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| − | '''Jahannam''' ({{lang-ar|جهنم}}) is the [[Islam]]ic equivalent to [[hell]]. Its roots come from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''[[Gehenna|Gehinnom]]'', which is a valley south of [[Jerusalem]] that was used as a garbage dump by the Israelites. In the pre-Israelite times the Canaanites worshipped the god [[Moloch]] and performed child sacrifices in the valley, burning them in an offering to the deity. Consequently the valley long had an association with burning fires and distasteful things. According to the [[Qur'an]] only God knows who will go to Jahannam and who will go to [[Jannah]], as in Judaism and Calvinism. Those who ignored, or only pretended to believe in [[Allah]] remain in Jahannam after [[Qiyamah]] ([[Last Judgment|Judgment Day]]). | + | '''Jahannam''' ({{lang-ar|جهنم}}) is the [[Islam]]ic equivalent to [[hell]]. Its roots come from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''[[Gehenna|Gehinnom]]'', which was an ancient garbage dump outside of the city of Jerusalem where refuse was burned. According to the [[Qur'an]], only [[Allah]] (God) knows who will go to Jahannam (Hell) and who will go to [[Jannah]] (Heaven). |
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| | + | ==Description== |
| | + | The [[Qur'an]] provides detailed descriptions of Jahannam that have been interpreted both literally and metaphorically by Muslims. Jahannam is variably described as a firey place, a fearsome abyss, a narrow bridge that must be crossed to get into paradise, and also a foul-looking monster, which can be summoned by [[Allah]] (Qur'an 82.4). It is also said that "Zaqqum" (a thorned tree) grows in Jahannam, which has a bitter fruit, which the damned are compelled to eat to intensify their torment. Its fruits are shaped like [[devil]]s' heads. (Qur'an 44.46). |
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| − | The seven levels of Jahannam are Jaheem, Jahanam, Sa'ir, Saqar, Ladha, Hawiyah, and Hutama. The most severe level is Hutama for munafiqin, religious hypocrites. | + | It is said that Jahannam has seven levels that a sinner can go to depending on their deeds.<ref>The seven levels of Jahannam are Jaheem, Jahanam, Sa'ir, Saqar, Ladha, Hawiyah, and Hutam.</ref> In [[Islam]], one's degree of punishment in hell depends on one's sins, and thus there are different levels of hell designated for different types of sinners. The most severe level is known as "Hutama," which is said to be reserved for religious hypocrites. |
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| − | [[Zaqqum]] is a thorned tree that grows in Jahannam. It has bitter thorned fruit which the [[Damnation|damned]] are compelled to eat so as to intensify their torment. Its fruits are shaped like [[devil]]s' heads. Quote from the [[Qur'an]]: | + | ==Day of Judgment (يوم القيامة)== |
| | + | According to Islam, each person will be made to account for their deeds at the "Day of the Resurrection" (Qiyamah) (Qur'an 71.18). During this day, a man or a woman's own book of life will be opened, and they will be apprised of every action they did and every word they spoke ([[Qur'an]] 54.52-53), albeit actions taken during childhood are not judged. It is said that the account is so detailed that the person will be amazed at how comprehensive it is. It is also said that if one denies any deed he or she committed, or refuses to acknowledge it, then his or her body parts will testify against him or her. Every human, [[Muslim]] and non-Muslim alike, in Islamic thought will be held accountable for his or her deeds and will be judged by [[Allah]] accordingly (Qur'an 74.38). |
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| − | :[44.43] Surely the tree of the Zaqqum,
| + | The trials and tribulations associated with the Day of Judgment are detailed in both the Qur'an and the [[Hadith]], as well as in the commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities. They are in agreement that on this day God will be angrier than ever before and even angels will tremble in front of God. Moreover, humans are so fearful on this "day" that the [[prophet]]s themselves repeatedly address God with the phrase ''sallim, sallim'', or ''spare, spare''—that is, "spare your followers, O God." Followers of [[Muhammad]] during his lifetime who strayed from Islam after his passing, [[Apostates of Islam]], are engulfed in fire.<ref>Qur'an 5. 117-118, ''Sahih Bukhari'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets," number 568.</ref> Those who distorted or ignored the Qur'an or converted to another religion are also engulfed in hellfire.<ref>Qur'an 2.174-6, 72.4, 72.15, 73.12, 74.26-27, 74.42-46, 79.36-39</ref> However, those who truly believe in God, and are pious, referred to as ''Al-Ghurr-ul-Muhajjalun''<ref>''Sahih Bukhari'', book 4 "Ablution," number 133; 138 in another edition.</ref> due to the trace of ritual ablution performed during their lives, repent their sin and return to "jannah (the [[Garden of Eden|Garden]]) beneath which rivers flow".<ref>Qur'an 58.21, 61.2, 64.9, 65.11, 66.8-11, 68.17-32, 69.21-24, 70.32-38, 71.12, 74.40, 76.12-14, 78.32, 79.40-41, 80.28-31, 85.11, 88.8-11</ref> The world is destroyed and the dead rise from their graves and gather, waiting to be judged for their actions.<ref>[[Qur'an]] 11.102-7</ref> |
| − | :[44.44] Is the food of the [[sin]]ful
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| − | :[44.45] Like dregs of oil; it shall boil in (their) bellies,
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| − | :[44.46] Like the boiling of hot water.
