Ryu and Katabami Ryu is one of the better-recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza. Remnants exist in modern systems as well: for instance, in aikido, from-behind grabs are often preceded by 'hojo dosa', a sequence of movements wherein the "attacker" closes to grabbing range.

Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions). These are called either Gendai jūjutsu or modern jujutsu.

Modern jūjutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period (1603-1868). During this period more than 2000 schools (ryu) of jūjutsu existed. Various traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu actually diverged from gendai jūjutsu. Although modern in formation, gendai jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are correctly referred to as traditional martial systems or ryu. Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards Edo jūjutsu systems as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems. The improbability of confronting an armor-clad attacker is the reason for this bias.

Description

Japanese jujutsu systems often place more emphasis on throwing, immobilizing and pinning, joint-locking, and strangling techniques (as compared with the other divergent systems that were influenced by the chinese empty-handed fighting arts. Atemiwaza (striking techniques) less studied in most older Japanese systems, as Samurai body armour protected against many striking techniques. The Chinese quanfa/ch'uan-fa (kenpo or kempo) emphasize punching, striking, and kicking more than jūjutsu.

It is generally felt that the Japanese systems of hakuda, kenpo, and shubaku display some degree of Chinese influence in their particular emphasis on atemiwaza. In comparison, systems that derive more directly from a Japanese source do not show any special preference for such techniques, but will use them as and when they fit into their systems. It is important to realise that schools developed their systems over time to incorporate other facets which may have been lacking in their system. This process is ongoing in all martial art systems.

Jujutsu is a learned skill or practice. It may take a student more than 20 years to mature as an exponent of the art. Jujutsu practitioners use every conceivable technique to win in combat. In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal moves. However, because students mostly train in a non competitive environment, risk is minimised. Students are taught all necessary break falling skills to allow them to routinely practice otherwise fatal throws.

Technical characteristics common to all schools

Although there is some diversity in the actual look and techniques of the various traditional jujutsu systems, there are significant technical similarities:

• Students learn traditional jujutsu primarily by observation and imitation of the ryu's waza.
• Many unarmed waza of certain schools emphasize joint-locking techniques. That is, threatening a joint's integrity by placing pressure on it in a direction contrary to its normal function, aligning it so that muscular strength cannot be brought to bear, or take-down or throwing techniques, or a combination of take-downs and joint-locks.
• Sometimes atemi (strikes) are targeted to some vulnerable area of the body to help create kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) or otherwise set-up the opponent for a lock, take-down or throw.
• Either force meets force directly, or force of an attack is used to facilitate a defensive counter attack. Some emphasize one approach over the other, frequently using the terms 'hard' or 'soft' to brand their style.
• Movements tend to capitalize on an attacker's momentum and openings in order to place a joint in a compromised position or to break balance as preparation for a take-down or throw.
• The defender's own body is positioned so as to take optimal advantage of the attacker's weaknesses while simultaneously presenting few openings or weaknesses of its own.
• Weapons training was a primary goal of Samurai training. Ko-ryu (old/classic school) is the study of classic combat, including the use of weapons. Systems of ko-ryu often use an example technique performed by a tori/uke pair to illustrate the body dynamics one wishes to confer, as well as training strength, speed and accuracy. Weapons might include, for example, the roku shaku bo (six-foot staff), hanbo (short staff), katana (long sword), wakizashi or kodachi (short sword), tanto (knife), and jitte (short one hook truncheon, also known as "power of ten hands" weapon: ju=ten, te=hand).

Derivatives and schools of jujutsu

Because jujutsu contains so many facets, it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today. As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to him originally, he could codify and create his own ryu or school. Some of these schools modified the source material so much that they no longer considered themselves a style of jujutsu.

Circa 1600 C.E. there were over 2000 ryu (schools) of jujutsu in Japan and there were common features that are characterised of most of them. The technical characteristics varied from school to school. Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu.

Some schools went on to diverge into present day Karate, and Aiki styles. The last Japanese divergence occurred in 1905 where a number of jujutsu schools joined the Kodokan. The syllabi of those schools was unified under Jigaro Kano to form Jiu-Do (or Judo).

Modern judo is the classic example of a 'Sport' which was derived from jujutsu but is today distinct. Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu-derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition. This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports which can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu has dominated the TV grappling competitions, as the rules of such competitions favour that style of grappling.

