Geronimo

Geronimo

Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who long warred against the encroachment of the United States on tribal lands. Geronimo embodied the very essence of the Apache values, aggressiveness, courage in the face of difficulty. He was reportedly given the name Geronimo by Mexican soldiers. They were so impressed by his adventurous stunts they nicknamed him Geronimo (Spanish for "Jerome"). At the same time Geronimo credited his abilities, particularly his impunity to enemies' weapons, to the intervention of supernatural beings. To this day his name typifies bravery.

Early Life

Geronimo was born near Turkey Creek, a tributary of the Gila River in what is now the state of New Mexico, then part of Mexico, but which his family considered Bedonkohe Apache hell(tori) land. Geronimo himself was a Bedonkohe Apache. Geromino's father, Tablishim, died when his son was a child, leaving Geromino's mother, Juana, to educate him according to Apache traditions. He grew up to be a respected medicine man and, later, an accomplished warrior who fought frequently with Mexican troops. Geronimo was educated him to Apache traditions. He married a woman from the Chiricauhua band of Apache; they had three children. On March 5, 1851, a company of 400 Sonoran soldiers led by Colonel Jose Maria Carrasco attacked Geronimo's camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Among those dead were Geronimo's wife, children and mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was also a spiritual leader. He consistently urged raids and war upon many Mexican and later American groups.

Ta-ayz-slath, wife of Geronimo, & child

Warrior

While outnumbered, Geronimo fought against both Mexican and United States troops and became famous for his daring exploits and numerous escapes from capture from 1858 to 1886. At the end of his military career, he led a small band of thirty-eight men, women and children. They evaded 5,000 American troops (one fourth of the army at the time) and many units of the Mexican army for a year. His band was one of the last major forces of independent Indian warriors who refused to acknowledge the United States Government in the American West. This came to an end on September 4, 1886, when Geronimo surrendered to United States Army General Nelson A. Miles at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona. Geronimo was sent as a prisoner to Fort Pickens, Florida. In 1894 he was moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He died of pneumonia at Fort Sill in 1909 and was buried at the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery there.

In 1905, Geronimo agreed to tell his story to S.M. Barrett, Superintendent of Education in Lawton, Oklahoma. Barrett had to appeal to President Roosevelt to gain permission to publish the book. Geronimo came to each interview knowing exactly what he wanted to say. He refused to answer questions or alter his narrative. Barrett did not seem to take many liberties with Geronimo's story as translated by Asa Daklugie. Frederick Turner re-edited this autobiography by removing some of Barrett's footnotes and writing an introduction for the non-Apache readers. Turner notes the book is in the style of an Apache reciting part of their rich oral history

Religion

Geronimo (right) and his warriors in 1886

Geronimo was raised with the traditional religious views of the Bedonkohe. When questioned about his views on life after death, he wrote in his 1903 autobiography,

"As to the future state, the teachings of our tribe were not specific, that is, we had no definite idea of our relations and surroundings in after life. We believed that there is a life after this one, but no one ever told me as to what part of man lived after death...We held that the discharge of one's duty would make his future life more pleasant, but whether that future life was worse than this life or better, we did not know, and no one was able to tell us. We hoped that in the future life family and tribal relations would be resumed. In a way we believed this, but we did not know it."

Later in life Geronimo embraced Christianity, and stated,

"Since my life as a prisoner has begun I have heard the teachings of the white man's religion, and in many respects believe it to be better than the religion of my fathers...Believing that in a wise way it is good to go to church, and that associating with Christians would improve my character, I have adopted the Christian religion. I believe that the church has helped me much during the short time I have been a member. I am not ashamed to be a Christian, and I am glad to know that the President of the United States is a Christian, for without the help of the Almighty I do not think he could rightly judge in ruling so many people. I have advised all of my people who are not Christians, to study that religion, because it seems to me the best religion in enabling one to live right."

In his final days he renounced his belief in Christianity, returning to the teachings of his childhood.

Alleged theft of remains

Geronimo, poses outdoors near a group of tents. He wears a woven blanket and beaded cap.

In 1918, certain remains of Geronimo were apparently stolen in a grave robbery. Three members of the Yale University secret society Skull and Bones, including Prescott Bush, father and grandfather of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush respectively, were serving as Army volunteers at Fort Sill during World War I. They reportedly stole Geronimo's skull, some bones, and other items, including Geronimo's prized silver bridle, from the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery. The stolen items were alleged to have been taken to the society's tomb-like headquarters on the Yale University campus, and are supposedly used in rituals practiced by the group, one of which is said to be kissing the skull of Geronimo as an initiation. The story was known for many years but widely considered unlikely or apocryphal, and while the society itself remained silent, former members have said that they believed the bones were fake or non-human.

In a contemporary letter discovered by the Yale historian Marc Wortman and published in the Yale Alumni Magazine in 2006, society member Winter Mead wrote to F. Trubee Davison:

The skull of the worthy Geronimo the Terrible, exhumed from its tomb at Fort Sill by your club... is now safe inside the tomb together with his well worn femurs, bit and saddle horn.

This prompted the Indian chief's great-grandson, Harlyn Geronimo of Mescalero, New Mexico, to write to President Bush requesting his help in returning the remains:

According to our traditions the remains of this sort, especially in this state when the grave was desecrated ... need to be reburied with the proper rituals ... to return the dignity and let his spirits rest in peace.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Debo, Angie. Geronimo: the man, his time, his place. Civilization of the American Indian series Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1976. ISBN 9780806113333
• Feinstein, Stephen. Read about Geronimo. I like biographies!. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow 2006. ISBN 9780766025981
• Geronimo, S. M. Barrett, and Frederick W. Turner. Geronimo: his own story. New York: Dutton 1970. ISBN 9780525113089
• Jeffery, David, and Tom Redman. Geronimo. American Indian stories. Milwaukee: Raintree Publishers 1990. ISBN 9780817234041
• Welch, Catherine A. Geronimo. History maker bios. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co 2004. ISBN 9780822506980

External links

• "Geronimo : His own story"From Revolution to Reconstruction observed March 18, 2007.
• "Geronimo" Indians.org observed March 18, 2007.
• "Old Apache Chief Geronimo Is Dead"New York Times observed March 18, 2007.
• "Welcome to Apache Geronimo" The Apache Software Foundation observed March 18, 2007.
• "Geronimo Chiricahua Apache. (1829-1909)" Powersource observed March 18, 2007.

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