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| − | Surah [[Al-Baqara]] of the [[Qur'an]] states that along with Muslims, Allah will also save other [[People of the Book]] from Hell:
| + | The [[Qur'an]] states that along with Muslims, Allah will also save other [[People of the Book]] from hell and people who did not receive the true message of Islam will also be saved: |
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| − | "Those who believe, Jews, Nazarenes (Christians), and Sabians - whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good deeds - shall be rewarded by their Lord; they have nothing to fear nor are they saddened." :[2.62] | + | "Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day and does good deeds shall be rewarded by their Lord; they have nothing to fear nor are they saddened." (Qur'an 2.62) |
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| − | It should be noted that Muslim scholars have commented that those saved from Hell other than Muslims are those people from pre-Islamic times who followed the teachings of their respective prophet. People who did not receive the true message of Islam will also be saved.
| + | After death, it is said the [[Archangel]] [[Azrael]] (with the help of other less significant angels) will separate the soul from the body, either harshly or painlessly depending on how righteous the person was during their lifetime (Qur'an 79.1-2). Following the separation of the soul and the body, Nakir and Munkar's (two Islamic Angels) will interrogate the soul in its grave asking: |
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| − | One can go to hell in Islam, and then go from there to Heaven after serving your time in Hell. There is a certain ratio for time in earth, to time in hell.
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| − | The Qur'an also states:
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| − | :''[3.117] The likeness of what they spend in the life of this world is as the likeness of wind in which is intense cold (that) smites the seed produce of a people who has done injustice to their souls and destroys it; and Allah is not unjust to them, but they are unjust to themselves.
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| − | It has been said by non-Muslims, that the Qur'an, is very descriptive of Hell. Hence Muslims put stress on having piety and God-fearingness. For example, the second chapter of the Qur'an, and the second verse, reads:
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| − | [2:2] ''"This is the book, there is no doubt in it. It is a guide for the God-fearing and pious."''
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| − | ==Qiyamah==
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| − | '''Yawm al-Qīyāmah''' ({{ArB|يوم القيامة}} literally: "Day of the Resurrection") is the [[Last Judgement]] in [[Islam]]. Belief in Qiyâmah is part of [[Aqidah]] and is a fundamental tenet of faith in [[Islam]]. The trials and [[tribulation]]s associated with it are detailed in both the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Hadith]], as well as in the commentaries of the [[Ulema|Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities]] such as [[al-Ghazali]], [[Ibn Kathir]], [[Ibn Majah]], [[Bukhari|Muhammad al-Bukhari]], and Ibn Khuzaimah who explain them in detail. Every human, [[Muslim]] and non-Muslim alike, is held accountable for his or her deeds and are judged by [[Allah]] accordingly (Qur'an 74.38). [[Al-Qiyama|Al-Qiyâmah]] is the 75th [[sura]] of the Qur'an.
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| − | ==Other names==
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| − | Qiyâmah is called "''Day of the Resurrection''" at [[Qur'an]] 71.18. It is also known as "''the Hour''" (Qur'an 31.34, 74.47), "''Day of the Account''" (Qur'an 72.130), "''Day of the Gathering''", "''Day of the Reckoning''", "''Day of Distress''" (Qur'an 74.9) and the "''Great Announcement''".
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| − | ==Overview==
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| − | At a time unknown to man, but preordained <ref>Qur'an 17.49-51, 34.28-30, 72.25-26, 79.42-44, ''[[Sahih Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', book 2 ("book of faith"), number 47</ref>, when people least expect it, Allah will give permission for the Qiyâmah to begin. The [[Archangel (beings)|archangel]] [[Israfil (archangel)|Israfil]], referred to as the ''Caller'', will sound a horn sending out a "Blast of Truth" (Qur'an 50.37-42, 69.13-18, 74.8, 78.18). This event is also found in [[Jewish eschatology]], in the [[Judaism|Jewish]] belief of "The Day of the Blowing of the [[Shofar]]", ''[[Rosh Hashanah|Yom Terua]]'' and in [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel 33:6]]:
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| − | "But if the watchman sees the sword coming and does not blow the trumpet, and the people are not warned, and the sword comes and takes any person from among them, he is taken away in his iniquity; but his blood I will require at the watchman's hand."
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| − | All men and women fall unconscious. [[Muhammad]] is the first to awake and he sees [[Moses]], who may or may not have awoken prior, holding up the Throne of God at the mountain of Tur.<ref>''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", numbers 610, 620, 626.</ref> Those who distorted or ignored the Qur'an or converted to another religion are engulfed in [[hellfire]].<ref>([[Qur'an]] 2.174-6, 72.4, 72.15, 73.12, 74.26-27, 74.42-46, 79.36-39</ref> On the other hand, those who truly believe in God, and are pious, referred to as ''Al-Ghurr-ul-Muhajjalun''<ref>''Sahih Bukhari'', book 4 "[[Ablution#Ablution in Islam|Ablution]]", number 133; 138 in another editio</ref> due to the trace of ritual ablution performed during their lives, repent their sin and return to "[[jannah]] (the [[Garden of Eden|Garden]]) beneath which rivers flow".<ref>[[Qur'an]] 58.21, 61.2, 64.9, 65.11, 66.8-11, 68.17-32, 69.21-24, 70.32-38, 71.12, 74.40, 76.12-14, 78.32, 79.40-41, 80.28-31, 85.11, 88.8-11</ref> The world is destroyed, folded. The [[dead]] rise from their graves and [[gather]], waiting to be judged for their actions.<ref>[[Qur'an]] 11.102-7</ref>
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| − | "And the moon is buried in darkness. And the sun and [[moon]] are joined together." (75.8-9)
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| − | This [[ayat]] is interpreted in many ways. Classical commentators [[Al-Jalalayn]], [[Al-Tabari]] and [[Al-Qortobi]] interpret this verse as meaning that the sun and moon are joined in darkness, rather than physically merged together.