The way an opponent is dealt with is also dependent on the philosophy of the teacher with regard to combat. This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu. Because in jujutsu every conceivable technique, including biting, hairpulling, eyegouging etc. is allowed (unlike for instance judo, which does not place emphasis on punching or kicking tactics, or karate, which does not heavily emphasize grappling and throwing) practitioners have an unlimited choice of techniques (assuming they are proficient).

Some old schools of Japanese jujutsu are:

• Hontai Yoshin Ryu
• Araki Ryu Kogusoku
• Daito Ryu Aiki Jujutsu
• Takenouchi Ryu
• Sekiguchi Shinshin Ryu
• Shin No Shindo Ryu
• Takeuchi Ryu
• Tatsumi Ryu
• Tenjin Shinyo-ryu
• Yagyu Shingan Ryu
• Yoshin Ryu
• Sosuishitsu-ryu

A longer list can be found here: http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/6065/

Judo and jujutsu

Training 'accidents' often happened in feudal Japan. It was not uncommon for samurai to die in the dojo. Judo came about because the Japanese government required the dissolution of the Samurai class. It was no longer considered suitable for martial arts training in modern Japan to result in fatalities, so Jigoro Kano was commissioned to devise an alternative training system. He devised a system without many of the dangerous techniques known to result in serious training injuries. Judo was the result of many systems of Jujutsu combined. Those systems whose instructors were not in favour of Kano's amalgamation remained aloof from it. However, many school joined Kano, bringing their techniques with them into Judo's fold. Others chose to develope their systems for the modern world such as Karate and Aikido.

Jujutsu was not meant for use in sporting contest, but for practical use in the Samurai world (which ended circa 1890). Techniques like hairpulling and eye poking were and are not considered conventionally acceptable to use in sport, thus they are not included in Judo competitions or randori. Judo did, however, preserve the more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata. The kata were intended to be practiced by students of all grades, but now are mostly practiced formally as complete set-routines for performance, kata competition, and grading, rather than as individual self-defence techniques in class. However, Judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form, and all manner of elbow locks. Even Judo's pinning techniques have pain-generating, spine-and-rib-squeezing and smothering aspects. A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a fully legitimate way to win. It should also be noted that Kano viewed the safe sport-fighting aspect of Judo an important part of learning how to actually control an opponent's body in a real fight. Kano always considered Judo to be a form of, and a development of, jujutsu.

A Judo technique starts with gripping of your opponent followed by off-balancing an opponent, fitting into the space created, and then applying the technique. In contrast, kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) is attained in Jujutsu by blocking, parrying or deflecting an opponent's attack in order to create the space required to apply a throwing technique. In both systems, kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible during a fight. Jujutsu differs from Judo in a number of ways. In some circumstances, Jujutsuka generate kuzushi by striking one's opponent along his weak line. Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, or poking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of the body where nerves venture close to the surface of the skin).

'Hard' and 'soft' systems

Some teachers will favour so called 'Hard systems' that emphasize a more abrasive approach to blocking and countering, while others will prefer taking a 'soft approach' in which the attack of the tori (attacker) will be blocked by parries and deflections from which a counter defense is employed. Some systems employ both strategies depending on the situation to which a technique is adapted to at any given time.

'Brazilian Jiu Jitsu', another divergence of Jujutsu, developed a system that has become popular with exponents of modern martial sporting contests. It differs from Jujutsu in that the exponent will try to block an attack in order to quickly attain a clinch. From the clinch, a takedown is employed in order to turn the contest into a wrestling match. Ground work is useful in sporting competitions in which, due to rules, most fights end up on the ground. It is wrongly thought that in a fight without rules, the fighters are less likely to end up on the ground or in a clinch; the first UFCs, which had no rules, may have disproved this idea. It should be pointed out that those competing in the original UFC competitions were hardly the most skilled fighters around (and had also never had Samurai experiences). One can hypothesize that clinches may result from two evenly matched opponents who fail to control each other at arms length or further. However, when one is sufficiently skilled compared to his opponent, one might outwit an opponent by controlling his balance or by knocking him down directly. Many other systems of fighting have now been generated to fit these sporting contests, and as a result they have been termed mixed martial arts. These systems are popular because they generate TV revenue, hence free publicity. One could venture the opinion that many of them are not credible fighting systems outside the rules and conditions that they operate under.

