Harpy

A medieval depiction of a Harpy as a bird-woman.

Harpy is the singular form for the creatures called Harpies in Greek mythology, winged-beasts that were sent down by Zeus to punish, most famously the prophet Phineus. They were sometimes referred to as "the hounds of Zeus" for such actions. Like many other second-tier Greek creatures, the harpies were more prominent in art works than in mythological literature, and while they may occasionally be used in popular culture today, they are still most widely remembered for their part in the legendary adventures of Jason and the Argonauts.

Etymology

The word Harpy in English comes from the Latin Harpyia, which in turns derives from the Greek Άρπυια, or Harpuia. Originally the word translated as "snatchers". However, in modern English, harpy can also be defined as "whirlwinds."

Description

Harpy in Ulisse Aldrovandi, Monstrorum Historia , Bologna, 1642

Harpies were often described as bird-like creatures, no smaller than an eagle but usually not that much larger. They had hooked claws and beaks of a bird, but also left an over-powering stench where ever they went. Later, the harpies were depicted as having the head of a human, being linked to gorgons and sirens as composite creatures, and were usually described as female. They are often associated with the wind and air, and thus are sometimes seen as representing the duality of the air: calm and graceful at times, but capable of great destruction and chaos, much as the harpies themselves.

Theories of origin

As with many ancient Greek creatures, there is no widespread consensus on how the idea of the harpy originated. The scholar R.D. Barnett suggests that the Harpies were originally adapted from the ornaments on bronze caldrons from Urartu . Other scholars point out that this theory is based upon the idea that the Harpies were bird monsters with human heads, which was not true in the original myths. The sky was a significant place for the ancient Greeks, and much like the deeper parts of the ocean, it was revered because it was inaccessible. Mount Olympus, the realm of the gods, was located high in the sky and so the atmosphere and weather became associated as the whims of the gods. Therefore, it is conceivable that the idea of the harpies could have come from the consistently shifting winds. It

Originally the harpies were conceived as spirits of the wind, the personification of a nature occurrence that is frequent in ancient cultures. It was not until later that the harpies were given a physical form, for the sake of story telling. In their winged human form, the Harpies are no different from a large number of Greek divinities and as such would not need a special explanation for how they came to be. The later bird composite form is considered by most authors to have been confusion with an early depiction of the Sirens as bird women. A Harpy was the mother by the West Wind Zephyros of the horses of Achilles (Iliad xvi. 160). The Harpies were sisters of Iris, daughters of Typhon and Echidna, and were consistently viewed as those who carried out the punishments decreed by the Gods, granting their nick-names as "The Hounds of Zeus."

Mythology

The winged Boreads (left and right) rescuing Phineas (seated) from the Harpies. Side A from an Attic red-figure column-krater, ca. 460 B.C.E.

Phineas, a king of Thrace, had the gift of prophesy. Zeus, angry that Phineas revealed too much, punished him by putting him on an island with a buffet of food which he could never eat. The Harpies always arrived and stole the food out of his hands right before he could satisfy his hunger, and befouled the remains. In this form they were agents of punishment who abducted people and tortured them on their way to Tartarus. They were vicious, cruel and violent. They lived on Strophades. They were usually seen as the personifications of the destructive nature of wind. The Harpies in this tradition, now thought of as three sisters instead of the original two, were: Aello ("storm swift"), Celaeno ("the dark") — also known as Podarge ("fleet-foot") — and Ocypete ("the swift wing").

This continued until Jason and the Argonauts arrived on the island. The Boreads, sons of Boreas (the North Wind), who also could fly, succeeded in driving away the Harpies and killing one of them. However, at the request of Iris, the remaining harpies were allowed to leave safely, in return that Phineas would not be bothered by the Harpies again. Thankful for their help, Phineas told the Argonauts how to pass the Symplegades.

Aeneas also encountered the Harpies on the Strophades as they repeatedly made off with the feast the Trojans were setting. Celaeno cursed them, saying the Trojans will be so hungry they will eat their tables before they reach the end of their journey. The Trojans did not fare as well as the Greeks and soon fled in fear.

Art and Heraldry

Harpies were often peripheral creatures in artwork, showing up on pottery and in murals. More often than not, they were seen being driven away by the Boreads, sometimes they were depicted as horrific tormentors of those who angered the gods. During the European Renaissance, they were often sculpted, and were sometimes seen in hellish landscapes in association with demons and monstrous creatures.

Harpies also became popular in heraldry. In the Middle Ages, the harpy, often called the "virgin eagle," became a popular charge in heraldry. Defined as a vulture with the head and breast of a woman, its reputation was one of bloodthirstiness. It became popular, particularly in East Frisia, seen on, among others, the coats-of-arms of Reitburg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena family.

Harpies in Literature and Pop Culture

Both Dante, and William Shakespeare used Harpies in their works. In the Divine Comedy, in Canto XIII of the Inferno, harpies hound those who have committed suicide, while in "The Tempest," the spirit Ariel disguises himself as a harpy to deliver the message of his master Prospero. Other more contemporary authors have used harpies as well, such as Peter S. Beagle, who wrote "The Last Unicorn" which was also adapted into a successful animated film of the same name.

The familiar figures of harpies, with their composite form and violent nature, are much employed in video games and other products of market-directed culture.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Apollodorus, Robin Hard (Translator). 1998. The Library of Greek Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192839241
• Graves, Robert. 1993. The Greek Myths: Complete Edition. Penguin. ISBN 0140171991
• Hamilton, Edith. 1942. Mythology. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316341142
• Vinycomb, John. 2004. Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art with Special Reference to Their Use in British Heraldry. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766182487

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Harpy  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Harpy"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.