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| − | ==The Gathering==
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| − | 'Alameen (humankind, the [[Jinn]], and all other living beings) are gathered upon a vast, white, featureless ground, under intense heat of the Sun overhead. They are [[Nudity|naked]], [[Foreskin restoration|uncircumcised]] and crowded together to the point where some are submerged in their own sweat, as in the beginning of creation.<ref>Qur'an 21.104; ''Sahih Bukhari'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", number 656; Qur'an 5.117-118</ref> The degree to which one is submerged in sweat depends on the extent of one's piety and goodness. The faces of those who practiced good [[Adab (behavior)|adab]] by following the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] in their daily lives are ''[[nadirah]]'' (shining and radiant). On the other hand, the faces of disbelievers are ''[[basirah]]'' (dark, sad and frowning).<ref>Qur'an 75.22-24</ref> Despite being unclothed the anxiety and fear of the situation is so great that no one thinks to look at another's nudity. The creatures thus wait to be brought before God for their judgement. Humans are so fearful on this "day" that the [[prophet]]s themselves repeatedly address God with the phrase ''[[sallim, sallim]]'', or ''spare, spare'' — that is, "spare your followers, O God." Followers of [[Muhammad]] during his lifetime who strayed from Islam after his passing, [[Apostates of Islam]], are engulfed in fire.<ref>Qur'an 5.117-118, ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", number 568</ref> Angels are fearful as some hadiths state that on this day God is angrier than ever before or after.
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| − | The [[Qu'ran]] mentions the duration of the Qiyamah as 50,000 years.<ref>[[Qur'an]] 70.4</ref> [[Maulana Muhammad Ali]] interprets this ayat as, "...A day of the spiritual advancement of man is spoken of as being equal to fifty thousand years to show immense vastness of that advancement. Or, the day of fifty thousand years may be the day of final triumph of Truth in the world, from the time when revelation was first granted to man."
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| − | Some believe that signs of Qiyamah have already occurred.<ref>Qur'an 42.17, 47.18, 70.6-7</ref> People beseech the prophets to intercede on their behalf, first [[Abraham]], then [[Moses]], then [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], and finally [[Noah]], all of whom decline to do so and instead point to the prophet [[Muhammad]], who intercedes on behalf of the world.<ref>[[Qur'an]] 74.48; ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", number 555, 569</ref> Abraham meets his father [[Azar]] whose face is enlightened. When Abraham demands that his father not be disgraced he is informed that on this day no one is above reproach.<ref>''[[Sahîh al-Bukhârî]]'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", number 581</ref> Abraham finds a blood-stained [[Dhabh]] beneath his feet and throws him into Hell.
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| − | Other notable relatives who are among those cast into [[jahannam]] include the wives of [[Nuh]] ([[Noah]]) and [[Lut]]([[Lot]]) ([[Qur'an]] 66.10). When [[Lut]] and his family left [[Sodom and Gomorrah]], his wife disobeyed the commands of the two [[angels]] not to look back at the burning city, thus she is not among ''[[Al-Ghurr-ul-Muhajjalun]]''.
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| − | [[Adam]] is ordered by [[Allah]] to bring all of those who rejected [[Islam]] to [[Jahannam]]. He asks how many he should bring and [[Allah]] answers, "From every one thousand, take out nine-hundred-and ninety-nine." At that time children will become hoary headed ([[Qur'an]] 73.12), previously healed wounds will reappear (''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 4 "Ablution", number 238), every pregnant female will have a miscarriage. One sees mankind as drunken, yet the people are sober, but dreadful is the ''Wrath of God'' (Qur'an 69.47, ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets", number 567.)
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| − | ==Rejection of false Gods==
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| − | [[Cult image|Idols]] will assert that only [[Allah]] is [[Lord]], and that they were wrongfully worshipped. The [[Qur'an]] and Hadith state that the prophet [[Jesus]] returns and denies he claimed he is God ([[Qur'an]] 43.61). In regard to idolatry, [[Muhammad]] said, "If any religious man dies amongst those people they would build a place of worship at his grave and make these pictures in it. They will be the worst creature in the sight of [[Allah]] on Qiyama ([[the Day of Resurrection]])," (''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 8 "Prayers", number 409 (419 in the USC MSA database.)