Modern versions of jujutsu

A Japanese based martial system formulated in modern times (post Tokugawa) that is only partially influenced by traditional Nihon jūjutsu, is correctly referred to as goshin (self defense) jujutsu. Goshin jujutsu is usually formulated outside Japan and may include influences from other martial traditions. The Brazilian Gracie jiu jitsu system, and all Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in general, although derived originally from Judo have evolved independently for many years, and could be considered examples of Goshin Jūjutsu.

After the transplantation of traditional Japanese jujutsu to the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding the arts of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties. There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees.

There are also a number of relatively new martial systems identifying themselves as jujutsu.

Post reformation (founded post 1905) jujutsu associations and schools:

• Aiuchi Jiu Jitsu [1]
• AJJIF - All Japan Ju-Jitsu International Federation [2]
• American Judo & Jujitsu Federation
• American Ju-Jitsu Association
• Atemi Kempo Jujitsu (BKS)

• Budoshin Ju-Jitsu
• Budo-Jujutsu By American grandmaster , Al Thomas ("The world of Martial Arts")

• Bushido-Ryu Jujutsu

• Can-Ryu Jiu-Jitsu

• Danzan Ryu

• Fudoshin Ryu

• Goshin Jujitsu
• Goshin Ryu Kempo Jujitsu (BKS)
• Goshin Ryu Jujitsu Kai

• Hakko Ryu
• Hakko Denshin Ryu

• JJIF (International Ju-Jitsu Fedaration) [3]

• Katabami Ryu Ju-Jitsu [4]

• Kamishin Ryu - NKR [5]

• Kumite Ryu Jujitsu—"The School of Survival"

• Myo Shin Ryu Jujitsu Do

• Nash Ryu Jiu Jutsu

• Sanuces Ryu
• Scottish Ju Jitsu Association [6]
• Seishin Mizu Ryu Tatakai Jutsu [7]
• Shingitai Jujitsu
• Shin Tai Wa Ryu Ju Jitsu

• The Jitsu Foundation [8]

• UKJJAI - The United Kingdom Jujitsu Association International [9]

• Shoto-Jitsu
• Small Circle Jujitsu
• WJJF (World JuJitsu Federation) [10]
• Yoshitsune Jujitsu

• USA Combat Ju-Jitsu National Training Center [11]

The following martial arts have derived from or are influenced by jujutsu or have founding instructors who studied a derivative of jujutsu: Aikijutsu, Aikido, Karate, Kenpo,Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hapkido, Judo, Sambo, Kajukenbo,Kapap, Bartitsu, German Ju-Jutsu.

Heritage and philosophy

All Japanese jujutsu have cultural indicators which help give a sense of the traditional character of a school. The more traditionally Japanese and the less Westernized the school, the more you will see:

• An atmosphere of courtesy and respect, a context intended to help cultivate the appropriate kokoro, or "heart".
• The type of keikogi or training suit worn, which is usually plain white, often with a dark hakama (the most colorful uniform might be plain black or the traditional blue of quilted keikogi; you are not likely to see stars and stripes or camouflage uniforms).
• Lack of ostentatious display, with an attempt to achieve or express the sense of rustic simplicity (expressed in such concepts as wabi-sabi in Japanese) common in many of Japan's traditional arts.
• The use of the traditional (e.g., Shoden, Chuden, Okuden, and menkyo kaiden levels) ranking system, perhaps as a parallel track to the more contemporary and increasingly common dan-i (kyu/dan) ranking.
• The lack of tournament trophies, long-term contracts, tags and emblems, rows of badges or any other superficial distractions.

Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined into the martial arts. Zen, Buddhism, Shintoism, Daoism and Confusionist philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix and match to suit. Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding to an opponent's force rather than trying to oppose force with force. To manipulate an opponent's attack using his force and direction, allows Ju Jitsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counter attack.

The Japanese have characterised states of mind that a warrior should be able to adopt in combat to facilitate victory. These include: an all-encompassing awareness, zanshin (literally "remaining spirit"), in which the practitioner is ready for anything, at any time; the spontaneity of mushin (literally "no mind") which allows immediate action without conscious thought; and a state of equanimity or imperturbability known as fudoshin (literally "immovable mind").