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| − | ==Personification in Qiyâmah==
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| − | The [[personification]] of objects that are not normally considered [[anthropomorphic]] is a recurrent [[Motif (literature)|motif]] in [[Kalam]] (Islamic theology) regarding the ''[[Akhirah|wa'dul akhirati]]'' ([[afterlife]]). For instance, artists who depict living creatures are tormented by their creations. [[Allah]] infuses each with a [[soul]] due to the [[Islamic]] prohibition against artists depicting beings that have "souls", interpreted as meaning all mammals including humans.
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| − | In the grave one faces either a reassuring man (his or her good deeds), or a foul-looking creature (his or her sins) ([[Qur'an]] 82.4). Again, this recurs in the subject of the [[Qiyâmah]]. For instance, the [[Qu'ran]] appears as an anthropomorphic being that greets those who loved it in their lives and offers them some solace. In the same vein, accounts in primary Islamic literature mention that at some point, perhaps after creatures are confined to either ''[[jannah]]'' ([[paradise]]) or ''[[jahannam]]'' ([[hell]]), [[Death]] will be brought forth in the form of a black and white [[sheep|ram]]. It will be slaughtered infront of everyone and a caller will explain, "O people of Paradise! Eternity for you and no death. O people of Hell! Eternity for you and no death," hence the slaying of the ram [[Symbols_of_death|symbolises]] the 'Death of Death'.
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| − | <ref>
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| − | ''[[Sahih Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' Volume 6, Book 60, Number 254
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| − | [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/060.sbt.html#006.060.254]
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| − | </ref>
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| − | ==Barzakh==
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| − | [[Barzakh]] is a sequence that happens after death, in which the [[Archangel (beings)|archangel]] [[Azrael]] with the help of other less significant angels will separate the soul from the body, either harshly or painlessly depending on how righteous the person was during their lifetime ([[Qur'an]] 79.1-2). Three main events take place chronologically which constitute the [[Barzakh]] sequence:
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| − | * The separation of the soul and the body.
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| − | * [[Nakir and Munkar]]'s (two [[Angels in Islam|Islamic Angels]]) interrogation of the soul in its grave.
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| | :''"Who is your (lord)?"'' | | :''"Who is your (lord)?"'' |
| − | :''"What is your [[Deen (Arabic term)|way of life]]?"'' | + | :''"What is your way of life?"'' |
| − | :''"Who is your [[Imam|leader]]?"'' <sup>Sura [[Al-Isra|17]].71</sup> | + | :''"Who is your leader?"'' (Qur'an 17.71) |
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| − | * The "Waahsh" or the horror of the grave, the pressure of the grave depending on whether the person was righteous or not.
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| − | [[Muhammad]] referred to the interrogation as, "...the worst hours of a man's life".
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| − | Shia use this event when presenting arguments about the [[Status of a Shia Imam]].
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| − | ==Al-Kawthar==
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| − | Believers will be led by the prophet [[Muhammad]] to a vast basin or lake-fount called ''al-kawthar'' الكوثر, where their thirst will be sated with a white-colored drink that tastes like sweetened milk. Whosoever drinks it, never thirsts thereafter. In one hadith al-kawthar is said to be a river of paradise (''al-Bukhari'', book 76, hadith 583.) [[Sahih Bukhari]]'', in book 76 (the book of tenderness), the chapter on the basin contains at least 14 hadiths regarding it.
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| − | =="Seeing" [[Allah]]==
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| − | According to [[Imam Muslim]] and [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] believers will not see [[Allah]] until they have died. Again, classical commentators, with the notable exception of [[Ibn Taymiya]], prefer the safe route of interpreting that Hadith as neither literal (''haqiqi'') nor figurative, but most if not all agree that it answers the question in the affirmative; believers will see [[God]]. Another [[Hadith]] states that believers will be able to see their Lord, just as we are able to see the sun or the moon in the sky. When [[God]] reveals Himself to the faithful, a [[Hadith]] states that those who during their life would not pray of their own free will will be made to fall on their backs.
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| − | Most of these [[hadith]] are reported on the authority of [[Abu Huraira]]. Most [[Shi'a]] dismiss them, because they distrust certain [[sahaba]], including Abu Huraira.
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| − | ==Judgment==
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| − | During [[judgment]], a man's or a woman's own [[book of deeds]] will be opened, and they will be apprised of every action they did and every word they spoke ([[Qur'an]] 54.52-53). Actions taken during childhood are not judged. The account of deeds is so detailed that the man or woman will wonder at how comprehensive the account is, that even minor and trivial deeds are included. When the Hour is at hand, some will deny that al-[[Qiyâmah]] is taking place and will be warned that al-[[Qiyâmah]] precedes the [[Day of Pining]] (distress) ([[Qur'an]] 30.55-57, 19.39). If one denies a deed he or she committed, or refuses to acknowledge it, his or her body parts will testify against him or her.
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| − | Throughout [[judgment]], however, the underlying principle is that of a complete and perfect justice administered by [[Allah]]. The accounts of [[judgment]] are also replete with the emphasis that [[Allah]] is merciful and forgiving, and that mercy and forgiveness will be granted on that day insofar as it is merited.
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| − | This is similar to some [[Protestant]] [[theology|theologies]] that state that [[salvation]] is by the grace of [[God]], and not by deeds. [[Islam]], however, emphasizes that [[grace]] does not conflict with perfect [[justice]].
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| − | There is indication also that nations are collectively called to account for their deeds. And there are [[Hadiths]] that indicate that on [[Qiyama]] [[judgment day]] people are made to join the races or communities with which they associated themselves, which points to a definition of [[society]] in ideological — not racial — terms.
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| − | ==Jahannam and Jannah==
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| − | After [[judgement]] all men and women are made to cross over a deep [[abyss]], whence the flames of [[Jahannam]] (Hell) leap up, on [[al-Sirât]] (الصراط), a thorny bridge so thin that it cannot be seen. It is said in Hadith that crossing the bridge is such a difficult task, because the bridge is as thin as a strand of hair, and as sharp as the edge of a sword. The [[belief|believers]] and those destined for [[Jannah]] are able to cross quickly and safely, seeing it as a thick stone bridge, whereas others fall off this hair-thin bridge into [[Jahannam]].
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| − | Concerning the matter of reward or [[Jannah]] {([[Heaven]]) ([[paradise]]) and [[Jahannam]] ([[punishment]]), there is the subject of the [[Intercession]] (الشفاعة). Hadiths classified as sahih state that the prophet [[Muhammad]] will be allowed to intercede on behalf of all of mankind, as opposed to the prophets who preceded him who were only able to appeal to nations (''[[Sahîh al-bukhari]]'', book 7 "[[Tayammum]] (rubbing hands and feet with dust)", number 331.) Furthermore, a [[belief|believer]] will be allowed to plead for members of his family and for his loved ones. Throughout the discourse regarding the ultimate [[destiny]], the consistent [[tenet]] is that being sent to [[Jannah]] ([[paradise]]) or to [[Jahannam]]([[hell]]) is a matter in [[Allah]]'s hands alone (or, in [[Christian]] parlance, a matter determined by grace). God is thus the ultimate [[arbiter]] and [[qadi]] (judge) as to who remains in [[Jahannam]]([[hell]]) and who is rescued.
| + | This experience will be horrifying and frightening depending on whether the person was righteous or not. |
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| − | ==[[Redemption]]==
| + | After judgment all men and women are made to cross over a deep abyss, whence the flames of Jahannam (hell) leap up, on al-Sirât (الصراط, a thorny bridge so thin that it cannot be seen. It is said in Hadith that crossing the bridge is such a difficult task, because the bridge is as thin as a strand of hair, and as sharp as the edge of a sword. The believers and those destined for Jannah are able to cross quickly and safely, seeing it as a thick stone bridge, whereas others fall off this hair-thin bridge into Jahannam. Believers will be led by the prophet [[Muhammad]] to a vast basin or lake-fount called ''al-kawthar'' الكوثر, where their thirst will be sated with a white-colored drink that tastes like sweetened milk. It is said that whosoever drinks of it shall never thirst. In one hadith, ''al-kawthar'' is said to be a river of paradise (''al-Bukhari'', book 76, hadith 583.) |
| − | In one [[Hadith]], it is related that after the Intercession of the prophet [[Muhammad]], [[Allah]] himself intercedes, repeatedly ordering his [[angels]] to fetch out of [[Jahannam]] ([[hell]]) any who sincerely professed the [[Shahada]] (''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', book 3 "book of learning or knowledge", number 97 (98 in another edition)) until the [[angels]] are ordered to return and find anyone with even an [[atom]]'s measure of goodness in his or her heart. Those who have worshipped false gods, or have participated in [[shirk]] (idol worship) are not rescued from [[Jahannam]] ([[hell]]) and instead remain there forever. After the [[Intercession]], life resumes, either in [[Jannah]] ([[paradise]]) or in [[Jahannam]] ([[hell]]).
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| − | == Signs == | + | ==Intercession (الشفاعة)== |
| − | Among many hadith related to signs of day of judgement, one of the most famous hadith is ''Hadith of Gabriel''.
| + | Throughout the "Day of Judgment," the underlying principle is that of a complete and perfect justice administered by [[Allah]]. However, the accounts of judgment are also replete with the emphasis that Allah is merciful and forgiving, and that such qualities will be granted on that day insofar as they are merited. |
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| − | {{QuoteHadith|Abu Hurairah|matn=One day while the Prophet was sitting in the company of some people, (The angel) Gabriel came and asked, "What is faith?" Allah's Apostle replied, 'Faith is to believe in Allah, His angels, (the) meeting with Him, His Apostles, and to believe in Resurrection." Then he further asked, "What is Islam?" Allah's Apostle replied, "To worship Allah Alone and none else, to offer prayers perfectly to pay the compulsory charity (Zakat) and to observe fasts during the month of Ramadan." Then he further asked, "What is Ihsan (perfection)?" Allah's Apostle replied, "To worship Allah as if you see Him, and if you cannot achieve this state of devotion then you must consider that He is looking at you." Then he further asked, "When will the Hour be established?" Allah's Apostle replied, "The answerer has no better knowledge than the questioner. But I will inform you about its portents.
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| − | #When a slave (lady) gives birth to her master.
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| − | #When the shepherds of black camels start boasting and competing with others in the construction of higher buildings. And the Hour is one of five things which nobody knows except Allah.