Japanese philosophy and the effect on jujutsu

The philosophy underlying Japanese culture pervades deeply into the martial arts in the context of personal values and combat strategies. The elements of Hara, Haragei and Zazen impact more upon personal perspective of a Ju Jutsuka than they do on technique. That said, controlling breathing during combat carries advantage.

Zazen

Good posture is valued highly, especially in Aiki and Karate systems, and in modern times often to the detriment of developing Bunkai. Posture is often over emphasized to the expense of learning the small details which make techniques work. This is an example of western thought lacking Haragei. Ki is an important facet of jujutsu technique. Being able to control one's centre of gravity coupled with the desire to refine technique to remove unnecessary movements are skills that separate good performers from poor performers. Often, the young prefer to emphasize physical training. Chikara is the cultivation of physical prowess, and is also an important facet in martial arts training, especially if you lack development of technique. When physique declines with age, those who have cultivated the development of Ki tend to be able to continue training and even improve technique and skill. Those who fail to develop Ki, and prefer to use more strength in the application of technique tend to lose performance ability with age.

Together, these states of mind prepare the Ju Jutsu Ka's psyche for combat, allowing him the utmost potential for reaction. Such effectiveness and the technical competence and mental mastery on which it stands, however, is possible only after a considerable period of serious and devoted training. In ancient Japan, jujutsu training dominated Samurai life and students would mature quickly.

These various characteristics or components, taken together, largely describe the principal elements of traditional Japanese jujutsu. If most or all of these characteristics are not noticeable in a so-called jujutsu system, then the legitimacy of the system as bona fide Nihon jujutsu would be highly suspect. This is not to say that the system or school in question does not offer a good training program or effective techniques. It simply suggests that such a system may be more accurately labelled with some other term.

If successful, personal experiences and insights (often gained on the battlefield) help individuals to establish particular "styles," "schools," or "traditions" — in Japanese, the bujutsu ryu-ha.

Ki

Ki is an essential aspect of the Japanese soft arts such as judo and aikido. In the traditional aspect of the Japanese arts, ki is one's inner spirit or energy. More modern practitioners, however, have turned the mysticism of ki into more modern, and scientifically valid, physics. Ki is used in every movement of the human body. When applied to martial arts, ki is considered to be the use of an attacker's momentum against him / her. It is this manipulation of body kinetics that can allow a small person to control what would seem an impossible adversary.

Seki tanden

The seki tanden is the geometric center of the human body. It is located in the hypogastrium which is 1-2 inches below the navel. The seki tanden is where the ki is believed to be located. It is from this point where all bodily energy flows and is projected from. Many techniques have the ability to render this area momentarily useless, creating a disturbance in kuzushi (balance). It is this manipulation that allows many grappling techniques to be performed.

Applications

Military unarmed combat

Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British/US/Russian special forces and SO1 police units) for many years.

Law enforcement

Over time, Gendai jūjutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police. Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department.

Sport

There are no rules in jujutsu, and hence it is not considered a sport. A "sport" must have rules to protect the safety of competitors. jujutsu was utilised by the Japanese Samurai class whose only goal in combat was to survive or die honourably. Jujutsu (Jitsu) refers to the combat systems practiced in their original forms before Jigaro Kano.

See also

• Ninjutsu

External links

• Origin, history and pictures of Jujutsu
• Australian Jiu-jitsu, Judo and Chinese Boxing Federation of Instructors
• Jiu-Jitsu groups in Canada
• Scottish Ju Jitsu Association
• Jujitsu Directory
• Australian Ju-jitsu Federation Incorporated Government-recognised body accrediting Jujutsu instructors under the National Coaching Accreditation Scheme.

Techniques

• http://www.hillcrestjujitsu.com/jujitsu_techniques.html - Video clips of Goshin Jujitsu techniques and self-defense techniques (Hillcrest Academy of Goshin Jujitsu, Cleveland, Ohio)

• http://www.takeda.ro/takeda_video.htm - Video clips of Takeda Ryu Aiki Jujutsu techniques and self-defense techniques (Sobukai Takeda Ryu - Romania)

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