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| − | The Prophet then recited: "Verily, with Allah (Alone) is the knowledge of the Hour—." (31. 34) Then that man (Gabriel) left and the Prophet asked his companions to call him back, but they could not see him. Then the Prophet said, "That was Gabriel who came to teach the people their religion." Abu 'Abdullah said: He (the Prophet) considered all that as a part of faith. {{bukhari|1|2|47}}}}
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| − | === The [[Mahdi]] and [[ad-Dajjal]] ===
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| − | The coming of the [[Mahdi]] (also Mehdi or Mihdi and meaning "the divinely [[guided one]]"), which precedes the [[Second Coming]] of [[Isa]] ([[Jesus]]), triggers the redemption of [[Islam]] and the defeat of its [[enemies]]. The exact nature of the [[Mahdi]] differs between [[Shi'ah]] Muslims and [[Sunni]] Muslims, but both agree that [[Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and the [[Mahdi]] work together to fight [[evil]] in the world and to cement [[justice]] on [[Earth]].
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| − | "Even if the entire duration of the world's existence has already been exhausted and only one day is left before [[Qiyama]] ([[Doomsday]]) ([[Day of Judgement]]), [[Allah]] will expand that day to such a length of time, as to accommodate the kingdom of a person out of my [[Ahlul Bayt]] who will be called by my name. He will then fill out the earth with [[peace]] and [[justice]] as it will have been full of [[injustice]] and [[tyranny]] before then." | |
| − | | |
| − | ''[[Sahih Tirmidhi]]'', V2, P86, V9, P74-75.
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Mahdi]] comes from [[Mecca]] and rules from [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]. [[Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) will defeat [[Dajjal|ad-Dajjal]] (literally: liar; the false Messiah or [[antichrist]],) and then shall live on [[Earth]] for many years. According to some traditions [[Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) will get married and have a family, and then die. Throughout history many have claimed [[Mahdiship]]; most notably [[Syed Mohammad Jaunpuri]], [[Báb|Siyyid Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad]], [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], [[Muhammad Ahmad]], [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan|Mohammed bin Abdullah]], and [[Juhayman ibn-Muhammad ibn-Sayf al-Utaibi]].
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Dajjal]] is physically misshapen, and blind in one eye. He deceives the faithful, teaching them that [[Jannah]] is [[Jahannam]] and vice versa through his power to work miracles. Upon his head are the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] letters [[''kaf'']], [[''fa'']] and [[''ra'']] ([[kufr]]). He will revive the dead, and claim to be a [[god]]. Some [[traditions]] of [[Islam]] relate that he will appear at [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], and that he will rally [[Jews]] to his support. However, that is not necessarily a majority view.
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| − | [[Muhammad]] asked his followers to recite the first and last ten verses of Chapter '[[The Cave]]' as [[protection]] from the [[Dajjal]]. These [[ayat]] deal with the [[beliefs]] and activities of the [[Christianity|Christian]] nations. He also taught his followers to pray, "O [[Allah]]! I seek [[refuge]] in Thee from the [[trial]] of the [[Dajjal]]." He also said, There is no [[tribulation]] greater than that of the [[Dajjal]] from the creation of [[Adam]] to [[Qiyama]] (the day of [[resurrection]]).
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| − | === [[Mark of the Beast]] ===
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| − | In the text, ''[[Signs of Qiyamah]]'', [[Muhammad Ali Ibn Zubair Ali]] states that after the arrival of the [[Enlightened One]], [[Imam Mahdi]], "the ground will cave in, fog or smoke will cover the skies for forty days ([[ayah]]). A night three nights long will follow the fog. After the night of three nights, the sun will rise in the west. The [[Dabbat al-ard|Beast of the Earth]] shall emerge. The [[beast]] will talk to people and [[mark]] the faces of people. A breeze from the south shall cause sores in the armpits of [[Muslims]] which they will die from. The [[Qur'an]] will be lifted from the hearts of the people."
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| − | Afterwards, the [[Imam]] "... will create a world state ... He will teach you simple living and high thinking. With such a start he will establish an [[empire]] of [[Allah]] in this world. He will be the final [[demonstration]] and proof of [[Allah]]'s [[merciful]] wish to acquaint man with the right ways of life."
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| | + | It is foretold that on this day, humanity will beseech the prophets to intercede on their behalf, pleading for the safety of members of their family and loved ones. First, the people will approach [[Abraham]], then [[Moses]], then [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], and finally [[Noah]], all of whom will decline to intercede on their behalf. These prophets will instead point to the [[Muhammad]] as the supreme intercessor on behalf of humanity.<ref>Qur'an 74.48; ''Sahih Bukhari'', book 55 "accounts of the prophets," number 555, 569; cf. ''Sahîh al-bukhari'', book 7 "Tayammum (Rubbing hands and feet with dust)," number 331.</ref> In one [[Hadith]], it is related that following Muhammad's involvement and pleas, [[Allah]] himself intercedes, repeatedly ordering his [[angels]] to fetch out of Jahannam (hell) any who sincerely professed the [[Shahada]]<ref>''Sahih Bukhari'', book 3 "book of learning or knowledge," number 97 (98 in another edition).</ref> until the angels are ordered to return and find anyone with even an [[atom]]'s measure of goodness in his or her heart albeit those who have worshipped false gods, or have participated in [[shirk]] (idol worship) are not rescued from Jahannam (hell) and instead remain there forever. After the [[Intercession]], life resumes, either in Jannah ([[paradise]]) or in Jahannam (hell). |
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| | + | Unlike depictions of hell as an abode of eternal punishment, found in other world's religions, Islam states that one can go to hell and from there go to Heaven after serving a sentence of time in hell. It is said that only Allah knows how long a sinners will be kept in hell. Sinners can be released according to Allah's will. However, the decision to be sent to Jannah (paradise) or to Jahannam ([[hell]]) is a matter in [[Allah]]'s hands alone. God is thus the ultimate arbiter and ''qadi'' (judge) as to who goes to hell and who is rescued. |
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| | ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| Line 142: |
Line 36: |
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | *The [[Qur'an]] | + | *Ali, Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair. ''Signs of Qiyamah''. Islamic Book Service, 2000. ASIN B000KJ4YDK |
| − | *al-Bukhari, ''Sahih Bukhari'' (hadith collection)
| + | *Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham. ''The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective.'' Islamic Supreme Council of America, 2003. ISBN 978-1930409200 |
| − | *''fath al-bârî fî sharh sahîh al-bukhârî'' (hadith collection) | + | *Khalifa, Rashad. ''Quran: The Final Testament, Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV.'' Submission.org, 2005. ISBN 978-0972920926 |
| − | *Al-Ghazâli, ''Ihya' `Olôm al-dîn'' (Revival of religious sciences) | + | *Smith, Jane I. ''The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection.'' Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0195156492 |
| − | *''Signs of Qiyamah'' | |
| | | | |
| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| − | *[http://www.al-islam.com/maknazlatin/Hits.asp?l=eng&p=0-0-1-0-0-4-&subjno=6&pathCount=5 Judgement day in the Qur'ân and hadith]
| + | All links retrieved November 6, 2021. |
| − | *[http://www.islambasics.com/view.php?bkID=69&chapter=13 Islam Basics]
| + | |
| − | *[http://tajweedulquran.com/the-day-of-judgement.asp Tajweed ul Qur'an]
| |
| | *[http://www.al-qiyamah.org al-Qiyâmah] | | *[http://www.al-qiyamah.org al-Qiyâmah] |
| − | *[http://www.islaam.com/Article.aspx?id=402 Signs of the Appearance of the Dajjal and His Destruction]
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| − | *[http://www.islam.tc/prophecies/ Signs of Qiyamah]
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| − | *[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/signsofthelasthour.html Signs of the Last Hour]
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| | *[http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir%286-73%29.html The two blowings of the Trumpet of Light which ushers in the period of Judgement] | | *[http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir%286-73%29.html The two blowings of the Trumpet of Light which ushers in the period of Judgement] |
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| | [[Category: Philosophy and religion]] | | [[Category: Philosophy and religion]] |
| | [[Category: Religion]] | | [[Category: Religion]] |
| | + | [[Category: Image wanted]] |
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| | {{Credit2|Jahannam|101421874|Qiyamah|102044906}} | | {{Credit2|Jahannam|101421874|Qiyamah|102044906}} |
Jahannam (Arabic: جهنم) is the Islamic equivalent to hell. Its roots come from the Hebrew word Gehinnom, which was an ancient garbage dump outside of the city of Jerusalem where refuse was burned. According to the Qur'an, only Allah (God) knows who will go to Jahannam (Hell) and who will go to Jannah (Heaven).
Description
The Qur'an provides detailed descriptions of Jahannam that have been interpreted both literally and metaphorically by Muslims. Jahannam is variably described as a firey place, a fearsome abyss, a narrow bridge that must be crossed to get into paradise, and also a foul-looking monster, which can be summoned by Allah (Qur'an 82.4). It is also said that "Zaqqum" (a thorned tree) grows in Jahannam, which has a bitter fruit, which the damned are compelled to eat to intensify their torment. Its fruits are shaped like devils' heads. (Qur'an 44.46).
It is said that Jahannam has seven levels that a sinner can go to depending on their deeds.[1] In Islam, one's degree of punishment in hell depends on one's sins, and thus there are different levels of hell designated for different types of sinners. The most severe level is known as "Hutama," which is said to be reserved for religious hypocrites.
Day of Judgment (يوم القيامة)
According to Islam, each person will be made to account for their deeds at the "Day of the Resurrection" (Qiyamah) (Qur'an 71.18). During this day, a man or a woman's own book of life will be opened, and they will be apprised of every action they did and every word they spoke (Qur'an 54.52-53), albeit actions taken during childhood are not judged. It is said that the account is so detailed that the person will be amazed at how comprehensive it is. It is also said that if one denies any deed he or she committed, or refuses to acknowledge it, then his or her body parts will testify against him or her. Every human, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, in Islamic thought will be held accountable for his or her deeds and will be judged by Allah accordingly (Qur'an 74.38).
The trials and tribulations associated with the Day of Judgment are detailed in both the Qur'an and the Hadith, as well as in the commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities. They are in agreement that on this day God will be angrier than ever before and even angels will tremble in front of God. Moreover, humans are so fearful on this "day" that the prophets themselves repeatedly address God with the phrase sallim, sallim, or spare, spare—that is, "spare your followers, O God." Followers of Muhammad during his lifetime who strayed from Islam after his passing, Apostates of Islam, are engulfed in fire.[2] Those who distorted or ignored the Qur'an or converted to another religion are also engulfed in hellfire.[3] However, those who truly believe in God, and are pious, referred to as Al-Ghurr-ul-Muhajjalun[4] due to the trace of ritual ablution performed during their lives, repent their sin and return to "jannah (the Garden) beneath which rivers flow".[5] The world is destroyed and the dead rise from their graves and gather, waiting to be judged for their actions.[6]
The Qur'an states that along with Muslims, Allah will also save other People of the Book from hell and people who did not receive the true message of Islam will also be saved:
"Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day and does good deeds shall be rewarded by their Lord; they have nothing to fear nor are they saddened." (Qur'an 2.62)
After death, it is said the Archangel Azrael (with the help of other less significant angels) will separate the soul from the body, either harshly or painlessly depending on how righteous the person was during their lifetime (Qur'an 79.1-2). Following the separation of the soul and the body, Nakir and Munkar's (two Islamic Angels) will interrogate the soul in its grave asking:
- "Who is your (lord)?"
- "What is your way of life?"
- "Who is your leader?" (Qur'an 17.71)
This experience will be horrifying and frightening depending on whether the person was righteous or not.
After judgment all men and women are made to cross over a deep abyss, whence the flames of Jahannam (hell) leap up, on al-Sirât (الصراط, a thorny bridge so thin that it cannot be seen. It is said in Hadith that crossing the bridge is such a difficult task, because the bridge is as thin as a strand of hair, and as sharp as the edge of a sword. The believers and those destined for Jannah are able to cross quickly and safely, seeing it as a thick stone bridge, whereas others fall off this hair-thin bridge into Jahannam. Believers will be led by the prophet Muhammad to a vast basin or lake-fount called al-kawthar الكوثر, where their thirst will be sated with a white-colored drink that tastes like sweetened milk. It is said that whosoever drinks of it shall never thirst. In one hadith, al-kawthar is said to be a river of paradise (al-Bukhari, book 76, hadith 583.)
Intercession (الشفاعة)
Throughout the "Day of Judgment," the underlying principle is that of a complete and perfect justice administered by Allah. However, the accounts of judgment are also replete with the emphasis that Allah is merciful and forgiving, and that such qualities will be granted on that day insofar as they are merited.
It is foretold that on this day, humanity will beseech the prophets to intercede on their behalf, pleading for the safety of members of their family and loved ones. First, the people will approach Abraham, then Moses, then Adam, and finally Noah, all of whom will decline to intercede on their behalf. These prophets will instead point to the Muhammad as the supreme intercessor on behalf of humanity.[7] In one Hadith, it is related that following Muhammad's involvement and pleas, Allah himself intercedes, repeatedly ordering his angels to fetch out of Jahannam (hell) any who sincerely professed the Shahada[8] until the angels are ordered to return and find anyone with even an atom's measure of goodness in his or her heart albeit those who have worshipped false gods, or have participated in shirk (idol worship) are not rescued from Jahannam (hell) and instead remain there forever. After the Intercession, life resumes, either in Jannah (paradise) or in Jahannam (hell).
Unlike depictions of hell as an abode of eternal punishment, found in other world's religions, Islam states that one can go to hell and from there go to Heaven after serving a sentence of time in hell. It is said that only Allah knows how long a sinners will be kept in hell. Sinners can be released according to Allah's will. However, the decision to be sent to Jannah (paradise) or to Jahannam (hell) is a matter in Allah's hands alone. God is thus the ultimate arbiter and qadi (judge) as to who goes to hell and who is rescued.
Notes
- ↑ The seven levels of Jahannam are Jaheem, Jahanam, Sa'ir, Saqar, Ladha, Hawiyah, and Hutam.
- ↑ Qur'an 5. 117-118, Sahih Bukhari, book 55 "accounts of the prophets," number 568.
- ↑ Qur'an 2.174-6, 72.4, 72.15, 73.12, 74.26-27, 74.42-46, 79.36-39
- ↑ Sahih Bukhari, book 4 "Ablution," number 133; 138 in another edition.
- ↑ Qur'an 58.21, 61.2, 64.9, 65.11, 66.8-11, 68.17-32, 69.21-24, 70.32-38, 71.12, 74.40, 76.12-14, 78.32, 79.40-41, 80.28-31, 85.11, 88.8-11
- ↑ Qur'an 11.102-7
- ↑ Qur'an 74.48; Sahih Bukhari, book 55 "accounts of the prophets," number 555, 569; cf. Sahîh al-bukhari, book 7 "Tayammum (Rubbing hands and feet with dust)," number 331.
- ↑ Sahih Bukhari, book 3 "book of learning or knowledge," number 97 (98 in another edition).
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ali, Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair. Signs of Qiyamah. Islamic Book Service, 2000. ASIN B000KJ4YDK
- Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham. The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective. Islamic Supreme Council of America, 2003. ISBN 978-1930409200
- Khalifa, Rashad. Quran: The Final Testament, Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV. Submission.org, 2005. ISBN 978-0972920926
- Smith, Jane I. The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0195156492
External links
All links retrieved November 6, 2021.
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